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TRANSFORMERS

 .
 .
 .
 .

Types of Coils:

1. ____________: Define as the coil to which the supply is connected (N₁).

2. ____________: Define as the coil from which the output is taken (N₂).

Transformer Law formula:

 Direct Proportional: VOLTS and TURNS

 Inverse Proportional: CURRENT and TURNS

ELECTRICAL POWER LOSSES IN TRANSFORMERS

i. ____________: Resistance in the wires.

ii. ____________: Results from energy expended as the continually changing AC magnetizes,
demagnetizes, and remagnetizes the core material.

iii. ____________: Currents that oppose the magnetic field that induced them.

2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS

1. Step-Up Transformer:

o This type of transformer is used to increase the incident voltage. The number of turns in the
secondary coil is larger than the number of turns in the primary coil.

o A transformer having more turns in the secondary coil than in the primary coil.

o The output voltage is higher than the input voltage.

o The turns ratio is greater than 1.

2. Step-Down Transformer

 This type of transformer is used to decrease incident voltage. The number of turns in the primary coil is
larger than the number of turns in the secondary coil.

 A transformer having more turns in the primary coil than in the secondary coil.

 The output voltage is lower than the input voltage.

 The turns ratio is less than 1.

CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER (FOUR MAIN TYPES)

1. ____________:

o It consists simply of 2 insulated coils lying side by side.

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o simple arrangement of two coils of wire in proximity to facilitate induction

Main Types Used:

1. ____________

2. ____________

3. ____________ (used in X-ray machines).

2. ____________

 An iron core inserted into a coil of wire carrying an electric current.

 strength of the magnetic field is greatly increased

3. ____________

 A type of iron core that provides a continuous path for the magnetic flux so that a small fraction of the
magnetic energy is lost by leakage.

 Built about a square core of ferromagnetic material.

 Result in a significant system net increase in field strength.

4. ____________

 The most advanced type of transformer used as a commercial power transformer.

 This is more efficient than the 3 transformers, as well as the most currently used transformer.

5.____________

 Consists of 1 winding.

 Sometimes called auto step-down transformer.

THREE CRITICAL TRANSFORMER LOCATIONS IN THE DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY CIRCUIT.

1. The A _________________ permits selection of the voltage (by controls labeled kV on the console).
2. The __________________________________ steps the incoming-line voltage up to the kV range before
sending it to the x-ray tube.
3. THE __________________________________ steps the incoming-line voltage down to heat the x-ray tube
filament.

_________________

 A device used to store and _________________ , usually as the result of a chemical action.

 Acts like a battery as both store electrical energy, but it does not conduct electricity.

_________________

 is a material that can _________________ but does not conduct electric current because it is a non-
conducting substance.
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THE X-RAY IMAGING SYSTEM TEST REVIEW

 X-ray Imaging System

 Wilhelm Roentgen

 Cathode-ray tube

 Fluorescent material

 Barium platinocyanide

 Diagnostic methods

 Therapeutic methods

 Fluoroscopic X-ray Tube

 Radiographic X-ray Tube

 Bucky Tray

 Bucky Slot Cover

Three Main Components of an X-Ray Imaging System:

1. .

2. .

3. .

X-Ray Units Are Identified According To:

1. .

2. .

X-ray Machine Operating Ranges:

 Kilovoltage: __________

 Tube Current: __________

Modern General Purpose X-ray Examination Room Contains:

 Radiographic Unit

 Fluoroscopic Unit w/ Image Intensifier

Operating Console Controls:

1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
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Additional Console Components:

1. ____________________

2. ____________________

Line Compensator

Autotransformer

kVp Adjustment:

 Major kVp Adjustment

 Minor kVp Adjustment

kVp Meter

Control of Milliamperage (mA):

1. .
2. .
3. .

 Filament Temperature

 Filament Circuit

 Filament Transformer (Step-down Transformer)

Exposure Timers:

1. Mechanical Timers

2. Synchronous Timers

3. Electronic Timers

4. mAs Timers

5. Phototimer

Two Types of Phototimers:

1. ____________________:

2. ____________________:

Spinning Top Timer

Solid State Radiation Detectors

HIGH-VOLTAGE GENERATOR

High-Voltage Generator Components:

1. ____________________:
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2. ____________________:

3. ____________________:

Voltage Rectification

Rectification

Diode

General Types of Rectifiers:

1. ____________________:

2. ____________________:

Types of Rectification:

1. ____________________:

1. Adavantages and Disadvanatges of____________________:

1.

2.

3.

2. ____________________:

1. Adavantages and Disadvanatges of____________________:

1.

2.

3.

7
8

2.

