n? w HJ/ H (noE-ftfrnkB) ;w?

; No u" E k gouk ECO-404-405 (nkgµB shih)

wBh n? _ v p? _ fez r
gkm Bz L 13 b/ f yek L nBhsk frZ b

nz s o okµNoh ftZ s h ;z ; EktK (IDA, IFC ns/ ADB)

(International Financial Institutions-IDA, IFC and ADB)
gkm dh o{g o/yk
13H1 G{fwek
13H2 gkm dk T[d/µ
13H3 nzso okµNoh ftek; n?;'f;n/µB (IDA)
13H3H1 IDA d/ T[d/µ
13H3H2 IDA dh w?_pofµg ns/ ;zrmBkswe YKuk
13H3H3 IDA dh ftZsh Bhsh ns/ ekoi gqDkbh
13H3H4 IDA dk w[ZbKeD
13H4 nzso-okµNoh ftZs ekog'o/µB (IFC)
13H4H1 IFC d/ T[d/µ
13H4H2 IFC dh w?_pofµg ns/ ;zrmBkswe YKuk
13H4H3 IFC dh ekoi gqDkbh
13H4H4 IFC dk w[ZbKeD
13H5 J/µhnB ftek; p?_e (ADB)
13H5H1 ADB d/ T[d/µ
13H5H2 ADB dh w?_pofµg ns/ ;zrmBkswe YKuk
13H5H3 ADB dh ekoi gqDkbh
13H5H4 ADB dk w[ZbKeD
13H6 MIGA ns/ ICSID
13H7 ;ko
13H8 gVQB:'r g[;seK
13H9 nfGnk; bJh gqµB

13H1 G{ f wek
fgSb/ gkmK ftu n;h_ nzso okµNoh w[dok czv ns/ ;z;ko p?_e (IBRD) pko/ ikDekoh jk;b eo
u[Ze/ jK. fJ; gkm ftu n;h_ e[M j'o nzso okµNoh ftZsh ;z;EktK pko/ ikDekoh gqkgs eoKr/. fJBQK ftu'_
d' ;z;EktK- nzso okµNoh ftek; n?;'f;n/µB (International Development Association of
IDA) ns/ nzso okµNoh ftZs ekog'o/µB (International Finance Corporation i.e. IBRD)
dhnK jh ;jkfJe ;z;EktK (affiliates) jB id fe J/µhnB ftek; p?Ie (Asian Development Bank
iK ADB) ;Ekgs ehsk frnk ;h J/µhnk dhnK w[beK Ì nkofEe ;jkfJsk d/D bJh. fJBQK fszBK ;z;EktK

