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 Information Storage and
Management

ffirs.indd i 4/19/2012 12:13:26 PM

ffirs.indd ii 4/19/2012 12:13:26 PM
 Information Storage
and Management
Storing, Managing, and Protecting
Digital Information in Classic,
Virtualized, and Cloud Environments

2nd Edition

Edited by
Somasundaram Gnanasundaram
Alok Shrivastava

ffirs.indd iii 4/19/2012 12:13:27 PM

 Information Storage and Management: Storing, Managing, and Protecting Digital Information in Classic,
Virtualized, and Cloud Environments 2nd Edition

Published by
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright © 2012 by EMC Corporation
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-1-118-09483-9
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ISBN: 978-1-118-23696-3 (ebk)
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 THE INFORMATION IN THIS PUBLICATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” EMC CORPORATION MAKES NO
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Proven, EMC Snap, EMC SourceOne, EMC Storage Administrator, Acartus, Access Logix, AdvantEdge,
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ffirs.indd v 4/19/2012 12:13:33 PM

ffirs.indd vi 4/19/2012 12:13:33 PM
 About the Editors

Somasundaram Gnanasundaram (Somu) is the director at EMC Education

Services, leading worldwide industry readiness initiatives. Somu is the architect
of EMC’s open curriculum, aimed at addressing the knowledge gap that exists
in the IT industry in the area of information storage and emerging technolo-
gies such as cloud computing. Under his leadership and direction, industry
readiness initiatives such as the EMC Academic Alliance program continue
to experience significant growth, educating thousands of students worldwide
on information storage and management technologies. Key areas of Somu’s
responsibility include guiding a global team of professionals, identifying and
partnering with global IT education providers, and setting the overall direction
for EMC’s industry readiness initiatives. Prior to his current role, Somu held
various managerial and leadership roles within EMC as well as with other lead-
ing IT service providers. He holds an undergraduate technology degree from
Anna University Chennai, and a Master of Technology degree from the Indian
Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India. Somu has been in the IT industry for
more than 25 years.

Alok Shrivastava is the senior director at EMC Education Services. Alok is

the architect of several of EMC’s successful education initiatives, including the
industry leading EMC Proven Professional program, industry readiness pro-
grams such as EMC’s Academic Alliance, and this unique and valuable book
on information storage technology. Alok provides vision and leadership to a
team of highly talented experts, practitioners, and professionals that develops
world-class technical education for EMC’s employees, partners, customers, stu-
dents, and other industry professionals covering technologies such as storage,
virtualization, cloud, and big data. Prior to his success in education, Alok built

vii

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 viii About the Editors

and led a highly successful team of EMC presales engineers in Asia-Pacific and
Japan. Earlier in his career, Alok was a systems manager, storage manager, and
backup/restore/disaster recovery consultant working with some of the world’s
largest data centers and IT installations. He holds dual Master’s degrees from
the Indian Institute of Technology in Mumbai, India, and the University of Sagar
in India. Alok has worked in information storage technology and has held a
unique passion for this field for most of his 30-year career in IT.

ffirs.indd viii 4/19/2012 12:13:34 PM

 Credits

Executive Editor Production Manager

Carol Long Tim Tate
Project Editor Vice President and Executive
Tom Dinse Group Publisher
Richard Swadley
Senior Production Editor
Debra Banninger Vice President and Executive
Publisher
Copy Editor
Neil Edde
San Dee Phillips
Associate Publisher
Editorial Manager
Jim Minatel
Mary Beth Wakefield
Project Coordinator, Cover
Freelancer Editorial Manager
Katie Crocker
Rosemarie Graham
Proofreader
Associate Director of Marketing
Nancy Carrasco
David Mayhew
Indexer
Marketing Manager
Robert Swanson
Ashley Zurcher
Cover Designer
Business Manager
Mallesh Gurram, EMC
Amy Knies

ix

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ffirs.indd x 4/19/2012 12:13:34 PM
 Acknowledgments

When we embarked upon the project to develop this book in 2008, the first
challenge was to identify a team of subject matter experts covering the vast
range of technologies that form the modern information storage infrastructure.
A key factor that continues to work in our favor is that at EMC we have the
technologies, the know-how, and many of the best talents in the industry. When
we reached out to individual experts, they were as excited as we were about the
prospect of publishing a comprehensive book on information storage technol-
ogy. This was an opportunity to share their expertise with professionals and
students worldwide.
This book is the result of efforts and contributions from a number of key EMC
organizations led by EMC Education Services and supported by the office of
CTO, Global Marketing, and EMC Engineering.
The first edition of the book was published in 2009, and the effort was led by
Ganesh Rajaratnam of EMC Education Services and Dr. David Black of the EMC
CTO office. The book continues to be the most popular storage technology book
around the world among professionals and students. In addition to its English
and e-book editions, it is available in Mandarin, Portuguese, and Russian.
With the emergence of cloud computing and the broad adoption of virtualiza-
tion technologies by the organizations, we felt it is time to update the content to
include information storage in those emerging technologies and also the new
developments in the field of information storage. Ashish Garg of Education
Services led the effort to update content for the second edition of this book. In
addition to reviewing the content, Joe Milardo and Nancy Gessler led the effort
of content review with their team of subject matter experts.

xi

ffirs.indd xi 4/19/2012 12:13:34 PM

 xii Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the following experts from EMC for their support in devel-
oping and reviewing the content for various chapters of this book:
Content contributors:
Rodrigo Alves Sagar Kotekar Patil
Charlie Brooks Andre Rossouw
Debasish Chakrabarty Tony Santamaria
Diana Davis Saravanaraj Sridharan
Amit Deshmukh Ganesh Sundaresan
Michael Dulavitz Jim Tracy
Dr. Vanchi Gurumoorthy Anand Varkar
Simon Hawkshaw Dr. Viswanth VS
Anbuselvi Jeyakumar
Content reviewers:
Ronen Artzi Manoj Kumar
Eric Baize Arthur Johnson
Greg Baltazar Michelle Lavoie
Edward Bell Tom McGowan
Ed Belliveau Jeffery Moore
Paul Brant Toby Morral
Juergen Busch Wayne Pauley
Christopher Chaulk Peter Popieniuck
Brian Collins Ira Schild
Juan Cubillos Shashikanth, Punuru
John Dowd Murugeson Purushothaman
Roger Dupuis Shekhar Sengupta
Deborah Filer Kevin Sheridan
Bala Ganeshan Ed VanSickle
Jason Gervickas Mike Warner
Jody Goncalves Ronnie Zubi
Jack Harwood Evan Burleigh

