Internet of Things Using Single Board Computers. Principles of IoT and Python Programming 1st Edition G. Kanagachidambaresan pdf download
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MAKER
I N N O VAT I O N S
SERIES
Internet
of Things Using
Single Board
Computers
Principles of IoT and
Python Programming
—
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
Internet of Things
Using Single Board
Computers
Principles of IoT and Python
Programming
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
Internet of Things Using Single Board Computers: Principles of IoT and
Python Programming
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
Chennai, India
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-8107-9 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-8108-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8108-6
v
Table of Contents
Smart Devices�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16
Human-Computer Interaction������������������������������������������������������������������������16
Context Awareness���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
Actuators�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18
IoT and Smart City Applications��������������������������������������������������������������������������22
Automobile Sensors��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22
Smart Home Sensors�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
Smart Transportation Sensors�����������������������������������������������������������������������25
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
References����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
vi
Table of Contents
vii
Table of Contents
viii
Table of Contents
ix
Table of Contents
x
Table of Contents
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������281
xi
About the Author
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan completed
his PhD in Information and Communication
Engineering from Anna University, Chennai,
in 2017. He is currently an associate professor
in the CSE Department at Vel Tech Rangarajan
Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and
Technology. He is also a visiting professor at
the University of Johannesburg.
His main research interest includes the
Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, body sensor
network, and fault-tolerant wireless sensor
network. He has published several reputed articles and undertaken several
consultancy activities for leading MNC companies. He has guest-edited
several special issue volumes and books and served as an editorial review
board member for peer-reviewed journals. He is TEC committee member
in DBT, GOI, India.
He is presently working on several government-sponsored research
projects like ISRO, DBT, and DST. He is Wiley’s editor-in-chief of the Next
Generation Computer and Communication Engineering Series. He is also
the managing director for Eazythings Technology Private Limited.
xiii
About the Technical Reviewer
Massimo Nardone has more than 22 years
of experience in security, web/mobile
development, cloud, and IT architecture. His
true IT passions are security and Android.
He has been programming and teaching
how to program with Android, Perl, PHP, Java,
VB, Python, C/C++, and MySQL for more than
20 years.
He has a master of science degree in
computing science from the University of
Salerno, Italy.
He has worked as a project manager, software engineer, research
engineer, chief security architect, information security manager,
PCI/SCADA auditor, and senior lead IT security/cloud/SCADA architect
for many years.
xv
Acknowledgments
My heartfelt thanks to Apress, especially Jessica Vakili and Susan
McDermott, for helping me throughout this project.
I sincerely thank the Department of BioTechnology (DBT-India) for
their funding (BT/PR38273/AAQ/3/980/2020) on the smart aquaculture
project.
I would also like to extend thanks to my JRFs: Ms. Meenakshi KV, Mr.
M. Akash, Ms. A. V. Anandhalekshmi, and Ms. V. Sowmiya.
I give special thanks to my son Mr. Ananthajith K, my wife, Dr. Mahima
V, my parents, Mr. G. S. Ramasubramanian and Mrs. Lalitha, and
Mrs. Chandra, Mr. Venkatraman, Mrs. V. Chitra, and Mr. V. Bharath for their
timely support.
xvii
Preface
The rapid growth of technology and new smart, sustainable development
initiatives has made the Internet of Things (IoT) and edge analytics
an inevitable platform for all engineering domains. The need for a
sophisticated and ambient environment has resulted in an exponential
growth in automation and artificial intelligence. The right sensor or
actuator, a specific processor, and the correct transmission unit can offer
the best solution to any IoT problem. Lightweight machine learning
or mathematical logic can bring a good solution to existing smart-city
problems.
This book provides detailed information on sensors, their interfacing
connections, programming with single-board computers, and creating
integrated projects with a combination of sensors, processors, and
actuators. A detailed introduction to Python and Arduino-based
programming is also discussed to kindle interest in IoT programming. IoT
products’ wired and wireless connections are discussed, and programming
examples are provided.