38
n? w HJ/ H (noE-ftfrnkB) ;w? ; No u" E k 39 nkgµB L wBh n? _ v p? f ez r

dhnK w?_pofµg ns/ ekoi gqDkbh pko/ n;h_ fJ; gkm ftu ikDekoh gqkgs eoKr/.
13H2 gkm dk T[ d / µ
fJ; gkm dk w[Zy T[d/µ j? T[BQK nzso okµNoh ftZsh ;z;EktK pko/ ikDekoh jk;b eoBh i' fe
ftµt d/ xZN fte;s d/µK d/ ftek; bJh nkofEe ;jkfJsk gqdkB eodhnK jB. n;h_ IMF ns/ IBRD
pko/ ft;sqs uouk fgSb/ gkmK ftu eo u[Ze/ jK. fJ; gkm ftu e[M xZN wµj{o (lesser known)
;z;EktK pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh ikt/rh ns/ fJBQK dk ftek; ftu eh :'rdkB j?, fJ; pko/ gfVQnk ikt/rk.
13H3 nz s o-okµNoh n? ; ' f µn/ µ B (IDA)
IDA dh ;EkgBk 1960 ftu ;z;ko p?_e d/ ;jkfJe ndko/ (affiliate) d/ s"o s/ j'fJnk ;h.
;z;ko p?_e d[nkok gqdkB ehsh ikD tkbh ftZsh ;jkfJsk xZN fte;s d/µK dh b'VK Ì g{ok eoB bJh
ekch Bjh_ j[zdh. fJ; s'_ fJbktk fJj ;jkfJsk ;ys µosK s/ fdZsh iKdh j? ns/ yk; T[d/µK bJh jh
j[zdh j?. gqzs{ xZN fte;s d/µK Ì e[M n?;/ ezwK bJh th nkofEe ;jkfJsk ukjhdh j[zdh j? fiBQK bJh
;z;ko p?_e ftZs gqdkB Bjh_ eodk, fit/_ fe ;?BhN/µB, µfjoh ftek; (urban development) g[Zb
fBowkD, nkfd. fJBQK ezwK bJh ftZs gqdkB eoB bJh IDA Ì ;z;ko p?_e dh µkyk pDk e/ ;Ekgs ehsk
frnk. fJj xZN ftef;s d/µK dh nk;kB µosK s/ ns/ bzw/ ;w/_ bJh nkofEe ;jkfJsk eod/ jB. fJ;
eoe/ fJ; ndko/ Ì ;z;ko p?_e dh Soft Loan Window th fejk iKdk j?.
13H3H1 IDA d/ T[ d / µ
IDA d/ w[Zy T[d/µ jB L
(i) ;z;ko d/ ;G s'_ rohp d/µK ftu rohph jNkT[D bJh ;;sh doK s/ ftZsh ;jkfJsk eoBh.
(ii) rohp d/µK d/ ftu wB[Zyh g{zih ftek; bJh ezw eoBk fi;d/ ftu iB;zfynk ezNo'b, f;js, uzrh
y[oke ns/ f;Zfynk µkwb jB.
(iii) ;z;ko p?_eK d/ T[d/µK ns/ ekoiK d/ g{oe d/ s"o s/ ezw eoBk.
13H3H2 IDA dh w? _ pofµg ns/ ;z o uBkswe YKuk
IDA dh w?_pofµg ;z;ko p?_e d/ ;ko/ w?_po d/;K bJh y[bQh j?. i/eo e'Jh d/; ;z;ko p?_e dk
w?_po Bjh_ j? sK T[j IDA dk th w?_po Bjh_ pD ;edk. IDA d/ w?_po d' GkrK ftu tzv/ iKd/ jB-
fJe Gkr ftu T[j ftef;s d/µK d/ w?_po j[zd/ jB i' fe IDA d/ nzµdkB|uzd/ (subscription) ftu
nkgDk fjZ;k ;'B/ iK pdbD:'r eoz;h d/ o{g ftu gkT[_d/ jB. d{i/ Gkr ftu xZN ftef;s d/µK d/ w?_po
j[zd/ jB i' nkgDk nzµdkB 10 gqshµs ;'B/ ftu (iK pdbD:'r eoz;h ftu) ns/ 90 gqshµs nkgDh xo/b{
eoz;h d/ o{g ftu gkT[_d/ jB. Gkos d{i/ Gkr d/ w?_poK ftu µkwb j?. IDA dh nkozfGe g{zih 1000
fwbhnB vkbo ;h.
IDA dh ;zrmBkswe ouBk IBRD tkbh jh j?, Gkt fJ; d/ p'ov nkÕ rtoBo, gqpzXeh vkfJo?eNo
ns/ gq?ihv?_N T[j jh jB i' fe IBRD d/ jB. fJ; d/ pkti{d IDA ;z;ko p?_e s'_ fJe tZyok ekÌBh ndkok
j?.
13H3H3 IDA dh ftZ s h Bhsh ns/ ekoi gq D kbh
IDA dh ftZsh Bhsh dhnK e[M ykfµnsK jB F fJBQK d[nkok ftZs e/tb tZyo/-tZyo/ d/µK dhnK
;oekoK Ì fdZsk iKdk j?, fBZih ;z;EktK Ì Bjh_. ftZs T[BQK gq'i?eNK bJh fdZsk iKdk j? fiBQK bJh ;z;ko
p?_e ftZs gqdkB Bjh_ eodk, ftZs T[¿Zgo e'Jh ftnk; dh do bkr{ Bjh_ ehsh iKdh, f;oÕ wkw{bh fijk
;oft; ukoi fbnk iKdk j? sK i' IDA nkgD/ gqpzXeh you/ g{o/ eo ;e/. fJ; s'_ fJbktk ftZsh
n? w HJ/ H (noE-ftfrnkB) ;w? ; No u" E k 40 nkgµB L wBh n? _ v p? f ez r