We also thank Mallik Motilal of EMC for his support in creating all illustra-
tions; Mallesh Gurram of EMC for the cover design; and the publisher, John
Wiley & Sons, for its timely support in bringing this book to the industry.
— Somasundaram Gnanasundaram
Director, Education Services, EMC Corporation
— Alok Shrivastava
Senior Director, Education Services, EMC Corporation
March 2012

ffirs.indd xii 4/19/2012 12:13:34 PM

 Contents

Foreword xxvii
Introduction xxix
Section I Storage System 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Information Storage 3
1.1 Information Storage 4
1.1.1 Data 4
1.1.2 Types of Data 6
1.1.3 Big Data 7
1.1.4 Information 9
1.1.5 Storage 9
1.2 Evolution of Storage Architecture 9
1.3 Data Center Infrastructure 11
1.3.1 Core Elements of a Data Center 11
1.3.2 Key Characteristics of a Data Center 12
1.3.3 Managing a Data Center 13
1.4 Virtualization and Cloud Computing 14
Summary 15
Chapter 2 Data Center Environment 17
2.1 Application 18
2.2 Database Management System (DBMS) 18
2.3 Host (Compute) 19
2.3.1 Operating System 19
Memory Virtualization 20
2.3.2 Device Driver 20
2.3.3 Volume Manager 20
2.3.4 File System 22
2.3.5 Compute Virtualization 25

xiii

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 xiv Contents

2.4 Connectivity 27
2.4.1 Physical Components of Connectivity 27
2.4.2 Interface Protocols 28
IDE/ATA and Serial ATA 28
SCSI and Serial SCSI 29
Fibre Channel 29
Internet Protocol (IP) 29
2.5 Storage 29
2.6 Disk Drive Components 31
2.6.1 Platter 32
2.6.2 Spindle 32
2.6.3 Read/Write Head 32
2.6.4 Actuator Arm Assembly 33
2.6.5 Drive Controller Board 33
2.6.6 Physical Disk Structure 34
2.6.7 Zoned Bit Recording 35
2.6.8 Logical Block Addressing 36
2.7 Disk Drive Performance 36
2.7.1 Disk Service Time 37
Seek Time 37
Rotational Latency 37
Data Transfer Rate 38
2.7.2 Disk I/O Controller Utilization 39
2.8 Host Access to Data 40
2.9 Direct-Attached Storage 41
2.9.1 DAS Benefits and Limitations 42
2.10 Storage Design Based on Application
Requirements and Disk Performance 43
2.11 Disk Native Command Queuing 45
2.12 Introduction to Flash Drives 46
2.12.1 Components and Architecture of Flash Drives 47
2.12.2 Features of Enterprise Flash Drives 48
2.13 Concept in Practice: VMware ESXi 48
Summary 49
Chapter 3 Data Protection: RAID 51
3.1 RAID Implementation Methods 52
3.1.1 Software RAID 52
3.1.2 Hardware RAID 52
3.2 RAID Array Components 53
3.3 RAID Techniques 53
3.3.1 Striping 53
3.3.2 Mirroring 55
3.3.3 Parity 55
3.4 RAID Levels 57
3.4.1 RAID 0 57
3.4.2 RAID 1 58

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 Contents xv

3.4.3 Nested RAID 59

3.4.4 RAID 3 62
3.4.5 RAID 4 63
3.4.6 RAID 5 63
3.4.7 RAID 6 64
3.5 RAID Impact on Disk Performance 64
3.5.1 Application IOPS and RAID Configurations 66
3.6 RAID Comparison 66
3.7 Hot Spares 68
Summary 68
Chapter 4 Intelligent Storage Systems 71
4.1 Components of an Intelligent Storage System 72
4.1.1 Front End 72
4.1.2 Cache 72
Structure of Cache 73
Read Operation with Cache 73
Write Operation with Cache 75
Cache Implementation 75
Cache Management 76
Cache Data Protection 77
4.1.3 Back End 78
4.1.4 Physical Disk 78
4.2 Storage Provisioning 79
4.2.1 Traditional Storage Provisioning 79
LUN Expansion: MetaLUN 80
4.2.2 Virtual Storage Provisioning 82
Comparison between Virtual and Traditional
Storage Provisioning 82
Use Cases for Thin and Traditional LUNs 84
4.2.3 LUN Masking 84
4.3 Types of Intelligent Storage Systems 85
4.3.1 High-End Storage Systems 85
4.3.2 Midrange Storage Systems 86
4.4 Concepts in Practice: EMC Symmetrix and VNX 87
4.4.1 EMC Symmetrix Storage Array 87
4.4.2 EMC Symmetrix VMAX Component 88
4.4.3 Symmetrix VMAX Architecture 89
Summary 91
Section II Storage Networking Technologies 93
Chapter 5 Fibre Channel Storage Area Networks 95
5.1 Fibre Channel: Overview 96
5.2 The SAN and Its Evolution 97
5.3 Components of FC SAN 98
5.3.1 Node Ports 99
5.3.2 Cables and Connectors 99