This is a completely new textbook that reflects recent developments
while providing a comprehensive introduction to the fields of IoT, single-
board computers, and Python programming. It is aimed at advanced
undergraduates as well as researchers and practitioners. This book deals more
with electronics and programming than simple text. It best suits outcome-
based education systems and can aid industry-ready IoT engineers.
Funding Information
The part of this book is supported by the Department of Biotechnology
funding information (BT/PR38273/AAQ/3/980/2020).
xix
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
Faneuil Hall, Boston, 183, 189, 190, 264.
Fan light, 142, 145.
Farm, buildings, 161;
houses, brick, 74;
houses, Dutch, 21.
Fatland, Montgomery Co., Pa., 151.
Field stone, 69.
Fireplace, 138, 146, 151;
Dutch, 34.
First Baptist, Providence, R.I., 263, 264.
Fitzhugh, William, 83, 91.
Flemish, bond, 137, 186, 221, 222, 225, 233;
scroll, 110, 186.
Forbes, General, 211.
Fort Nassau, N.J., 58.
Framing, 245.
Fraunce’s Tavern, N. Y. City, 116, 117, 192.
French, influence of, 166.
French Revolution, 12.
Frieze, 108.
G
Gable, 89, 139, 143, 163.
Galleting, 244.
Gallery, 209, 224, 225, 229, 230.
Gambrel, 97;
roof, 25, 26, 27, 75;
Southern, 90.
Gardens, Philadelphia, 128.
Georgian, architecture, definition of, 7, 8;
American phase, 154;
buildings, 220;
churches, 221;
churches of N. Y., 231;
influence, 10;
local adaptations, 102, 103;
Middle Colonies types, 146, 188;
mode, beginning, 102;
mode, character of, 99, 100, 103, 105, 106, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114;
New England, 157;
period, 120;
Philadelphia, 128, 129, 130, 154;
Southern, 156;
Southern, character of, 162;
tradition, 190, 228;
types, 149.
German, principalities, 100;
sects, 207.
Germans, 60;
character of settlers, 63;
influence of, 71, 72;
as farmers, 65, 66;
settlers, 62, 63;
Pennsylvania, 74.
Germantown, Phila., 63, 148;
Road, 71;
stone, 143.
Gibbon, Grinling, 110.
Gibbs, James, 119, 148, 230, 271.
Glass, 249.
Gloria Dei, Phila., 224.
Gloucester Point, N.J., 58.
Graeme Park, Horsham, Pa., 69, 93, 106, 126, 135-138, 146, 149, 188.
Grange, the, Montgomery Co., Pa., 134.
Greek Revival, v. Classic Revival, 165.
Greene, John, 264.
Greenfield, Mass., 268.
Green Spring, Va., 87, 91.
Grosvenor Road, Westminster, London, 106.
Grumblethorpe, Germantown, Phila., 134.
Gunston Hall, Va., 162.
H
Hadley, Mass., 107.
Half-timber, 85;
methods, 51.
Hall, 91, 92, 138, 140;
central, 96;
great, 92.
Hamilton, Honourable Andrew, 134, 260, 262.
Hamilton, William, 145.
Harrison, Peter, 192, 271.
Harriton, Bryn Mawr, Pa., 69.
Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 191, 272.
Hatfield, Mass., 107.
Haverford, Pa., 61.
Hayward, Nicholas, 83.
Hempstead, L.I., 16.
Henrico, Va., 86, 88, 91.
Henry VIII, 101.
Highlands, the, Whitemarsh Valley, Pa., 134, 144, 148, 150-152.
Hingham, Mass., 232, 234.
Hoban, James, 177, 274.
Hoffmann house, Kingston-on-Hudson, N.Y., 25.
Holland, 16, 22, 100, 148.
Hood, overdoor, 70.
Hope Lodge, Whitemarsh Valley, Pa., 69, 93, 106, 135, 137, 188.
Horsham, Pa., 93, 126, 135.
Hospital, Pennsylvania, Phila., 201.
House, bedchambers in early New England, 44;
character of early New England, 44;
Dutch Colonial, 28, 32, 33;
plan of early New England, 50;
sleeping arrangements in early New England, 45.