;jkfJsk pj[s bzw/ ;w/_ Gkt 50 ;kbK bJh fdZsh iKdh j?. T[Xko okµh dh t;{bh gfjb/ 10 ;kbK sZe Bjh_ ehsh
iKdh, ns/ fJ; s'_ pknd th nk;kB feµsK s/ ehsh iKdh j?. IDA dh T[Xko okµh nkw s"o s/ ftd/µh eoz;h
ftu tkfg; ehsh iKdh j?.
ftZsh ;jkfJsk d/D bJh IDA fszB wkgdzvK (criteria) Ì wZd/ B}o oZydk j? L
(i) rohph dk wkgdzv (poverty criterion) : ;jkfJsk wzrD tkb/ d/µ dh iB;zfynk tZX j? ns/
T[sgkfdesk xZN j?, Gkt ofjD-;fjD dk gZXo pj[s BhtK j?l
(ii) gqdoµB dk wkgdzv (performance criterion) : ;jkfJsk wzrD tkb/ d/µ dh G{sekb ftu
eh performance ojh j?, Gkt T[; d/µ B/ gfjbK ;z;ko p?_e iK IDA dh T[Xko okµh dk fe;
gqeko gq:'r ehsk j?l
(iii) gq'i?eN dk wkgdzv (project criterion) : fijV/ gq'i?eNK bJh ;jkfJsk dh wzr ehsh ik ojh j?
ns/ T[BQK s'_ d/µ d/ ftek; ftu eh nzso gt/rk. fJ; d/ Bkb jh T[BQK gq'i?eNK s'_ feBk nkofEe bkG
j't/rk.
fJ; soQK ftZsh ;jkfJsk d/D s'_ gfjbK IDA fJ; sZE dk Go';k eo b?_d/ jB fe ;jkfJsk wzrD tkb/
d/µ dh b'VK tkip jB. IDA ;G s'_ tZX fXnkB ;G s'_ rohp d/µK Ì fdzd/ jB. gfjbK fJj nkofEe ;jkfJsk
dk 30 gqshµs NoK;g'oN ns fpibh d/ gq'i?eNK bJh fdzd/ ;B, gqzs{ pknd ftu fJ; B/ y/shpkVh s/ th nkgDk
fXnkB e/_fdqs eoBk µ[o{ eo fdZsk. j[D IDA o'}rko, µfjoh ftek;, f;Zfynk, gkDh ns/ ;hto/} bJh ns/
d{o ;zuko bJh th nkofEe ;jkfJsk gqdkB eodk j?. y/shpkVh ns/ g/_v{ ftek; s/ fJj ;G s'_ tZX fXnkB
fdzdk j?.
IDA B/ nkgDh ftZsh ;jkfJsk dk fJe tZvk Gkr Gkos Ì fdZsk j?. 1979-80 sZe sK Gkos
Ì T[; B/ nkgDh e[b T[Xko okµh dk bZrGZr 40 gqshµs fdZsk ;h. 1980 ftu uhB d/ IDA dk w?_po
pBD s'_ pknd Gkos Ì gqkgs j'D tkbh okµh ftu e[ZM eN"sh j' rJh j?.
13H3H4 IDA dk w[ b KeD
1960 ftu nkgDh ;EkgBk s'_ pknd IDA B/ µbkxk:'r ezw ehsk j?. fJ; s'_ nkofEe ;jkfJsk
b? e/ pj[s ;ko/ d/µK dh iBw ns/ w"s do xNh j?, fµµ{ woB do (infant mortality rate) th
xNh j? ns/ b'eK dh n";s T[wo ns/ f;Zfynk do ftu tkXk j'fJnk j?. gqzs{ nkgD/ uzr/ ezwK bJh IDA
e'b g{zih dh pj[s xkN j?. IDA dh g{zih ftu nwohek tor/ nwho d/µK B/ pj[s tkXk Bjh_ ehsk. fJ;
s'_ fJbktk IDA fizBh T[Xko okµh Ì gqtkB (sanction) eodk j?, T[sBh okµh dk ftsoD
(disbursement) Bjh_ j' gkT[_dk.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gq µ B
gqµB 1L IDA dh ;EkgBk feT[_ ehsh rJh <
gqµB 2L T[Xko okµh d/D s'_ gfjbK IDA fejV/ wkgdzv ngBkT[_dk j?<
13H4 nz s o okµNoh ftZ s ekog' o / µ B (IFC) :
nzso okµNoh ftZs ekog'o/µB (International Finance Corporation or IFC) th
;EkgBk IDA s'_ th gfjbK 1956 ftu ehsh rJh ;h. fJj ;z;Ek th ;z;ko p?_e dh jh affiliate j?.
fJ; Ì ;z;ko p?_e dh gqkJht/N ;?eNo µkyk (Private sector arm of the World Bank) th fejk
iKdk j? feT[_fe fJj xZN fte;s d/µK ftu fBZih ;?eNoK d/ ftek; bJh nkofEe ;jkfJsk d/_dk j?.
n? w HJ/ H (noE-ftfrnkB) ;w? ; No u" E k 41 nkgµB L wBh n? _ v p? f ez r