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 xvi Contents

5.3.3 Interconnect Devices 100

5.3.4 SAN Management Software 101
5.4 FC Connectivity 102
5.4.1 Point-to-Point 102
5.4.2 Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop 102
5.4.3 Fibre Channel Switched Fabric 103
FC-SW Transmission 105
5.5 Switched Fabric Ports 106
5.6 Fibre Channel Architecture 106
5.6.1 Fibre Channel Protocol Stack 107
FC-4 Layer 108
FC-2 Layer 108
FC-1 Layer 108
FC-0 Layer 108
5.6.2 Fibre Channel Addressing 109
5.6.3 World Wide Names 109
5.6.4 FC Frame 110
5.6.5. Structure and Organization of FC Data 112
5.6.6 Flow Control 112
BB_Credit 112
EE_Credit 112
5.6.7 Classes of Service 113
5.7 Fabric Services 113
5.8 Switched Fabric Login Types 114
5.9 Zoning 115
5.9.1 Types of Zoning 116
5.10 FC SAN Topologies 118
5.10.1 Mesh Topology 118
5.10.2 Core-Edge Fabric 119
Benefits and Limitations of Core-Edge Fabric 119
5.11 Virtualization in SAN 122
5.11.1 Block-level Storage Virtualization 122
5.11.2 Virtual SAN (VSAN) 124
5.12 Concepts in Practice: EMC Connectrix and EMC VPLEX 125
5.12.1 EMC Connectrix 125
Connectrix Switches 126
Connectrix Directors 126
Connectrix Multi-purpose Switches 126
Connectrix Management Tools 127
5.12.2 EMC VPLEX 127
VPLEX Family of Products 128
Summary 128
Chapter 6 IP SAN and FCoE 131
6.1 iSCSI 132
6.1.1 Components of iSCSI 132
6.1.2 iSCSI Host Connectivity 133

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 Contents xvii

6.1.3 iSCSI Topologies 133

Native iSCSI Connectivity 133
Bridged iSCSI Connectivity 135
Combining FC and Native iSCSI Connectivity 135
6.1.4 iSCSI Protocol Stack 135
6.1.5 iSCSI PDU 136
6.1.6 iSCSI Discovery 138
6.1.7 iSCSI Names 138
6.1.8 iSCSI Session 140
6.1.9 iSCSI Command Sequencing 141
6.2 FCIP 142
6.2.1 FCIP Protocol Stack 142
6.2.2 FCIP Topology 144
6.2.3 FCIP Performance and Security 144
6.3 FCoE 145
6.3.1 I/O Consolidation Using FCoE 145
6.3.2 Components of an FCoE Network 147
Converged Network Adapter 148
Cables 148
FCoE Switches 149
6.3.3 FCoE Frame Structure 150
FCoE Frame Mapping 151
6.3.4 FCoE Enabling Technologies 152
Priority-Based Flow Control (PFC) 153
Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS) 154
Congestion Notification (CN) 154
Data Center Bridging Exchange Protocol (DCBX) 154
Summary 155
Chapter 7 Network-Attached Storage 157
7.1 General-Purpose Servers versus NAS Devices 158
7.2 Benefits of NAS 159
7.3 File Systems and Network File Sharing 160
7.3.1 Accessing a File System 160
7.3.2 Network File Sharing 160
7.4 Components of NAS 162
7.5 NAS I/O Operation 163
7.6 NAS Implementations 163
7.6.1 Unified NAS 164
7.6.2 Unified NAS Connectivity 164
7.6.3 Gateway NAS 164
7.6.4 Gateway NAS Connectivity 165
7.6.5 Scale-Out NAS 166
7.6.6 Scale-Out NAS Connectivity 167
7.7 NAS File-Sharing Protocols 168
7.7.1 NFS 169
7.7.2 CIFS 170

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 xviii Contents

7.8 Factors Affecting NAS Performance 171

7.9 File-Level Virtualization 174
7.10 Concepts in Practice: EMC Isilon
and EMC VNX Gateway 175
7.10.1 EMC Isilon 175
7.10.2 EMC VNX Gateway 176
Summary 177
Chapter 8 Object-Based and Unified Storage 179
8.1 Object-Based Storage Devices 180
8.1.1 Object-Based Storage Architecture 181
8.1.2 Components of OSD 182
8.1.3 Object Storage and Retrieval in OSD 183
8.1.4 Benefits of Object-Based Storage 184
8.1.5 Common Use Cases for Object-Based Storage 185
8.2 Content-Addressed Storage 187
8.3 CAS Use Cases 188
8.3.1 Healthcare Solution: Storing Patient Studies 188
8.3.2 Finance Solution: Storing Financial Records 189
8.4 Unified Storage 190
8.4.1 Components of Unified Storage 190
Data Access from Unified Storage 192
8.5 Concepts in Practice: EMC Atmos, EMC VNX,
and EMC Centera 192
8.5.1 EMC Atmos 193
8.5.2 EMC VNX 194
8.5.3 EMC Centera 195
EMC Centera Architecture 196
Summary 197
Section III Backup, Archive, and Replication 199
Chapter 9 Introduction to Business Continuity 201
9.1 Information Availability 202
9.1.1 Causes of Information Unavailability 202
9.1.2 Consequences of Downtime 203
9.1.3 Measuring Information Availability 204
9.2 BC Terminology 205
9.3 BC Planning Life Cycle 207
9.4 Failure Analysis 210
9.4.1 Single Point of Failure 210
9.4.2 Resolving Single Points of Failure 211
9.4.3 Multipathing Software 212
9.5 Business Impact Analysis 213
9.6 BC Technology Solutions 213
9.7 Concept in Practice: EMC PowerPath 214
9.7.1 PowerPath Features 214
9.7.2 Dynamic Load Balancing 215

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 Contents xix

I/O Operation without PowerPath 215

I/O Operation with PowerPath 216
9.7.3 Automatic Path Failover 217
Path Failure without PowerPath 218
Path Failover with PowerPath: Active-Active Array 218
Path Failover with PowerPath: Active-Passive Array 219
Summary 221

Chapter 10 Backup and Archive 225

10.1 Backup Purpose 226
10.1.1 Disaster Recovery 226
10.1.2 Operational Recovery 226
10.1.3 Archival 226
10.2 Backup Considerations 227
10.3 Backup Granularity 228
10.4 Recovery Considerations 231
10.5 Backup Methods 231
10.6 Backup Architecture 233
10.7 Backup and Restore Operations 234
10.8 Backup Topologies 236
10.9 Backup in NAS Environments 239
10.9.1 Server-Based and Serverless Backup 239
10.9.2 NDMP-Based Backup 240
10.10 Backup Targets 242
10.10.1 Backup to Tape 243
Physical Tape Library 243
Limitations of Tape 245
10.10.2 Backup to Disk 245
10.10.3 Backup to Virtual Tape 246
Virtual Tape Library 246
10.11 Data Deduplication for Backup 249
10.11.1 Data Deduplication Methods 249
10.11.2 Data Deduplication Implementation 250
Source-Based Data Deduplication 250
Target-Based Data Deduplication 250
10.12 Backup in Virtualized Environments 252
10.13 Data Archive 254
10.14 Archiving Solution Architecture 255
10.14.1 Use Case: E-mail Archiving 256
10.14.2 Use Case: File Archiving 257
10.15 Concepts in Practice: EMC NetWorker,
EMC Avamar, and EMC Data Domain 257
10.15.1 EMC NetWorker 258
10.15.2 EMC Avamar 258
10.15.3 EMC Data Domain 259
Summary 260

