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The document outlines various semantic and pragmatic concepts illustrated with examples from Chapter 7 of Pride and Prejudice. It covers anaphora, bridging anaphora, deixis, passive sentences, inchoative verbs, middle constructions, factive verbs, psychological verbs, scalar and conversational implicatures, violations of Grice's maxims, performative verbs, and logical translations involving quantifiers and negation. Each concept is defined and exemplified with specific sentences from the text.

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2 views

Make Up Assignment

The document outlines various semantic and pragmatic concepts illustrated with examples from Chapter 7 of Pride and Prejudice. It covers anaphora, bridging anaphora, deixis, passive sentences, inchoative verbs, middle constructions, factive verbs, psychological verbs, scalar and conversational implicatures, violations of Grice's maxims, performative verbs, and logical translations involving quantifiers and negation. Each concept is defined and exemplified with specific sentences from the text.

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luciaglez.nl
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linguistics: Meaning & Use.

Make-up assignment
Briefly explain the following semantic and pragmatic concepts and illustrate with
examples from a chapter from Pride and Prejudice.
 NOTE: To understand and provide examples of the requested concepts, I reviewed
summaries and immersed myself in the context of the book to refresh my
understanding. If you have any questions, feel free to ask.
 PRIDE & PREJUDICE – CHAPTER 7
1. An anaphor + its antecedent
An anaphor refers back to its antecedent in a sentence. Relationship of indirect reference.
Anaphora is a special subtype of coreference, a referential relation between expressions
where they both refer to the same entity.
Example: "She had a sister married to a Mr. Phillips, who had been a clerk to their father
and succeeded him in the business..."
 Anaphor: him
 Antecedent: their father

2. An instance of bridging anaphora


Bridging anaphora creates an implicit connection between an anaphor and something
related to the antecedent. The listener makes a bridging inference which links the nominal
to the preceding sentence and creates coherence.
Example: "Her father had been an attorney in Meryton, and had left her four thousand
pounds. She had a sister married to a Mr. Phillips, who had been a clerk to their father and
succeeded him in the business..."
 Anaphor: the business
 Bridging link: attorney is the antecedent that the business indirectly connects to

3. A sentence with a deictic element (including context)


Deictic elements depend on context for interpretation.
Example: "At present, indeed, they were well supplied both with news and happiness by the
recent arrival of a militia regiment in the neighbourhood."
 Deictic element: At present
 Context: This refers to the current time when the militia regiment is stationed in
Meryton.

4. A passive sentence
Passive constructions focus on the action or its recipient rather than the doer.
Example: "Her inquiries after her sister were not very favourably answered."
 Passive form: were not very favourably answered
 Active equivalent: They did not answer her inquiries very favourably.

5. An inchoative
Inchoative verbs describe the beginning or change of state.
Example:"The feverish symptoms increased, and her head ached acutely."
 Inchoative verb: increased (The symptoms changed state, becoming worse).

6. A middle construction
Middle constructions are active in form but describe an event without an external agent.
Example: "The clock struck three."
 Middle verb: struck (The clock performs the action, but there’s no external agent
causing it).

7. A sentence with a factive verb


Factive verbs presuppose the truth of their complement.
Example: "That she should have walked three miles so early in the day, in such dirty
weather, and by herself, was almost incredible to Mrs. Hurst and Miss Bingley; and Elizabeth
was convinced that they held her in contempt for it.”
 Factive verb: was convinced
 Presupposition: They held Elizabeth in contempt for walking three miles so early in
the day, in such dirty weather, and by herself

8. A sentence with a psychological verb


Psychological verbs describe mental or emotional states.
Example: "Jane, who had only been withheld by the fear of giving alarm or inconvenience,
longed for such a visit."
 Psychological verb: longed
 Subject (Experiencer): Jane

9. An example of a scalar implicature


Scalar implicatures arise when stronger alternatives are implied but not asserted. This is the
claim that certain linguistic expressions form a scale of strength, <x, y>, where x is stronger
than y
Example: "The two youngest of the family, Catherine and Lydia, were particularly frequent
in these attentions."
 Scalar implicature: By saying particularly frequent, it is implied that Catherine and
Lydia went to Meryton more often than their sisters, though not constantly.

10. An example of a conversational implicature


Conversational implicatures rely on Grice’s maxims for unstated meanings. Conversational
implicature occurs when the literal meaning of a statement implies additional, unstated
information based on context and shared assumptions. It doesn’t reply directly to the
question but it replies with something else.
Example: Mrs. Bennet: “I thought Colonel Forster looked very becoming the other night at
Sir William’s in his regimentals.”
 Implicature: Mrs. Bennet indirectly implies that she still finds red coats and young
officers attractive.

11. A dialogue in which one of Grice's maxims is violated


Grice’s maxims include Quantity, Quality, Relevance (Relation) and Manner.
Example: Mr. Bennet: “If your daughter should have a dangerous fit of illness—if she should
die, it would be a comfort to know that it was all in pursuit of Mr. Bingley, and under your
orders.” Mrs. Bennet: “Oh! I am not afraid of her dying. People do not die of little trifling
colds.”
 Violated maxim: Quality (Maxim of Truth)  Sarcasm, intended to mean the
opposite of what is actually being stated. Mr. Bennet exaggerates Jane’s illness
sarcastically, knowing it is not life-threatening.

12. A sentence with a performative verb (indicate type)


Performative verbs perform the action they describe.
Example: "She [Elizabeth] declared her resolution."
 Performative verb: declared
 Type: Declarative (expresses her decision).

13. A sentence with a quantifier + translation in predicate logic


Example: "Every day added something to their knowledge of the officers’ names and
connections."

 Translation: ∀x (D(x) → AK(x, on)).


 Quantifier: Every day

 Translation: ∀x (Day(x) → AddsKnowledge(x, officers’ names)).

14. A sentence with negation + translation in predicate logic


Example: "I do not wish to avoid the walk."
 Negation: do not wish
 Translation: ¬W(E, A(w)).
 Translation: ¬Wish(Elizabeth, Avoid(Walk)).

15. A sentence with two quantifiers + translation in predicate logic


Example:
"The two youngest of the family... were usually tempted thither three or four times a week."
 Example drawn from the next paragraph: “The village of Longbourn was only one
mile from Meryton; a most convenient distance for the young ladies, who were
usually tempted thither three or four times a week, to pay their duty to their aunt
and to a milliner’s shop just over the way. The two youngest of the family, Catherine
and Lydia, were particularly frequent in these attentions…”

 Translation: ∃x (Y(x, bf) ∧ ∀y (W(y) → T(x, m, y))).


 Quantifiers: two youngest (existential), three or four times (universal frequency).

 Translation: ∃x (Youngest(x, BennetFamily) ∧ ∀y (Week(y) → Tempted(x, Meryton,


y))).

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