;z;ko p?_e d[nkok nkofEe ;jkfJsk iK sK w?_po d/µK dhnK ;oekoK Ì fdZsh iKdh j? iK c/o fBZih ;?eNoK
Ì ;oeko dh rozNh fgZS/ fdZsh iKdh j?. fJ; eoe/ fBZih ;?eNo f;ZX/ jh ;z;ko p?_e s'_ ;jkfJsk Bjh_ ;h b?
;ed/. ;oeko dh rozNh b?D dh µos dk noE ;h fe ;oeko dh fJBQK ;?eNoK d/ ezw eki ftu dybnzdk}h
th j't/rh. fJBQK ;G ekoBK eoe/ IFC dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh i' fe fpBK ;oekoh gqtkBrh s'_ jh fBZih y/so
Ì ;jkfJsk gqdkB eod/ jB.
13H4H1 IFC d/ T[ d / µ L
IFC d/ w[Zy T[d/µ fJ; gqeko jB L
(i) fBZih fBt/µeK Bkb fwb e/ fBZih y/so dh ;EkgBK, ;[Xko ns/ ft;Eko bJh ezw eoBk sK i'
d/µ ftu nkofEe ftek; j' ;e/. fJ; ezw bJh IFC w?_po d/µK dh ;oekoK dh rozNh bJ/ fpBk
jh fBt/µ okµh gqdkB eod/ jBl
(ii) fJj xo/b{ ns/ ftd/µh g{zih fBt/µ d/ w"e/ ns/ s}op/eko gqpzXB Ì fJeZmk fbnk e/ xZN fte;s
d/µK d/ ftek; ftu ;jkJh j[zd/ jB.
13H3H2 IFC dh w? _ pofµg ns/ ;z r mBkswe YKuk
IFC dh w?_pofµg th IDA dh soQK jh f;oÕ T[BQK d/µK bJh j? i' fe ;z;ko p?_e d/ w?_po jB.
jkbKfe IFC e'b nkgDk fBZih ;NkÕ j[zdk j?, gqzs{ fJ; d/ gqpzXB dk ezw ;z;ko p?_e d/ nfXekoh jh
d/yd/ jB. ;z;ko p?_e d/ p'ov nkÕ rtoBo ns/ gqpzXeh vkfJo?eNo jh IFC ftu fJ;/ gZd s/ ezw
eod/ jB. ;z;ko p?_e dk gq?}hv?_N jh IFC dk ex-officio gq?_}hv?_N j[zdk j?. IFC dh nozGeh g{zih 100
fwbhnB vkbo ;h. fJ; ftu w?_po d/µK dk nzµdkB T[BQK d/ ;z;ko p?_e ftu nzµdkB d/ nB[gks ftu
j[zdk j?.
13H3H3 IFC dh ftZ s h Bhsh ns/ ekoi gq D kbh L
IFC dh fBt/µ Bhsh d/ e[M yk; bZSD j[zd/ jB L fJj e/tb T[BQK T[dwK Ì T[Xko okµh gqdkB
eodk j? fijV/ T[d:'fre jB ns/ d/µ d/ nkofEe ftek; bJh }o{oh jBl ;jkfJsk gqkgs eoB tkb/
gq'i?eN e/tb fBZih y/so ftu j'D/ ukjhd/ jBl ;jkfJsk gqkgs eoB tkb/ T[¿Zdw e'b s}op/ d/ Bkb Bkb
T[¿Zsw gqpzXeh gqDkbh j'Dh ukjhdh j?l fdZsh rJh ;jkfJsk okµh T[¿Zdw dh e[Zb g{zihrs b'VK s'_ nZXh (iK
fJ; s'_ xZN) j't/rh. IFC dk xZN' xZN fBt/µ fJZe T[¿Zdw bJh fJZe bZy vkbo j[zdk j?l fBt/µ dh T[gobh
;hwk e'Jh Bjh_ j[zdh. ftnki dh do nkg;h rZbpks ns/ gq'i?eN d/ i'yw nB[;ko fBoXkos ehsh iKdh
j?. T[Xko dh okµh iK sK feµsK ftu fdZsh iKdh j? iK c/o fJZe w[Zm jh d/ fdZsh iKdh j?. fJj okµh
5 s'_ 15 ;kbK sZe fdZsh iKdh j?.
IFC e/tb ftZsh ns/ seBheh ;jkfJsk jh Bjh_ fdzdk, fJj equity capital (fjZ;/dkoh|µ/no
yohd e/ g{zih gqdkB eoBh) th fdzdk j?. fijVh T[Xko okµh sK IFC d/ nkgD/ yks/ s'_ fdZsh iKdh j?, T[; Ì
A-loans fejk iKdk j?. A-loans nkw s"o s/ 7 s'_ 12 ;kb sZe dh ntXh bJh fdZs/ iKd/ jB. fJ; ntXh
Ì 20 ;kbK sZe bJh tXkfJnk th ik ;edk j?. t;{bh nkw s"o s/ 4 ;kbK s'_ gfjbK µ[o{ Bjh_ ehsh iKdh.
fJj T[Xko okµh f;ZX/ jh fdZsh iKdh j?. gozs{ eJh tkoh p?_eK, bhf}zr ezgBhnK iK fe;/ j'o ftZsh ndko/ okjh_
th fdZsh iKdh j?. IFC Internediary Services S'N/ ns/ wZXw nkeko d/ T[¿ZdwK Ì µky gqdkB eodhnK
jB, gozs{ 1980 s'_ pknd fJBQK T[¿ZdwK Ì f;ZXh T[Xko okµh th fwbD bZr rJh j?.
id'_ IFC e[M gq'i?eNK bJh nkg ftZs gqdkB eoB ftu n;woE j[zdk j? (feT[_fe okµh pj[s f}nkdk
j[zdh j?), sK T[j tgkoe p?_eK ns/ j'o ftZsh ndkfonK Bkb ;zx pDk e/ T[Xko okµh gqdkB eodk j? (fJ; B{z
n? w HJ/ H (noE-ftfrnkB) ;w? ; No u" E k 42 nkgµB L wBh n? _ v p? f ez r

