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lecture 3

The document provides an overview of various types of motors including AC, DC, stepper, and servo motors, along with their features, working principles, and disadvantages. It highlights the importance of Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) for controlling motor speed and discusses the applications of different motors in industries and robotics. Additionally, it addresses the complexities and requirements for efficient motor operation, such as the need for electronic speed controllers and positional feedback in certain motor types.

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roukff61736220
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16 views26 pages

lecture 3

The document provides an overview of various types of motors including AC, DC, stepper, and servo motors, along with their features, working principles, and disadvantages. It highlights the importance of Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) for controlling motor speed and discusses the applications of different motors in industries and robotics. Additionally, it addresses the complexities and requirements for efficient motor operation, such as the need for electronic speed controllers and positional feedback in certain motor types.

Uploaded by

roukff61736220
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Module week 3

Instructor:
Mohammad Samir Hassan
Electrical Sub-Team Leader
BUET ME-18
• AC Motors
• DC Motors
• Stepper Motors
• Servo Motors
• Motor Controllers
Run on the Alternating Currents. There
are mainly two types of AC motors they
are:
• Synchronous AC Motors
• Asynchronous AC Motors

Main applications in Industries, Heavy


Equipments, Pumps
Features:
• Induction Motors
• Brushless Commutation
• Nearly Synchronous Speed
• Easy Construction
• Cheap
• High Power
• Self Starting in 3 Phase AC
Working Principle:
Induction motors works due to electromagnetic
induction. 3 Phase AC creates a rotating
magnetic field in the stator which induces emf in
the rotor and this EMF opposes the rotating
magnetic field and starts to rotate. Single phase
induction motors are more complex and uses
capacitor to create a pseudo phase.
Motor speed < Synchronous Speed (Slip 2-6%)
Disadvantages:
• Difficult to start a single phase induction motor
• Effects Power Factor
• Heavy and Bulky
• Low efficiency
• Requires Expensive equipments for speed
control (VFD)
Features:
• 2 Common Types - Permanenet
Magnet Synchronous
Motors(PMSM) and DC Excited
Synchronous Motors
• Synchronous Speed
• Higher Efficiency
• High Torque
Working Principle:
Synchronous motors works due to coupling of the
rotating magnetic field created by 3 Phase AC in
the stator with the magnetic poles of the rotor.
This process is known as synchronisation.
Rotor Magnetic Poles can be Permanent
Magnet(PMSM) or Electromagnet(DC Excited)
Motor speed = Synchronous speed (no slip)
Not self starting requires starter or squirrel cage
coils.
Disadvantages:
• Not self starting
• Requires Brushes
• Expensive and Economical at higher
power
• Overloading Causes the motor to stall
• Speed control requires expensive
components like VFDs.
VFD
• Variable Frequency Drives are electronic device which
can control the frequency of supply to the motor in order
to control the speed of the induction motor.
• Makes induction motor usable for varying speed
applications.
• VFDs are expensive.
• Enables us to control large industrial motors with
microcontrollers.
VFD Working Principle
VFD With Arduino
• Runs on DC
• Mainly two types:
Brushed DC Motors
Brushless DC Motors
• Usually smaller in size and used in low power
applications
• Main applications in handheld devices, battery
operated devices, Robots, Toys, Small machine tools
Features:
• Most common motor in market for hobby usage
• Very cheap
• Easy and cheap to control
• Low Power
• Small and Light weight
• Wide range of speed control
Working Principle:
In DC motors permanent magnet is used as stator and
a coil is used as rotor. DC motor works due to
commutator that reverses the supply of current on the
rotor at the desired position. When current is supplied
to the rotor it creates a magnetic field in the coil
which opposes the field created by permanent
magnets and torque is created which causes to the
motor to run. Carbon brushes are used as
commutators.
Disadvantages:
• Inefficient
• Low power
• Brush wearing out
• Lower speed
• Cogging problem
Drivers:
• L298N - Low Cost, Low Current
• Suitable for LFR, Tracking Robots
• Max Current 2A, 2 Channel
• BTS7960- Low Cost, Higher Current
• Suitable for big motors
• Max Current 43A
• Single Channel
• Dumb Drivers
Features:
• More efficient than brushed motors
• High speed and low noise
• Easy and cheap to control
• Low Power
• Small and Light weight
• Wide range of speed control
• Exotic Control Algorithms
Working Principle:
Disadvantages:
• Complex Control Mechanism
• Requires Positional Feedback for low speed
operation
• Expensive Drivers
• Not easily implementable
• Cogging problem
Driving BLDC
• Electronic Speed Controller
• Sensored vs Sensorless commutation
• NOT REALLY “DC”
• Closely related to PMSM
• KV rating is RPM/Volts
• Nomenclature
Electronic Speed Controllers
• Uses Three Half H Bridge Circuits made with MOSFETS
• Can be open-loop or closed loop
• Includes a microcontroller
• Expensive
• Programmable
• Different types of control mechanism
• FOC is the best method
• Closed loop motors aka always knows its position
• Used in precise position controlled motions
• CNC and Robotics mostly uses servo motors
• Requires an Encoder
• Very Expensive
• Different types - DC, BLDC, PMSM, Stepper
• Free from cogging
MIT mini cheetah Servo Actuator
https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/118671
• Why do we use 3 phase instead of
higher phases?
• Suppose you are designing a robotic
arm which type of motor should you use
and why?
• Can we make a smart DC motor driver?
If yes how and why?

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