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Carlos Soares
Luis Torgo (Eds.)
LNAI 12986
Discovery Science
24th International Conference, DS 2021
Halifax, NS, Canada, October 11–13, 2021
Proceedings
123
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 12986
Series Editors
Randy Goebel
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Yuzuru Tanaka
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Wolfgang Wahlster
DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
Founding Editor
Jörg Siekmann
DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/1244
Carlos Soares · Luis Torgo (Eds.)
Discovery Science
24th International Conference, DS 2021
Halifax, NS, Canada, October 11–13, 2021
Proceedings
Editors
Carlos Soares Luis Torgo
Universidade do Porto and Fraunhofer Dalhousie University
Portugal AICOS Halifax, NS, Canada
Porto, Portugal
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
This volume contains the papers selected for presentation at the 24th International
Conference on Discovery Science (DS 2021), which was organized to be held in
Halifax, Canada, during October 11–13, 2021. Due to the restrictions associated with
the COVID-19 pandemic, the conference was moved online and held virtually over the
same time period.
DS is a conference series that started in 1986. Held every year, DS continues its
tradition as the unique venue for the latest advances in the development and analysis
of methods for discovering scientific knowledge, coming from machine learning, data
mining, and intelligent data analysis, along with their application in various scientific
domains. In particular, major areas selected for DS 2021 included the folllowing: appli-
cations (including a relevant number of papers addressing the COVID-19 pandemic),
classification, data streams, feature selection, graph and network mining, neural net-
works and deep learning, preferences, recommender systems, representation learning,
responsible artificial intelligence, and spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal data.
DS 2021 received 76 international submissions that were carefully reviewed by three
or more Program Committee (PC) members or external reviewers, with a few exceptions.
After a rigorous reviewing process, 15 regular papers and 21 short papers were accepted
for presentation at the conference and publication in the DS 2021 volume.
We would like to sincerely thank all people who helped this volume come into being
and made DS 2021 a successful and exciting event. In particular, we would like to express
our appreciation for the work of the DS 2021 PC members and external reviewers who
helped assure the high standard of accepted papers. We would like to thank all authors
of submissions to DS 2021, without whose work it would not have been possible to have
such high-quality contributions in the conference.
We are grateful to the Steering Committee chair, Sašo Džeroski, for his extraordinary
support in critical decisions concerning the event plan, particularly important in these
challenging times. We are also very grateful to the Program Committee chairs of DS
2020, Annalisa Appice and Grigorios Tsoumakas, for all the information provided, which
made the whole organization much easier. We wish to express our thanks to the local
organization chairs, David Langstroth, Nuno Moniz, Paula Branco, Vitor Cerqueira, and
Yassine Baghoussi, for their support and incredible work. We would like to express
our deepest gratitude to all those who served as organizers, session chairs, and hosts,
who made great efforts to meet the online challenge to make the virtual conference
a real success. Finally, our thanks are due to Alfred Hofmann and Anna Kramer of
Springer for their continuous support and work on the proceedings. We are grateful
to Springer for a special issue on Discovery Science to be published in the Machine
Learning journal. All authors were given the possibility to extend and rework versions
of their papers presented at DS 2021 for a chance to be published in this prestigious
journal. For DS 2021, Springer also supported a Best Student Paper Award, which was
given to Bart Bussmann and his co-authors, Jannes Nys and Steven Latré, for their paper
“Neural Additive Vector Autoregression Models for Causal Discovery in Time Series.”
vi Preface
This paper presents high quality work on a very relevant topic and is complemented
with the materials to reproduce it. We would like to congratulate the authors for this
achievement.
Program Committee
Additional Reviewers
Applications
Classification
Data Streams
1 Introduction
The assessment of students’ knowledge and understanding in academic courses
plays a crucial role in effective teaching and usually takes place in the form
of distance or on-the-spot formal examinations. Exams are typically composed
of different types of questions, such as multiple-choice, true/false, and free-text
questions. Free-text questions, in particular, have benefits in terms of students’
learning as students are required to recall external knowledge, and freely and
concisely elaborate on a subject [14].
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