loan syndication fejk iKdk j?). fJ; gqeko dh T[Xko ok;ah B{z B-loans fejk iKdk j? .
IFC B/ 1986 ns/ 1990 ftu nÕoheh ns/ dZyDh µkswjK;kro d/ d/µK (fiBQK ftu fcfbghB},
noiBNhBk, w?e;he' tor/ d/µ jB) Ì ;jkfJsk gqdkB eoB bJh yk; ;ehwK Africa Project
Development Facility ns/ South Pacific Project Facility Ì nkozG ehsk.
IFC B/ S'N/ T[¿ZdwK bJh nzso okµNoh p?_eK s'_ µky b?D bJh pj[-eoz;h b'B c;hfbNh (multi-
currency loan facility) th nkozG ehsh.
fiE' sZe seBheh wjZssk gqdkB eoB dk w[Zdk j?, IFC ;{yw gZXo (micro level) s/ gq'i?eNK
dh gSkD (identification) ns/ gqw'µB bJh ftZsh ;jkfJsk gqdkB eodk j?. w?eo' gZXo s/ fJj
;oekoK dh T[d:'fre ftek; bJh Bhsh pDkT[D ftu ;jkfJsk eodk j?. w?_po d/µK Ì ftd/µh fBt/;
nkeofµs eoB bJh Bhsh pDkT[D ftu seBheh ;jkfJsk gqdkB eoB bJh IFC B/ Foreign
Investment Advisory Service (FIAS) nkozG ehsh j? i' fe MIGA (Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency) Bkb fwb e/ ezw eodh j?. seBheh ;jkfJsk bJh IFC
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Bkb ;KM eodk j?.
13H4H4 IFC dk w[ b KeD
IFC s'_ w[Zy s"o s/ noiBNhBk, pqk}hb ns/ Gkos B/ ;jkfJsk gqkgs ehsh j?, go fJ;dk M[ekn
b?fNB-nwoheB d/µK tZb jh f}nkdk j?. nkozG ftu IFC pj[s E'VQh fBt/µ okµh fdzdk ;h gozs{ j"bh
j"bh fJ; B/ nkgDk ekoi y/so tXk fbnk j?. IFC B/ fijV/ T[d:'rK dh wZdd ehsh j?, T[j jBL b'jk
ns/ fJ;gks, g/go, coNhbkfJ}o, ;hw_N, o;kfJD, eZgVk T[d:'r nkfd. IFC dh ekoi gqDkbh dhnK
w[Zy xkNK jB fe fJ; e'b tzv pj[s xZN jB ns/ fJj ftnki dh T[¿Zuh do ukoi eodk j?. T[Xko
okµh ;¥s µosK s/ fdZsh iKdh j? ns/ fJ; dh t;{bh th nwoheB vkboK ftu ehsh iKdh j?.
fJBQK xkNK s'_ pkti{d IFC B/ xZN fte;s d/µK ftu fBZih g{zih d/ nzso okµNoh gqtkj Ì
T[sµkjs ehsk j? ns/ T[BQK d/ nkofEe ftek; ftu :'rdkB gkfJnk j?.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gq µ B
gqµB 1L A-loans ns/ B-loans eh jB<
gqµB 2L IFC d/ w[Zy T[d/µ eh jB<
gqµB 3L IFC dh ekoi gqDkbh dhnK w[Zy xkNk Ì fpnkB eo'.
13H5 J/ µ hnB ftek; p? _ e (ADB)
J/µhnB ftek; p?_e (Asian Development Bank iK ADB) fJZe y/soh ftZsh ;z;Ek j? fi;
B/ 1966 s'_ ezw eoBk nkozG ehsk. fJ; dk j?v nkfc; wBhbk (fcbhghB}) ftu j?. fi; soQK fe fJ; d/ Bk
s'_ jh ;gµN j?, ADB dk w[Zy ezw J/µhnkJh d/µK d/ ftek; bJh nkofEe ;jkfJsk d/Dk j?. fJ; Ì ;Ekgs
eoB dh b'V fJ; bJh gJh feT[_fe nzso okµNoh ftek; p?_eK dh gj[zu ns/ ;jkfJsk tZyo/ tZyo/ y/soK sZe
pokpo Bjh_ ;h. jo/e y/so dhnK nkgDhnK e[M yk; b'VK j[zdhnK jB i' fe fJe' J/iz;h iK ;z;Ek d[nkok
g{ohnK Bjh_ ehshnK ik ;edhnK. fJ; bJh tZyo/ y/soK dhnK yk; b'VK Ì w[Zy oZyd/ j'J/ y/soh ftek; p?_eK
dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh. ADB dh ;EkgBk J/µhnk d/ d/µK Ì w[Zy oZy e/ ehsh rJh ;h.
ADB Ì ;Ekgs eoB bJh :sB sK 1963 s'_ jh nkozG j' rJ/ ;h, gqzs{ fJ; Ì ;Ekgs eoB dk ezw
T[d'_ jh nZr/ tZX ;fenk id'_ fe nwohek ns/ igkB B/ 1965 ftu fJ; Ì 200 fwbhnB vkbo gqsh d/µ nzµdkB
d/D dk c?;bk ehsk. fJBQK d/µK d/ T[gokb/ Bkb ADB B/ d;zpo 1966 s'_ ezw eoBk nkozG eo fdZsk. ADB
n? w HJ/ H (noE-ftfrnkB) ;w? ; No u" E k 43 nkgµB L wBh n? _ v p? f ez r