3. ____________________:

1. Advantages and Disadvantages of ____________________:

1.

2.

3.
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Power for X-ray Generation:

1. ____________________:

2. ____________________:

HIGH-FREQUENCY GENERATOR

Waveforms of Generator Types:

 ____________________: = 100% Ripple

 ____________________: =100% Ripple

 ____________________: = 13% Ripple

 ____________________: = 4% Ripple

 ____________________: = <1% Ripple

CAPACITOR DISCHARGE GENERATOR

VOLTAGE RIPPLE

VARIATION OF Voltage Ripple:

 ______________power has 100% ripple - voltage varies from ______________value.

 ______________power has 13% - 14% ripple - voltage never falls ______________of the maximum.

 ______________power has 3% - 4% ripple - voltage never falls ______________of the maximum.

 ______________power has 1% ripple - voltage to the tube never falls ______________and therefore has
higher x-ray quantity and quality.

 ___________________results in ______________radiation ______________ and ______________

1. Main Circuit –

 ______________- the switch that generates the power to the x-ray tube

 ______________- a remote control device that permits current to flow through the circuit

Basic X-ray Circuit Components:

1. Main Breaker

2. Exposure Switch

3. Autotransformer

4. Timer Circuit

5. High-voltage Step-up Transformer

6. Four-diode Rectification Circuit

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7. Filament Circuit Variable Resistor

8. Filament Step-down Transformer

9. Rotor/Stator

2. Filament Circuit—

 ______________-- a step-down transformer that supplies electrical power to the filament for
______________emission.
 ______________- allows for the selection of tube current by ___________________________to the primary
side of the filament transformer

Control Table:

Control Factor Electrical Device and Location in Circuit

1. ______________ ______________

2. ______________ ______________

3. ______________ ______________

4. ______________ ______________

Exposure Switch Moment of Exposure Switch between ______________ and ______________

Power Rating

______________ = Current X Potential

______________ = Amperes X Volts

THE UNIT OF POWER IS ______________, CURRENT IS ______________, AND POTENTIAL

DIFFERENCE IS ______________

"High-voltage generator power (kW) = ______________

(mA) at _______ kVp and _______ms.

FORMULA FOR THREE-PHASE POWER:

FORMULA FOR SINGLE-PHASE POWER:

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MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST o B. Under the examining table

1. Who discovered X-rays in 1895? o C. Behind the control console

o A. Thomas Edison o D. Above the ceiling

o B. Wilhelm Roentgen 6. The Bucky Tray was discovered by:

o C. Albert Einstein o A. Marie Curie and Albert Einstein

o D. Marie Curie o B. Roentgen and Betha

2. What was used to detect the invisible rays in o C. Gustave Bucky and Hollis Potter
Roentgen's experiment?
o D. Thomas Edison and Tesla
o A. Selenium plate
7. The Bucky Slot Cover must have a minimum
o B. Silver halide film lead equivalence of:

o C. Barium platinocyanide screen o A. 1.0 mm

o D. Phosphor plate o B. 0.5 mm

3. What is the main function of the X-ray Imaging o C. 0.25 mm

System?
o D. 2.0 mm
o A. Display images
8. Which is NOT a main component of the X-ray
o B. Store data Imaging System?

o C. Control electrons to produce X-rays o A. X-ray Tube

o D. Heat the patient o B. Operating Console

4. Which of the following is used for treating o C. Bucky Slot

diseases using X-rays?
o D. High-Voltage Generator
o A. Diagnostic method
9. Which kilovoltage range do X-ray machines
o B. Therapeutic method usually operate within?

o C. Radiographic method o A. 10 to 50 kVp

o D. Contrast method o B. 25 to 150 kVp

5. Where is the fluoroscopic X-ray tube located? o C. 200 to 300 kVp

o A. Inside the wall unit o D. 150 to 250 kVp

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10. What part controls the operation of the X-ray 16. Which component is responsible for lowering
machine? the voltage to the filament?