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 xx Contents

Chapter 11 Local Replication 263

11.1 Replication Terminology 264
11.2 Uses of Local Replicas 264
11.3 Replica Consistency 265
11.3.1 Consistency of a Replicated File System 265
11.3.2 Consistency of a Replicated Database 266
11.4 Local Replication Technologies 269
11.4.1 Host-Based Local Replication 269
LVM-Based Replication 269
Advantages of LVM-Based Replication 269
Limitations of LVM-Based Replication 270
File System Snapshot 271
11.4.2 Storage Array-Based Local Replication 272
Full-Volume Mirroring 273
Pointer-Based, Full-Volume Replication 274
Pointer-Based Virtual Replication 277
11.4.3 Network-Based Local Replication 278
Continuous Data Protection 279
CDP Local Replication Operation 280
11.5 Tracking Changes to Source and Replica 281
11.6 Restore and Restart Considerations 282
11.7 Creating Multiple Replicas 283
11.8 Local Replication in a Virtualized Environment 284
11.9 Concepts in Practice: EMC TimeFinder,
EMC SnapView, and EMC RecoverPoint 285
11.9.1 EMC TimeFinder 285
TimeFinder/Clone 286
TimeFinder/Snap 286
11.9.2 EMC SnapView 286
SnapView Snapshot 286
SnapView Clone 287
11.9.3 EMC RecoverPoint 287
Summary 287
Chapter 12 Remote Replication 289
12.1 Modes of Remote Replication 289
12.2 Remote Replication Technologies 292
12.2.1. Host-Based Remote Replication 292
LVM-Based Remote Replication 293
Host-Based Log Shipping 294
12.2.2 Storage Array-Based Remote Replication 295
Synchronous Replication Mode 295
Asynchronous Replication Mode 296
Disk-Buffered Replication Mode 297
12.2.3 Network-Based Remote Replication 298
CDP Remote Replication 298
12.3 Three-Site Replication 300

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 Contents xxi

12.3.1 Three-Site Replication — Cascade/Multihop 300

Synchronous + Asynchronous 300
Synchronous + Disk Buffered 302
12.3.2 Three-Site Replication — Triangle/Multitarget 302
12.4 Data Migration Solutions 304
12.5 Remote Replication and Migration in a
Virtualized Environment 306
12.6 Concepts in Practice: EMC SRDF,
EMC MirrorView, and EMC RecoverPoint 307
12.6.1 EMC SRDF 308
12.6.2 EMC MirrorView 308
12.6.3 EMC RecoverPoint 308
Summary 309

Section IV Cloud Computing 311

Chapter 13 Cloud Computing 313
13.1 Cloud Enabling Technologies 314
13.2 Characteristics of Cloud Computing 314
13.3 Benefits of Cloud Computing 316
13.4 Cloud Service Models 316
13.4.1 Infrastructure-as-a-Service 316
13.4.2 Platform-as-a-Service 317
13.4.3 Software-as-a-Service 318
13.5 Cloud Deployment Models 318
13.5.1 Public Cloud 318
13.5.2 Private Cloud 319
13.5.3 Community Cloud 320
13.5.4 Hybrid Cloud 321
13.6 Cloud Computing Infrastructure 322
13.6.1 Physical Infrastructure 322
13.6.2 Virtual Infrastructure 323
13.6.3 Applications and Platform Software 324
13.6.4 Cloud Management and Service Creation Tools 324
13.7 Cloud Challenges 326
13.7.1 Challenges for Consumers 326
13.7.2 Challenges for Providers 327
13.8 Cloud Adoption Considerations 327
13.9 Concepts in Practice: Vblock 329
Summary 330

Section V Securing and Managing Storage Infrastructure 331

Chapter 14 Securing the Storage Infrastructure 333
14.1 Information Security Framework 334
14.2 Risk Triad 334
14.2.1 Assets 335
14.2.2 Threats 336

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 xxii Contents

14.2.3 Vulnerability 337

14.3 Storage Security Domains 338
14.3.1 Securing the Application Access Domain 339
Controlling User Access to Data 340
Protecting the Storage Infrastructure 341
Data Encryption 342
14.3.2 Securing the Management Access Domain 342
Controlling Administrative Access 344
Protecting the Management Infrastructure 344
14.3.3 Securing Backup, Replication, and Archive 345
14.4 Security Implementations in Storage Networking 346
14.4.1 FC SAN 346
FC SAN Security Architecture 347
Basic SAN Security Mechanisms 347
LUN Masking and Zoning 349
Securing Switch Ports 349
Switch-Wide and Fabric-Wide Access Control 350
Logical Partitioning of a Fabric: Virtual SAN 350
14.4.2 NAS 350
NAS File Sharing: Windows ACLs 351
NAS File Sharing: UNIX Permissions 352
NAS File Sharing: Authentication and Authorization 353
Kerberos 354
Network-Layer Firewalls 355
14.4.3 IP SAN 357
14.5 Securing Storage Infrastructure in
Virtualized and Cloud Environments 358
14.5.1 Security Concerns 359
14.5.2 Security Measures 359
Security at the Compute Level 359
Security at the Network Level 360
Security at the Storage Level 361
14.6 Concepts in Practice: RSA and
VMware Security Products 361
14.6.1 RSA SecureID 362
14.6.2 RSA Identity and Access Management 362
14.6.3 RSA Data Protection Manager 362
14.6.4 VMware vShield 363
Summary 363

Chapter 15 Managing the Storage Infrastructure 365

15.1 Monitoring the Storage Infrastructure 366
15.1.1 Monitoring Parameters 366
15.1.2 Components Monitored 367
Hosts 367
Storage Network 368
Storage 369