Ì ;Ekgs eoB dh ;bkj (Ministerial Confernece on Asian Cooperation wBhbk ftu fdZsh
rJh. fJ; B/ fJe Working group pDk fdZsk fi; B/ fe nkgDh fog'oN UN Economic
Commission for Asia and Far East (ECAFE) Ì 1965 ftu d/ fdZsh. fJ; fog'oN d/ nkXko
s/ Second Ministerial Conference on Asian Economic Co-operation B/ 1965 ftu
ADB ;Ekgs eoB dk c?;bk eo fbnk. nwohek ns/ igkB dh ftZsh ;jkfJsk Bkb fJj ezw f;o/ uVQk fdZsk
frnk.
13H5H1H ADB d/ T[ d / µ
ADB d/ w[Zy T[d/µ J/µhnk ns/ Far East d/ y/so d/ d/µK ftu nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;fj:'r
Ì pVQktk d/Dk j?. fJ; T[d/µ dh gqkgsh bJh fJj j/m fby/ ezw eodk j? L
(i) T[Xko ns/ fjZ;/dkoh fBt/µ gqdkB eodk j?.
(ii) gq'i?eNK Ì pDkT[D ns/ ubkT[D bJh seBheh ;jkfJsk gqdkB eodk j?.
(iii) J/µhnK d/ y/so d/ ftek; bJh g{zih ns/ pkjob/ fBt/µ dk gqpzX eodk j?.
(iv) y/soh nkofEe ;fj:'r bJh ubkJh rJhnK ;ehwK Ì ;jkfJsk gqdkB eodk j?.
13H5H2 ADB dh w? _ pofµg ns/ ;z r mBkswe YKuk
ADB dh w?_pofµg J/µhnk d/ y/soh ns/ r?o-y/soh, d'tK d/µK bJh y[bh j?. r?o y/soh w?_poK
ftu T[j fte;s d/µ j[zd/ jB i' fe ADB Ì czv gqdkB eo ;ed/ j'D. fJ; d/ ;zrmBkswe YKu/ ftu fJe
p'ov nkÕ rtoBo}, fJe p'ov nkÕ vkfJo?eNo}, fJe gq?}hv?_N, tkJh;-gq?}hv?_N ns/ d{ik ;NkÕ j[zdk j?.
p'ov nkÕ vkfJo?eNo} dk u/now?B jh ADB dk gq?}hv?_N j[zdk j?. fJ; Ì gzi ;kbK dh ntXh bJh u[fDnk
iKdk j?. p'ov nkÕ rtoBo} jh p'ov nkÕ vkfJo?eNo} Ì u[Ddk j?. gfjbK p'ov nkÕ vkfJo?eNo} ftu
10 w?_po j[zd/ jB (7 y/soh d/µK d/ ns/ 3 r?o-y/soh d/µK s'_). j[D fJBQK w?_poK dh ;zfynk 12 j' rJh j?.
Bhsh pDkT[D dk ezw p'ov nkÕ rtoBo} e'b j[zdk j?. Bhsh bkr{ p'ov nkÕ vkfJo?eNo} eodk j?.
;ko/ c?;b/ nkg;h ;fjwsh Bkb bJ/ iKd/ jB jkbKfe t'N eoB dh ftt;Ek th j[zdh j?. jo/e w?_po d/µ e'b
fJe p/f;e t'N ns/ pkeh t'NK ADB dh g{zih ftu nkgDh fjZ;/dkoh nB[;ko j[zdhnK jB. y/soh w?_poK e'b
d'-fsjkJh t'NK j[zdhnK jB.
13H5H3H ADB dh ekoi gq D kbh
ADB dh ftZsh g{zih d' GkrK ftu tzvh j[zdh j? L fJe sK Ordinary Capital Resources
(OCRs) fi; d/ ftu fjZ;/dkohnK (equities) ns/ T[Xko okµh (borrowings) j[zdhnK jB. d{ik Gkr j?
Special Funds dk fi; ftu w?_po d/µK d[nkok ;w/_ ;w/_ s/ :'rdkB gkfJnk iKdk j? ns/ fi; Ì yk; s"o
s/ seBheh ;jkfJsk ns/ nk;kB µosK s/ gqdkB eoB bJh gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fszB gqeko d/ ;g?µb czv j[zd/
jB L Asian Development Fund (ADF), Technical Assistance Development
Special Fund (TASF) ns/ Japan Special Fund (JSF). ADF Ì w?_po d/µ nk;kB µosK s/
Çohp d/µK Ì T[Xko d/D bJh fJeZmk eod/ jB. TASF dk w[Zy T[d/µ seBheh ;jkfJsk d/ ekoiK Ì ftZs gqdkB
eoBk j?, id fe JSF Ì 1988 ftu ikgkB d/ :'rdkB Bkb ;Ekgs ehsk frnk ns/ fJj seBheh ;jkfJsk
tkb/ gq'i?eNK ns/ fBZih y/so d/ gq'i?eNK Ì gqdkB ehsk iKdk j?.
e'Jh th w?_po d/µ fe;/ ;otiBe iK fBZih y/so d/ T[¿Zdw bJh ADB s'_ ftZs b? ;edk j?.
i/eo T[Xko b?D tkb/ d/µ e'b T[Xko tkfg; eoB dh ;woZEk j[zdh j? sK T[; Ì OCRs ftu'_ T[Xko
gqdkB ehsk iKdk j?. i/eo fe;/ d/µ e'b T[Xko tkg;h dh ;woZEk Bjh_ j?, sK T[; Ì Special Funds
n? w HJ/ H (noE-ftfrnkB) ;w? ; No u" E k 44 nkgµB L wBh n? _ v p? f ez r