o A. Bucky Tray o A. Filament Transformer

o B. High Voltage Generator o B. Autotransformer

o C. Operating Console o C. Line compensator

o D. Filament Circuit o D. Step-up Transformer

11. What measures and adjusts incoming voltage 17. Which timer is most accurate?
to 220V?
o A. Mechanical timer
o A. mAs timer
o B. Synchronous timer
o B. Autotransformer
o C. Electronic timer
o C. Line Compensator
o D. mAs timer
o D. Rectifier
18. What does an mAs timer monitor?
12. Which transformer supplies precise voltage to
o A. Radiation dose
the filament and high-voltage circuits?
o B. Filament temperature
o A. Step-down transformer
o C. Product of mA and time
o B. High-voltage transformer
o D. Kilovoltage
o C. Autotransformer
19. Which device is also known as AEC?
o D. Filament transformer
o A. Ionization chamber
13. The kVp determines:
o B. Photomultiplier tube
o A. The number of photons
o C. mAs Timer
o B. The temperature of the anode
o D. Solid-state detector
o C. The quality of the X-ray beam
20. What timer is used to test exposure time
o D. The amount of radiation absorbed
accuracy in older machines?
14. What unit is used to measure tube current?
o A. Spinning Top Timer
o A. Kilovolts
o B. mAs Timer
o B. Amperes
o C. Electronic Timer
o C. Milliamperes
o D. AEC
o D. Ohms
21. What is another name for Solid State
15. The filament normally operates at currents Radiation Detectors?
between:
o A. mAs timer
o A. 1–3 A
o B. Ionization detector
o B. 3–6 A
o C. Semiconductor Radiation Detector
o C. 6–9 A
o D. Capacitor meter
o D. 10–12 A
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22. The high-voltage generator increases voltage o B. High-frequency generator

from:
o C. Capacitor discharge generator
o A. 1V to 10V
o D. Three-phase generator
o B. 10V to 100V
29. A full-wave rectified system produces how
o C. Low voltage to kilovoltage many pulses per second?

o D. Kilovoltage to megavoltage o A. 60

23. The step-up transformer increases: o B. 90

o A. Resistance o C. 120

o B. Voltage o D. 240

o C. Current 30. What does a diode allow?

o D. Frequency o A. AC flow in both directions

24. Rectifiers convert: o B. Current flow in one direction

o A. DC to AC o C. Voltage drop

o B. Voltage to current o D. Current multiplication

o C. AC to DC 31. In a basic X-ray circuit, which part adjusts kVp?

o D. Frequency to energy o A. Exposure Switch

25. A vacuum tube rectifier works with: o B. Timer Circuit

o A. Solid-state materials o C. Autotransformer

o B. Filament circuits o D. Step-down Transformer

o C. Glass tubes with coils 32. Which device controls the moment of
exposure?
o D. Semiconductor chips
o A. Rotor switch
26. Which has 100% voltage ripple?
o B. Exposure switch
o A. High-frequency generator
o C. Timer
o B. Three-phase power
o D. Breaker
o C. Single-phase power
33. The power formula is:
o D. Full-wave rectifier
o A. Voltage x Time
27. The most efficient generator type is:
o B. Amperes x Resistance
o A. Full-wave
o C. Current x Potential
o B. High-frequency
o D. Resistance x Voltage
o C. Half-wave
34. The filament circuit provides:
o D. Single-phase
o A. X-ray beam intensity
28. What generator stores energy in capacitors?
o B. Electrons via thermionic emission
o A. Self-rectified generator
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o C. Cooling of the anode o A. Timer

o D. Electrical insulation o B. Step-up transformer

35. A device used to regulate filament current is o C. Variable resistor

the:
o D. Diode

IDENTIFICATION TEST

(Write the correct answer.)

__________1. The person who discovered X-rays.

__________ 2. Material that glowed in Roentgen’s experiments, revealing X-rays.

__________3. The system is used to control electrons to produce X-rays.

__________4. X-ray method is used for treating diseases.

__________5. X-ray method is used for viewing motion in real time.

__________ 6. The invention by Bucky and Potter was to reduce scatter radiation.

__________7. Located under the table in fluoroscopic X-ray systems.

__________8. Measures voltage and adjusts it to 220V.

__________9. A device that adjusts voltage in both filament and high-voltage circuits.

__________10. Selects the quality of the X-ray beam.

__________11. Controls the quantity of X-ray photons.

__________12. Provides voltage to heat the filament.

__________13. Measures X-ray exposure time accurately.

__________14. A timer that stops exposure once the desired dose is reached.

__________15. Type of detector that uses semiconductors.

__________16. Converts alternating current into direct current.

__________17. A generator that has the lowest voltage ripple.

__________18. Generator uses capacitors to store and release energy.

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__________19. Allows the current to flow in only one direction.

__________20. Transformer that increases voltage for the tube circuit.

__________21. Transformer that decreases voltage for the filament.

__________22. Unit used to measure electric potential in X-rays.

__________23. Unit used to measure electric current.

__________24. Device that allows the operator to control exposure time.

__________25. System that includes the tube, console, and generator.

__________26. Uses high-frequency AC to produce more efficient X-rays.

__________27. The device inside the X-ray circuit steps up voltage.

__________28. Part of the console controls how much current goes to the filament.

__________29. Device used to test exposure time on older X-ray machines.

__________30. Formula for electrical power.