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 Contents xxiii

15.1.3 Monitoring Examples 369

Accessibility Monitoring 369
Capacity Monitoring 370
Performance Monitoring 372
Security Monitoring 374
15.1.4 Alerts 375
15.2 Storage Infrastructure Management Activities 376
15.2.1 Availability Management 376
15.2.2 Capacity Management 376
15.2.3 Performance Management 377
15.2.4 Security Management 377
15.2.5 Reporting 378
15.2.6 Storage Infrastructure Management in a
Virtualized Environment 378
15.2.7 Storage Management Examples 380
Example 1: Storage Allocation to a New Server/Host 380
Example 2: File System Space Management 381
Example 3: Chargeback Report 382
15.3 Storage Infrastructure Management Challenges 384
15.4 Developing an Ideal Solution 384
15.4.1 Storage Management Initiative 385
15.4.2 Enterprise Management Platform 386
15.5 Information Lifecycle Management 386
15.6 Storage Tiering 388
15.6.1 Intra-Array Storage Tiering 388
15.6.2 Inter-Array Storage Tiering 390
15.7 Concepts in Practice: EMC Infrastructure
Management Tools 391
15.7.1 EMC ControlCenter and Prosphere 391
15.7.2 EMC Unisphere 392
15.7.3 EMC Unified Infrastructure Manager (UIM) 393
Summary 393

Appendix A Application I/O Characteristics 395

Random and Sequential 395
Reads and Writes 395
I/O Request Size 396

Appendix B Parallel SCSI 399

SCSI Standards Family 400
SCSI Client-Server Model 401
Parallel SCSI Addressing 402

Appendix C SAN Design Exercises 405

Exercise 1 405
Solution 405
Exercise 2 406
Solution 406

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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 For every one of these thousands of amateurs there p142 is
something to learn before he or she can succeed in producing a
picture; to know how to make a photograph never comes by
intuition, but must be acquired by study and practical experiment.
This need not be prolonged or difficult, and the purpose of these
pages is to afford the beginners that instruction, which will enable
them to surmount the difficulties of a new and untried pursuit; to
open up to them the knowledge that will enable them to bring the
little dry plate and the quantum of pyro together, so that they may
tell a story, the constantly varying changes of which will afford ever
renewing delight, a pleasure gained without undue fatigue and never
followed by regret or pain. One little gem of a negative or
transparency will afford the maker more real pleasure, than many a
costlier amusement.

THE AMATEUR OUTFIT.

The number and variety of outfits manufactured for the use of
amateurs are so great that the question of selection becomes one of
more than ordinary interest and importance. Indeed, this fact is
impressed upon the mind and fully established when one undertakes
p143 to inspect and examine the variety exhibited by one house alone,
but when one has seen the stock of all the different large concerns
and has examined the bewildering variety, he becomes aware of the
immensity of the demand that has brought into existence such an
enormous supply; for here, beside the toy outfit for the child of ten
or twelve years, he will see the perfect equipment for the
professional photographer, and every possible grade between, in
every style of finish and ornamentation, and all supplied with so
many appliances for easy handling and accurate adjustment as to
astonish one at the amount of skill and ingenuity exhibited by the
makers.
It is not the intention of the writer of these pages to describe this
great variety of apparatus; having himself used with success and
pleasure the instruments of the great house of E. & H. T. Anthony &
Co., he will merely point out some of the advantages of and the
valuable improvements lately added to their amateur photographic
equipments.
The amateur preparing for the field will find it necessary to
provide himself first with the apparatus necessary to the making of
negatives; these articles constitute the viewing outfit. Having made
himself familiar with the use of the camera and lens, he may next
provide himself with the chemical constituents of the developer and
proceed to develop his own plates. These chemicals and the
necessary dishes, etc., constitute the developing outfit.
It is recommended that the beginner confine himself at first to
the preliminary of selecting his views and making the exposures,
taking his plates to some photographic establishment to be
developed, where he p144 may learn as to the correctness of
exposure, and receive such information in connection therewith as
may be of benefit afterwards.
Having made himself somewhat proficient in exposing, he may
then take up the development and enjoy the true delight of the
amateur in witnessing the growing of the picture upon his
developing plate.
 With this end in view, then, we will proceed to consider, describe
and explain the apparatus of an outfit, the construction thereof, and
how to use the same.

THE VIEWING OUTFIT CONSISTS OF:

Sensitive dry plates and
Plate holders or shields,
The Camera box,
The view lens,
The tripod or Camera stand,
The instantaneous shutter,
The focussing cloth, and a
Carrying box to contain the whole.

It is necessary that the beginner should receive some instruction

in the use of each of these articles, and for that purpose we will
consider them in the order above given.

DRY PLATES.
The manufacture of dry plates has now reached such a state of
perfection that the purchaser may procure them of every grade of
sensitiveness, each of the several grades of a perfect uniformity and
all of them very free from imperfections and blemishes. And also the
prices have been so reduced of late that the incentive to
manufacture on the part of individuals for their own use is almost
entirely lacking. However, there may be found p145 a certain interest
and fascination in preparing plates for one's own use, which would
prompt some to incur the outlay and trouble incidental to such a
course, and for those full instructions and formulæ may be found in
the first part of this book.
 It will, however, be found, after due trial, that for work of
importance, and where certainty of results is desired, it will be better
to procure the plates of some maker of established reputation, and
of such a grade of sensitiveness as will be most suitable for the work
in hand.
Certain makers of dry plates use the Sensitometer to ascertain
the degree of rapidity of each and every emulsion produced in their
works. The ascertained degree of rapidity is indicated on each box of
plates by the Sensitometer number—the higher the number, the
more sensitive the plate. The highest numbers attained up to this
time are from 20 to 25, and these numbers would indicate a very
high degree of sensitiveness, such as render plates of 23 to 25 quite
suitable for work requiring the shortest possible, in fact,
instantaneous, exposures, such as bodies in motion across the plane
of focus. Views of still life are better made with plates of a lesser
degree of rapidity.
The handling of dry plates of such extreme rapidity requires great
care. The boxes should never be opened, even the outer wrappings
should not be removed, except in the darkened room and by such a
light as that produced by Carbutt's dry plate lantern or some similar
device. When plates are taken from the boxes for the purpose of
fitting the holders, they will be found to have one clear, smooth and
shining surface. This is the back of the plate and is clear p146 glass;
the other surface is of the same color, but of a mat or dead color,
not reflecting so much light. This is the sensitive surface, and before
being placed in the holder or shield it should be brushed with a soft,
flat camel's hair blender, to remove any dust that may be attached to
the surface. This brush should be used for no other purpose; and
should be used without pressure, merely touching the surface of the
plate. The plate may then be put in the plate carrier of the shield,
with the sensitive surface outward, and when the carrier is run into
its place in the holder, the sensitive surface is next the slide or door.
It is of some importance that attention should be given to this
manipulation, as it not unfrequently occurs that the wrong side of
the plate is turned outward and the image, when the plate is
exposed, is made through the glass and against the back of the film,
and is reversed and thus rendered worthless, even should a good
impression have been secured.
The holders or shields for dry plates for out-door work are always
—except in the largest sizes—made double, each holder containing
two plates.