s'_ nk;kB µosK s/ nkofEe ;jkfJsk fdZsh iKdh j?. T[Xko d/D bJh ADB T[Xko wzrD tkb/ d/µ dh nkofEe
;fEsh, T[; d[nkok j'o ;q'sK s'_ T[Xko b?D dh ;woZEk ns/ T[;d/ T[Xko wzrD d/ we;d s/ yk; fXnkB oZydk
j?. ADB f;oÕ T[BQK gq'i?eNK ns/ T[¿ZdwK Ì T[Xko fdzdk j? i' fe nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie gZy'I gboD:'r
(viable) j'D. fijV/ xZN ftef;s d/µK e'b gq'i?eN fog'oN pDkT[D bJh nkXkoe ;zouBk Bjh_ j?, T[BQK Ì
ADB seBheh ;jkfJsk th gqdkB eodk j?.
OCR sfjs T[Xko okµh Ì vkboK iK pj[ eoz;h d/ o{g ftu fdZsk iKdk j?. ftnki dh do
LIBOR* nB[;ko fBoXkos ehsh iKdh j?. T[Xko okµh nkw s"o s/ 10 s'_ 20 ;kbK bJh fdZsh iKdh
j? fi; d/ ftu d' s'_ ;Zs ;kbK sZe dk grace period (id'_ t;{bh nkozG Bjh_ ehsh iKdh) j[zdk j?.
fonkfJsh T[Xko okµh s/ ftnki Bjh_ fbnk iKdk gozs{ 1 gqshµs gqsh ;kb d/ fj;kp Bkb ;oft; ukoi
fbnk iKdk j?. fJ; gqeko dk T[Xko f}nkdk ntXh bJh, Gkt 35 s'_ 40 ;kbK sZe bJh fdZsk iKdk j?.
Grace period th 10 ;kb dk j[zdk j?.
ADB nkw s"o s/ nkXkoe ;zouBk d/ gq'i?eNK bJh ;jkfJsk gqdkB eodk j?, go j[D fJj
;wkfie T[d/µK fit/_ fe rohph T[Bw{bD, wB[Zyh g{zih d/ ftek;, f;Zfynk, f;js ns/ iB;zfynk ezNo'b
bJh T[Xko fdzdk j?. tksktoD ;pzXh gq'i?eNK ftu fJj gqd{µB th o'eEkw bJh T[Xko fdzdk j?.
T[Xko d/D bJh ADB Bk f;oÕ nkgD/ czv dk gq:'r eodk j?, ;r'_ d{;o/ ndkfonK Bkb fwbe/
th T[Xko okµh fdzdk j?. fJj T[d'_ ehsk iKdk j? id'_ fe oew pj[s f}nkdk j't/.
13H5H4 ADB dk w[ b KeD
J/µhnk d/ d/µK d/ nkofEe ;fj:'r ns/ ftek; bJh ADB B/ µbkxk:'r ezw ehsk j?. fJ; d/
ezw Ì j'o p/jso pBkT[D bJh e[M ;[Mkn fdZs/ ik ;ed/ jB, fit/_ fe fJ; Ì tZX s'_ tZX ;jkfJsk
y/so d/ ;G s'_ rohp w[beK dh th eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJ; d/ bJh T[; Ì nwho d/µK s'_ ftZs b?Dk ukjhdk
j? . ADB dk ezw f;oÕ ftZsh ;jkfJsk d/D sZe Bjh_ j'Dk ukjhdk ;r'_ gq'i?eNk d/ bkr{ j'D ftu th
fJ; dh µw{bhns j'Dh ukjhdh j?. Gkos ns/ uhB tor/ d/µK Ì ADB d[nkok OCR sfjs T[Xko
fwfbnk j?, idfe nÕrkBh;skB, G{NkB ns/ ezp'vhnK tor/ d/µK Ì ADF loan fwfbnk j?. fJj rZb
µbkxk:'r j?.
;t? - nfGnk; bJh gq µ B
gqµB 1L ADB d/ eh T[d/µ jB<
gqµB 2L ADB d/ ;g?µb czv fejV/ fejV/ jB<
13H6 MIGA ns/ ICSID
MIGA (Multilateral Investment Gurantee Agency) th fJe nzso-ok;aNoh ftek;
;z;Ek j?, fi; dh ;EkgBk 1988 ftu j'Jh ;h. fJj th ;z;ko p?e roZ[g dk fJe fj;k j?. fJ; dk j?v e[nkNo
tkf;azrNB (:{ n?; J/) fty/ j?. fJj fBt/;a phwk ;[ftXk fdzdk j? sK i' ftek; ;ahb d/;aK ftu fBt/;a eo oj/
fBt/;aeK Bz{ T[BQK d/;aK d/ okiBhfse iK r?ao-tgkoe ysfonK s' pukn j' ;e/. fJj ftek;a-;ahb d/;aK ftu gqsZy
ftd/;ah fBt/;a Bz{ T[s;akfjs eodk j?.