House of Burgesses, Va., 209.
House of Seven Gables, Salem, Mass., 53-55.
Howe, Lord, 200.
Hudson, Hendrick, 58.
Hudson River, 2, 16;
Valley of, 15, 22, 115.
Hurley, N.Y., 16, 17, 19;
cheeses, 18.
I
Independence Hall v. State House, Phila., 183.
Indian trails, 65.
Inn yards, 195.
Irving, Washington, 21.
J
James River, Va., 162.
Jamestown, Va., 86, 87, 205, 206, 207, 209, 218.
Jay, John, 189.
Jefferson, Thomas, 159, 160, 164, 177, 203, 264.
Johnson, Norton, 145.
Joinery, 52.
Jones, Inigo, 101, 128.
Jumel Mansion, New York, 118, 119.
K
Kearsley, Dr. John, 134, 227, 261, 264, 265.
“Keeping-room”, 47.
Keith, Sir William, 93, 106, 126, 135.
Kemp, Secretary, 86.
Kenmore, Va., 160.
Kent, 148.
Kentucky, 77.
Keyblock, 109.
King’s Chapel, Boston, Mass., 213, 214, 233, 234.
King’s College, N.Y., 192.
Kingsessing, Phila., 139, 244.
Kingston-on-Hudson, N.Y., 16, 25.
Kitchen, early New England, 45, 46;
detached, 93, 139, 162.
L
Lambert, Edward E., 48.
Language, vitality of old forms, 78.
Latrobe, Benjamin, 177, 265, 273.
Lean-to, 49;
additions, 47.
Lee house, Marblehead, Mass., 103, 109.
L’Enfant, Major, 174, 177.
“Lie-on-your-stomach” windows, 30.
Logan, James, 93.
Log-cabin, 43.
London, 83, 151, 271;
fashions 102, 155.
London Coffee House, Philadelphia, 196, 197.
Long Island, N.Y., 15, 22.
Loyalists, 167, 212.
M
Macphaedris-Warner House, Portsmouth, N.H., 107, 108.
Macpherson, Captain John, 93, 141.
Madison, James, 273.
Manor House, Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y., 24, 29, 243.
Mantels, 98.
Marble, Pennsylvania, 185, 186;
Scotch, 138.
Marblehead, Mass., 54, 103, 109.
Maritime Exchange, Phila., 274.
Maryland, 3, 4, 8, 75, 77, 96, 162, 163, 207.
Masonry, 226;
English and Welsh traditions, 68, 243;
Phila., 243;
rubble, 243.
Masques, 186;
grotesque, 118.
Massachusetts, 49, 107, 214, 232, 268, 269.
Materials, 23, 83-85, 103, 127, 236;
choice of, 252.
McBean, 271.
McComb, John, 177, 274.
McIntire, Samuel, 105, 111, 176, 235.
Medford, Mass., 103.
Mediæval, characteristics, 42;
survivals, 54, 100.
Meeting house, New England, 231;
Old Ship, Hingham, Mass., 232, 234;
Old South, Boston, 232;
Quaker, 207, 230.
Merion, Pa., 61;
Lower, 69.
Mey, Captain Cornelius, 58.
Middle Colonies, 11, 22;
architectural diversity, 66;
church architecture, 230;
churches, 207;
clannishness and isolation, 58;
diversity in nationality and speech, 57;
early types, 57, 80;
Georgian forms, 120, 127, 184;
roads, 65;
trading, 64.
Montgomery Co., Pa., 61.
Monticello, Va., 161, 164, 165, 264.
Moore Hall, Chester Co., Pa., 212.
Moore, Judge, of Moore Hall, 212.
Moravians, 76;
buildings, 63, 64;
churches, 231.
Morris, Anthony, 145.
Mortar, 28, 245.
Mouldings, 108, 151, 222;
Dutch, 36;
profiles, 144, 152, 153.
Mount Pleasant, Phila., 93, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 150, 151, 264.
Mount Vernon, Va., 264.
Mulberry Castle, S.C., 97, 98.
Munday, Richard, 192, 270.
Music, New England, 216.