ANTHONY'S PATENT PERFECT DOUBLE

DRY PLATE HOLDERS OR SHIELDS.
p147

The diagram exhibits the plate holder, 3, with the plate carrier, 1,
partly drawn out; the slide or door corresponding to 2 is withdrawn
to show the interior of the holder, 3, and the spring that presses the
plate into focus, when pushed into the carrier, 1. This carrier
presents the same appearance on the other side and will hold two
plates. When filled with plates, it is pushed into its place in the
holder, 3, and the brass loops or fasteners, 4, are pressed down flat,
thus securely holding it in place. When the holder is put in place at
the back of the Camera the slide, 2, next the box, is pulled out
quickly and in a perfectly level position, so that the spring shut-off
may close instantly and permit no light to enter the opening. The
lens must be covered before the slide is pulled out. The exposure is
then made and the slide is returned to its place in the same manner,
carefully observing that one corner is not entered first, but the end
must be inserted into the groove squarely and pushed quickly home.
If another exposure is to be made immediately, the holder is
removed and the opposite side placed next the box, and the same
process is repeated, covering the lens, removing the slide, make the
exposure by removing the cover of the lens and replacing it, then
return the slide to its place. When a second exposure is not made at
once, with a pencil or in some other manner mark the side that has
been exposed, to prevent any mistake. When both plates are
exposed, return the holder to the carrying case and take the next, if
you carry more than one. Usually a half dozen holders are carried,
which gives command of one dozen plates, which should be quite
enough for one outing. p148
Having exposed the plates, the holders are returned to the
carrying case, and should not be removed therefrom until they are
taken into the dark room for development, when, by the aid of some
safe light, they may be removed from the holders, one at a time,
and developed, or all taken out and put into a negative box, to be
ready for development when convenient.

THE VIEW CAMERA FOR AMATEURS.

In an article on Cameras, in the first part of this work, we have
given a very accurate description of the View Camera for
professional photographers.
The View Camera, as manufactured for amateurs, is smaller,
lighter and more compact, and, in many cases, more highly finished
and ornamented than those made to stand the rough usage of hard
work.
Beginning with the smallest, we have the
 DETECTIVE CAMERA.

SCHMID'S PATENT DETECTIVE CAMERA.

Patented January 2d, 1883.

This Camera is focussed once for all by means of a ground glass

which slides in the place to be afterwards p149 occupied by the
double dry-plate holder, for objects of various distances, and the
position of the focussing lever on top of the Camera is marked for
each distance. After this the ground glass may be entirely dispensed
with, as it is then only necessary to estimate the distance of the
object to be photographed, and move the focussing lever to the
mark corresponding to that distance, when the Camera will obviously
be in focus.
The small lens in the upper left-hand corner serves to throw the
picture on a piece of ground glass on the top of the Camera, thus
showing the position of the image on the plate. When the picture
appears in proper position on this ground glass, it is only necessary
to touch the button on the right of the Camera, and the exposure of
the plate is instantly made, its development being afterward
accomplished in the ordinary manner.
The slide is then replaced in the plate-holder, which, being
reversed, the shutter reset and the other slide drawn out, everything
is ready for the next shot.
This Camera is made to carry in the hand, and is held against the
side under the arm while exposures are made. A tripod or stand is
not required. The plate-holders are carried in a small satchel, with a
strap passing over the shoulder. The new sensitive paper film,
however, obviates the necessity of carrying more than one holder,
which will contain a band on which may be made 24 exposures, and
which is of no greater weight than one of the double holders when
filled with 2 glass plates.
This Camera is calculated to make pictures 3¼ by 4¼ inches in
size, and they are technically called quarter plate size. p150

THE PATENT BIJOU

CAMERA.

For 3¼×4¼ Plate.

This little Camera is the neatest, nattiest and altogether nicest

Camera of its kind ever made. When folded it measures 5×5×3½
inches, and can readily be put in an ordinary hand-grip, or may even
be carried in the overcoat pocket. It weighs only 14½ ounces, and
the holders are correspondingly light and compact.
It has a sliding front, hinged ground glass, and folding bed, which
is provided with a novel arrangement for fixing it in position,
enabling the operator to adjust it in a few seconds. It is made of
mahogany, with a new hard finish, flexible bellows and brass
mountings, making a remarkably elegant little instrument.
As the plate is the same size as those used with magic lanterns,
slides may be made from them by contact printing in an ordinary
printing frame. By using rapid printing paper in connection with the
enlarging lantern, the pictures may be made as large as desired. For
tourists, to whom weight and bulk are objections, this Camera is of
especial value.
The introduction of the Schmid Detective Camera was a
pronounced success. The popular favor with which it was received
stimulated the manufacturers to p151 greater exertions to supply a
perfect and effective instrument, against which no objections
whatever could possibly be raised. With this object in view, they
have placed on the market

