Propagação de Ondas em Sólidos

Waves in Strings
Daniel Alves Castello
[email protected]

1
Waves in a Taut String

2
Waves in a Taut String

3
 Waves in a Taut String

0 é çã !
4
𝑐
𝑎
𝑣
𝑒
𝑙
𝑜
𝑐
𝑖
𝑑
𝑎
𝑑
𝑒
𝑑
𝑒
𝑝
𝑟
𝑜
𝑝
𝑎
𝑔
𝑎
𝑜
𝑑
𝑒
𝑜
𝑛
𝑑
𝑎
Waves in a Taut String
● Solution by separation of variables

5
Waves in a Taut String: solution

6
 Waves in a Taut String: Definitions
2
● Wave number: =

● Wavelenght:

● Phase velocity: =

●
Given that =2 then =
𝜆
𝑝
𝑐
𝑘
𝑘
𝑝
7
𝜆𝑐
𝜔
𝑓
𝜋
𝜆
𝑓
𝜋
𝜔
Waves in a Taut String: Definitions
● Solução:

● Logo:

● Pois:

● e. adicionalmente:

8
Waves in a Taut String: solution

9
Waves in a Taut String: solution

Standing Wave or Stationary Wave

10
Waves in a Taut String: solution
● Trigonometric identities:
● Sin(a+b) = sin(a)cos(b) + sin(b)cos(a)
● Sin(a-b) = ...
● ... ...

11
 Waves in a Taut String: solution
● Consideremos, por exemplo, um caso particular como
u(x,t) = A.cos(kx - ωt)
● Dada a definição da velocidade de fase

( ( ))
( , )= cos −
𝑝
𝑢
𝑥
𝑡
𝐴
𝑘
𝑥
𝑐
𝑡
12
 Waves in a Taut String: solution
( , )= cos( ( − 0 ))

( ( ))
( , )= cos −
𝑝
𝑢
𝑥
𝑡
𝐴
𝑘
𝑥
𝑐
𝑡
13
𝑢
𝑥
𝑡
𝐴
𝑘
𝑥
𝑐
𝑡
Waves in a Taut String: solution

14
 Waves in a Taut String: solution
● The phase angle is ϕ = ( − )= −

● The phase remains constant if and increases

● The propagation velocity for constant phase is = 0

𝑝
𝑘
𝑥
𝑐
𝑡
𝑘
𝑥
𝜔
𝑡
𝑝
15
𝑡𝑐
𝑥
𝑐
Waves in a Taut String: solution
● Lets define the phase as φ = kx-ωt

● In order to keep constant phase it is required to get:

dφ = k.dx – ω.dt = zero that leads to :
dx/dt = cp = ω / k (phase speed )

● For the present problem one gets that cp = c0 = constant !!!

● The medium is nondispersive.

16
Waves in a Taut String: solution
● An aspect to be emphasized is that when summing the
signal f = A.sin(kx-ωt ) (traveling to the right) and g =
A.sin(kx+ωt ) (traveling to the left) one gets the signal s
= 2Acos(kx).cos(ωt ) which is a standing wave.

Therefore, it may be said that the standing waves

result from constructive and destructive
interference of leftward and rightward
propagating waves. 17
Waves in a Taut String: solution

18
D’Alambert solution

19
D’Alambert solution

Esta solução satisfaz a equação de movimento do sistema.

Esta solução descreve ondas que se propagam no meio sem nenhum

tipo de distorção com relação às suas formas

20
D’Alambert solution

21
 D’Alambert solution

Dado que:

Integrando a segunda equação temos

22
D’Alambert solution

•Considerando w = x-cot para f(w) e y = x-cot para g(y);

•Invertendo os limites de integração de 1.1.29 ;
•E somando as duas equações
23
D’Alambert solution

Se:

Então:

24
D’Alambert solution

25
D’Alambert solution

Quando observamos este

comportamento ?
D’Alambert solution
u(x,0) = W(x) = +1 over the region ]-a, a[ and zero for |x|>a
∂u/ ∂t = 0 quando t=0.

Solução u(x,t) = ½ ( W(x-c.t) + W(x+c.t) ) (infinite length)

D’Alambert solution
u(x,0) = W(x) = +1 over the region ]-a, a[ and zero for |x|>a
∂u/ ∂t = 0 quando t=0.
Solução u(x,t) = ½ ( W(x-c.t) + W(x+c.t) ) (infinite length)
D’Alambert solution
Let’s consider a more general situation for which the taut string is
finite.

u(x,0) = W(x) (shown in the figure)

u(0,t) = u(l,t) = 0 for all t >= 0 (finite length string)

D’Alambert solution

u(0,t) = 0 = (A1*sin(0) + A2*cos(0))*(A3*sin(ωt) + A4*cos(ωt)) leads to

A2 = 0

u(l,t) = 0 = (A1*sin(k l) )*(A3*sin(ωt) + A4*cos(ωt)) leads to

sin(k*l) = 0 !!!!

k*l = {0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π, ...}

kr = π*r / l, r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ...
D’Alambert solution

∂u/ ∂t = 0 quando t=0 leads to

A3 = 0

As the the phase speed cp = ω/k (= c0 for this problem) then one gets :
D’Alambert solution
D’Alambert solution
● Run Code:

33
D’Alambert solution
● Podemos abordar o problema com C.I. a partir da
transformada de Fourier.
● Ver as notas de aula

34
D’Alambert solution

35
D’Alambert solution
● Lets come back to the governing equation
D’Alambert solution

37
D’Alambert solution
● Lets assume the harmonic solution:

38
D’Alambert solution
● Lets assume the harmonic solution:

39
D’Alambert solution

40
D’Alambert solution
Characteristic equation (dispersive or frequency equation)

41
 D’Alambert solution
One shoul remark the definition of the phase = − and the definition
of phase speed
=
Portanto, neste caso temos :
( 0) ( + )
2 2
2

( )= 2 =
2
2

Then: = ( )

Ops !
𝑘
𝑘
𝑘
𝑝
𝐹
𝑐
𝑝
42
𝑐
𝑐
𝑘
𝒑
𝒑
𝜔
𝜙
𝒄
𝑘
𝑥
𝒄
𝜔
𝐤
𝑡
𝐾
𝜔
D’Alambert solution

43
D’Alambert solution

44
 D’Alambert solution

±¯
( , )= .

45
𝑢
𝑥
𝑡
𝐴
𝑒
𝑒
𝑗
𝜔
𝑡
𝑘
𝑥
D’Alambert solution

46
Dispersive system: graphics

47
Dispersive system: Dispersion curve

Re(k)

A velocidade de fase c varia de acordo com o número de onda k, c = c(k).

48
Dispersive system: Frequency spectrum

49
Dispersive system: Frequency spectrum

K=0

Im(k)
Re(k)

50
Dispersive system: Frequency spectrum

51
Dispersive system: Frequency spectrum

Im(k) Re(k)

52
Group velocity: concepts
Run code : group_speed_phase_speed2.m

k1 = 1;%numero de onda rad/m

w1 = 1.5;%frequencia rad/s
k2 = 2;%numero de onda rad/m
w2 = 1.9;%frequencia rad/s

E depois
k1 = 3;%numero de onda rad/m
w1 = 1.5;%frequencia rad/s
k2 = 2;%numero de onda rad/m
w2 = 1.9;%frequencia rad/s

VER OS ENVELOPES !!! 53

Group velocity: concepts

54
Group velocity: concepts

55
Group velocity: concepts

56
57