* LIBOR (London Inter Bank Offered Rate) E'Vh ntXh dh ftZsh E'e wzvh dh T[j
ftnki do j? fi; s/ p?_e fJe d{i/ Ì T[Xko fdzd/ jB. fJj bzvB d/ gzi gqw[Zy p?_eK d[nkok fBoXkos
ehsh iKdh j?. jo o'} fdB d/ 11 ti/ fJ; dk fBoXkoB j[zdk j?. fJ; ftnki do Ì p?_e rqkjeK Ì
T[Xko d/D bJh th ;{ue wzfBnk iKdk j?.
n? w HJ/ H (noE-ftfrnkB) ;w? ; No u" E k 45 nkgµB L wBh n? _ v p? f ez r

MIGA dh w?pof;ag e/tb T[BQK d/;aK bJh j? i' fe ;z;ko p?e d/ w?po jB. fJ; dh gq;ak;B ftt;Ek
fJe Council of Governors d/ jZE ftu j?, i' fe fJj ezw fJe Board of Directors- fi; ftu
25 Director jz[d/ jB- okjh eodh j?.
MIGA gzi soQK d/ ra?o tgkoe ysfonK bJh phwk eto fdzdk j?- Currency
inconvertibility and transfer restriction; government expropriation; war,
terrorism and civil disturbance; breaches of contract; and non-honouring of
sovereign financial obligations.
MIGA d/ ezw dk w[bKeD ;z;ko p?e d/ Independent Evaluation Group oKjh jo ;kb
ehsk iKdk j?.
ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes) nzso
ok;aNoh fBt/;aeK d/ ftueko ekBz{Bh MrfVnK Bz{ ;[bMkT[D bJh fJe ;z;Ek j? i' fe 1966 ftu ;z;ko p?e ro[g
d/ w?po ti' ;ykgs ehsh rJh ;h. fJ; dh gq;ak;B ftt;Ek fJe Administrative Council d/ jZE ftu
j? fi; ftu jo/e w?po d/;a dk fJe B[wkfJzdk j[zdk j?. fJ; Council dk ;fj:'r fJe Secretariat eodh
j?. ICSID concialiation commissions, tribunals ns/ committees Bz{ institutional ns/
procedure support fdzdh j?. fJ; dhnK ;/tktK b?Dk ;t?fSZe j[zdh j?, go fJ; dk c?;bk wzBDk bkiawh
j?.
13H7 ;ko L
fJ; gkm ftu n;h_ fszB nzso okµNoh ftZsh ;z;EktK pko/ ikDekoh gqkgs ehsh j?. fJBQK ftu'_ IDA
ns/ IFC sK µ[ZX o{g ftu nzso okµNoh jB id fe ADB f;oÕ J/µhnk y/so d/ d/µK bJh th ezw eodk
j?. fszB' jh ;z;EktK d/µK d/ nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ftek; ftu :'rdkB gkT[_d/ jB. fJj :'rdkB T[Xko gqdkB
eoB ns/ seBheh ;jkfJsk d[nkok gkfJnk iKdk j?.
13H8 gVQ B :' r g[ ; seK L
1. V.Sharan : International Financial Management.
2. R.R. Paul : Monetary Economics
13H9 nfGnk; bJh gq µ B
bz p / T[ ¿ Z s oK tkb/ gq µ B
1H ADB dh ekoi gqDkbh Ì fpnkB eo'.
2H IFC s/ ft;Efos B'N fby'.
S' N / T[ ¿ Z s oK tkb/ gq µ B L
1H IDA d/ T[ d / µ
2H ADB d/ Special Fund.

B'N L fJj gkm v?e s'_ gqkgs ftZsh ;jkfJsk s'_ fbfynk frnk j?.