ANTHONY'S PATENT SATCHEL DETECTIVE

CAMERA.
 In outward appearance, and to the ordinary observer, this latest
modification of the Detective Camera looks exactly like an alligator
hand-satchel that is carried by a shoulder-strap at the side of the
pedestrian. Upon closer observation, one sees that it consists of an
artfully concealed Detective Camera, in which all the various
movements to secure a picture are situated upon the under side. For
use, the Camera is held so that the base of the satchel rests against
the body of the operator. By means of a brass pull at the side the
shutter is set. A plate in the regular holder is placed in position at
the back cf the Camera, and the slide is drawn ready for exposure.
The release of a short catch exposes the front of the shutter ready
for action, p152 and by raising a small leather-covered lid the little
camera obscura, called the finder, on the (now) upper side of the
Camera, shows the position that the object will occupy on the plate.
The slightest touch upon a small brass button releases the shutter,
and the exposure is made. Replacing the slide in the plate-holder,
reversing the holder, and setting the shutter again, leaves the
apparatus in readiness for another shot, when the plate-holder slide
is withdrawn as before.
By removing a screw that takes the place of the spring lock of an
ordinary satchel, the Camera proper can be removed from its cover,
and a tripod screw serves to attach the Camera to a tripod for
ordinary use.
 This last form of the Detective Camera allows the operator to
carry with him twelve plates in the interior of the apparatus, and so
carefully packed away that no light can strike them. It is also
furnished with an p153 ingenious attachment by which the speed of
the shutter can be regulated to suit the speed of the object, moving
with greater or less velocity; while, by simply releasing a catch, time
exposures can be made at the will of the operator. In fact the whole
affair is the latest achievement in ingenious and compact light
photographic apparatus.
 CAMERA SHOWING THE DETACHMENT OF SATCHEL.

AMATEUR EQUIPMENTS FOR FIELD WORK.

The manufacturers of these goods, for the convenience of those
at a distance who might desire to order by p154 mail, have classified
and catalogued these outfits of the various sizes as view
equipments, and have numbered them from 1 upwards.
 EQUIPMENT NO. 1.
Stained Camera, for making pictures vertically or horizontally,
measuring 4×5 inches, with one double dry-plate holder, fine single
achromatic lens, improved tripod, and carrying case.
This is called the $10 equipment, and by which very beautiful and
perfect work may be done, examples of which, as negatives and
transparencies, may be seen at the warerooms, and only need to be
seen to be admired. For a complete descriptive catalogue of these
goods, send to Messrs. E. & H. T. Anthony & Co.

THE FAIRY CAMERA.

There has long been a demand on the part of the public for a
Camera that would at once embrace these most necessary
requirements—portability, compactness and strength, combined with
beauty and accuracy of working.
Hitherto the nearest approach to this has been the "Novel"
Camera, which for a time seemed to be everything p155 that could be
desired. But urgent calls for something still better were frequently
made, and the result is the Fairy Camera, by far the most attractive
and elegant piece of apparatus of its kind ever offered. In presenting
it, attention is invited to the following advantages it possesses over
all others.
 Strength.—They are put together as rigidly as wood and metal will
admit of, and are therefore perfectly rigid.
Compactness.—They occupy less space than any other view
Cameras of the same capacity, and the plate-holders actually require
little more than one-half the room of the lightest of any others in
use. The plate-holders are made of hard wood, with metal carriers
for the plates, and fitted with all the later improvements.
Portability.—The small compass to which they may be reduced
renders them in this respect incomparably superior to any. They are
packed in canvas-covered wooden cases, and each double plate-
holder has its own compartment. The cover of its case telescopes
over its body.
Several new features have been availed of in the construction of
this Camera, to wit: The bed may be instantly rendered rigid,
without the use of screws, by means of a brace of hooks, that hold
the two sections of the bed with great firmness.
Secondly.—The rabbet commonly found on the plate-holder is
dispensed with, and instead, it is placed on the Camera, thus saving
the otherwise additional weight rendered necessary for twelve such
rabbets when made on the plate-holders (two on each of the six
usually carried), and the not inconsiderable item of three-quarters of
an inch in bulk.
Third.—The Camera is focussed with a long, continuous p156
metallic rack, cog-wheel and pinion, the latter being held firmly in
position by a binding screw.
The ground glass swings backward in its frame, like that in the
regular Novel Camera, and is held tightly in position by metallic
spring corners. When windy, this is a decided advantage.
The Fairy Camera is made in finely polished mahogany, the metal
work being nickel-plated, thus making it the most elegant and
perfect Camera known.
 They are made with and without stereoscopic attachments.
Naturally, those without stereoscopic attachments are lighter and
more compact than those with, and may be preferred by persons
desiring to make single views or portraits only.
These Cameras are made in four sizes only—from 4¼×6½ to
8×10. Those desiring a larger Camera should procure the Novel
Camera, which is manufactured of all sizes up to 18×22.

THE NOVEL CAMERA WITH DOUBLE

SWING BACK IN THE ACT OF BEING
REVERSED.
p157

An ingenious improvement has been introduced in connection

with the Fairy and Novelette Cameras, which is shown in the cut.
 It consists in the use, with a 5×8 Camera, an additional body and
bellows for 8×10, which can be attached to the front and bed of the
5×8 on removal of the 5×8 bellows to back. This substitution can be
made in a few seconds, giving the user the command of two
Cameras at small expense.

THE VIEW LENS.

(See article on lenses in Part First.)
View lenses may be classed in two groups:
Single combination lenses and double combination lenses.
Single combination lenses are intended for producing pictures of
inanimate objects, in the production of which the time of exposure is
of minor importance. They are of greater focal length than the
double, and, on account of their simple form, are less expensive.
The combination consists of a meniscus, composed of two lenses,
one convergent, the other divergent. The two are cemented
together, so that only two surfaces are presented to reflect light.
This lens is well calculated p158 for out-door work, but does not give
such roundness of form nor such delicacy and finish as may be
obtained by the double combination. But it has greater depth of
focus, and, having but two reflexive surfaces, fits it peculiarly for
views of foliage, and enables it to work into the green of the
landscape more completely and vigorously.
The single lens is not free from distortion. The marginal rays are
apt to give the barrel-shape figure to the view, but for landscapes
this is practically of little or no consequence.
The smaller sizes of single lenses are more effective than the
larger. They are quicker and have much less distortion, and when
stopped very small have practically none.

THE DOUBLE COMBINATION

is formed by reversing the single lens and making it the front lens of
the double combination, and adding a similarly constructed
achromatic lens to the rear. These lenses are indispensable for very
rapid work and for work requiring straight lines. As the double
combination is more perfectly corrected for spherical aberration, it is
better adapted for architectural and other work not admitting of
distortion. Of this class of lenses we would recommend ANTHONY'S
RAPID DRY PLATE LENS, p159 which has a double achromatic
combination for making instantaneous views, portraits groups, etc.,
and will meet all the requirements of those who do not care to incur
the expense of a Dallmeyer or other first-class lens.

ANTHONY'S RAPID DRY PLATE LENS

 THE PLATYSCOPE LENS
Of a higher class is THE PLATYSCOPE LENS, which is a rectilinear
or perfectly corrected lens of great working rapidity, and is well
suited for all the requirements of the amateur; and as to price, it
holds a middle place and next to the DALLMEYER'S RAPID
RECTILINEAR LENS, which is the most perfect instrument at present
known to the profession, and is almost universally used by
professional out-door photographers and by all amateurs who care
to produce the finest possible work. This lens might be considered
indispensable for all p160 work requiring an instantaneous exposure,
as by means of the dry plate and the drop shutter some very
remarkable pictures have been made of bodies in rapid motion.
 DALLMEYER'S RAPID RECTILINEAR LENS

WIDE ANGLE LENSES.

There is another class of lenses of double combination, which are
called wide angle lenses. They are constructed to embrace an angle
of from 90 to 100 degrees, and are therefore indispensable for use
in confined situations, such as narrow streets and interiors. They are
also capable of being used with advantage for all the purposes of a
view-lens, their only disadvantage being that they are not so rapid
as lenses of a lesser angle. For certain subjects the back lens of the
combination may be removed and the front lens used in the same
manner as an ordinary landscape lens.
 THE E. A. WIDE ANGLE-LENS

is of this class, and being of short focus and made on the rectilinear
principle, it is a useful lens for all the purposes already enumerated,
and for architectural subjects, as well as for copying of maps,
drawings, printed matter, etc., etc.
Every amateur should possess one of these lenses, as p161 well as
one of the more rapid-acting lenses for instantaneous work, unless
he can well afford to get the best.

DALLMEYER'S WIDE-ANGLE RECTILINEAR LENS

will completely fill the bill. This lens consists of two cemented
combinations, each composed of a deep meniscus crown and a deep
concavo-convex flint glass lens.
Unlike other lenses of this class the dense refracting medium—the
flint—is made to occupy the external position in both combinations,
and though both are deep menisci externally, and of nearly the same
focal lengths, the front combination is of larger diameter and greater
curvature than the back, and between the two, dividing the space in
the proportion of their respective diameters, is placed the revolving
diaphragm, with graduated openings, the largest of which is F. 15.
An important characteristic of this instrument, besides the method
of achromatization, is the thinness of the lenses, thus offering less
obstruction to the passage of the light, constituting these lenses the
quickest acting of their kind.
The outfit, which includes a Dallmeyer wide angle and a
Dallmeyer rapid rectilinear, may be said to be prepared to do all
work within the range of photography.
Every outfit should include a piece of fine, soft chamois p162 skin
for cleaning the lenses; it will often be found that moisture and dust
obscure the image in the ground glass; when such is the case the
lenses should be unscrewed and carefully cleaned with the chamois.
And when carrying, it would be well to wrap each lens in a piece of
chamois. Lenses thus carefully kept will repay the trouble in fine,
clear and incisive work.
 THE TRIPOD OR CAMERA STAND.
There are a variety of these stands manufactured, the two
principal of which are the Telescopic leg, Fig. 1, and the Folding leg,
Fig. 2. Among the lighter stands or tripods p163 THE FAIRY TRIPOD
deserves particular mention, being less than two pounds (2 lbs.) in
weight and folding to a length of 16 inches only. When placed in its
neat leather case, with shoulder-straps for carrying, it is the smallest
and lightest practical tripod that has yet been offered to the public.
 THE FAIRY TRIPOD

The tripod, when not in use, is taken apart, the top placed in the
carrying box, and the legs folded or telescoped and tied together.
When set up for work be sure to have the tripod top level, which
may easily be done by adjusting the legs to the inequalities of the
ground.
The Camera is fastened to the tripod top by a thumb-screw,
which passes up from beneath, through the tripod top, and into the
leg of the box. When adjusted tighten the screw firmly. p164

THE INSTANTANEOUS SHUTTER.

 The rapid dry plate and the quick acting lens have created a
necessity for a shutter that would make an instantaneous exposure,
in order that sharp pictures might be made of objects in motion.
This has been accomplished in a variety of forms, the earliest and
simplest of which is

THE DROP SHUTTER,

which consists of two pieces of wood, each having a hole cut into it,
and so arranged that when one piece is placed upon the end or
hood of the lens (which fits into the circular opening), the other
piece can be made to slide up and down against it, thus for an
instant bringing the two openings opposite, and making the
exposure depend upon the rapidity with which one opening passes
the other.
Fig. 1 represents the common form, in which the release is made
by the withdrawal of a metal catch, which fits the indent in the side
of the sliding upright piece. Fig. 2 represents an improved form, in
which the release is made by pressing a rubber bulb connected with
a rubber tube attached to a metal valve.
The action of both these styles of drop shutter may be hastened
by using rubber p165 bands to quicken the fall of the sliding piece, as
represented in Fig. 2 by A and B. So that while a rapid exposure
might be made by the fall of the slide, by its own weight, it would
not be quick enough for an object moving across the plane of focus,
but might be sufficient for an object moving away from or toward
the lens. By the use of the rubber bands the exposure may be made
as quick as a flash, or the small fraction of a second, thus enabling
one to secure a sharp impression of the trotting horse, the railroad
train, the racing yacht, and many other interesting and difficult
subjects.
Another peculiarly effective form of shutter is that known as THE
PROSCH ECLIPSE SHUTTER, which is a small and compact
instrument, made of metal and rubber, by which an exposure of
1
⁄200 part of a second may be
made, with the power of
reducing the speed to about
one-half second.
 THE PROSCH ECLIPSE SHUTTER
p166

A late and decided improvement on the Eclipse Shutter has been

produced by Mr. Prosch, which he has named the "Duplex."
 Prosch's Duplex Shutter is intended both for "timed" and
instantaneous exposures.
It is equal to any requirement for the most rapid work, and as a
time shutter, exposures can be made of from one-half second to any
duration required.
The peculiarity of this shutter is that the exposing slides are
placed between the front and back combinations of the lens,
necessitating a separation of the tube at the centre. p167
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