N
Nassau, Fort, N.J., 58.
Naval Asylum, Philadelphia, 274.
Netherfield, Phila., 134.
New England, 4, 5, 10, 77, 88;
Colonial type, 38;
Georgian, 99, 103, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112;
survivals of Queen Anne influence, 102.
New Hampshire, 107.
New Haven, Conn., 47.
New Jersey, 8, 16, 74, 120 et seq.
New Kent Co., Va., 218, 219.
New Netherlands, 16, 17, 20, 21.
Newport, R.I., City Hall, 271;
State House, 270.
New York City, 114, 209, 230;
City Hall, 274;
of Colonial Days, 193.
New York, Georgian, 113.
New York State, 8.
Nieuw Dorp, N.Y., 19.
Northampton, Mass., 264.
North Church, Boston, 234.
O
Old Dominion, 84, 218.
Old Ship Meeting House, 234.
Old South Meeting House, Boston, Mass., 232.
Old State House, Boston, Mass., 119.
Old Swedes Church, Philadelphia, Pa., 224.
Old York Road, Pa., 135.
Overhang, 54, 55; in South, 90;
in New England, 90.
Overmantel, 108, 110, 141, 146, 147, 151, 188;
decorations, 153, 155.
Oxford, Pa., 224.
P
Paint, 249, 250;
colour of in XVIIIth century, 149, 150.
Palladian window, 109, 142, 144, 150, 185.
Panel, bevel flush, 141;
overmantel, 141;
34, 98, 108, 119, 138, 147, 250, 251.
Park Street Church, Boston, Mass., 235.
Parlour, 92, 141.
“Parson Williams’s” house, Deerfield Mass., 107.
Pediment, 97, 140, 142, 143, 164, 188, 222;
segmental, 108;
Swan’s neck, 108.
Pencoyd, Bala, Pa., 69.
Penn, John, 211.
Penn, William, 59, 61, 135, 211, 256, 257.
Pennsbury Manor House, Bucks, Pa., 257.
Pennsylvania, 3, 8, 74, 76, 77, 93, 106, 161, 195, 243;
Colonial types, 67-76;
gardens, 133;
Georgian, 107;
Georgian characteristics, 121, 152-155;
Georgian houses, 120, 127, 130-152.
Pennsylvania Historical Society, 262.
Pennsylvania Hospital, 266, 267.
Penthouse, 28, 70, 139, 196.
Peters, Judge, 244.
Pews, 210, 211, 212, 213, 232;
family, 208;
Royal Governours’, 210.
Philadelphia, Pa., 3, 58, 93, 177, 209, 210, 271;
commercial prosperity, 130;
Colonial metropolis, 121;
Country houses, 122;
fox-hunting, 122;
Georgian types, 128-155;
life, 122;
“Republican Court”, 125;
seat of national government, 189;
XVIIIth Century architects of, 134.
Philadelphia Library, 135, 266.
Philadelphia Naval Home, 274.
Philipse house, near Tarrytown, N.Y., 116.
Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, N.Y., 117.
Pilaster, 63, 106, 111, 138, 169;
Ionic, 145, 148.
Pillar, 111, 145, 164, 201;
attenuation of, 176;
Tuscan, 229.
Pine Street Market, Phila., 194.
Plan, balanced, 99.
Pohick Church, Va., 159, 221-224, 264.
“Pokes” of tobacco, 77.
Pompeian refinements, 111.
Porch, origin of, 28, 29.
Portico, 145, 150, 164, 172, 201, 223.
Portius, James, 135, 256, 257.
Portsmouth, N.H., 107.
Post-Colonial types, 166-181.
Powel house, Phila., 124.
Precedent, English, 88.
Preferences, hereditary, 80, 83.
Presbyterians, 125.
Providence, R.I., First Baptist Church, 263, 264.
Public buildings, 182-204.
Pugging, 52, 246.
Q
Quaker, 60;
hostility to theatre, 200;
influence, 122;
predilections, 106;
scruples, 107.
Queen Anne, 101, 107, 116;
New England affinities, 107;
Middle Colonies Georgian affinities, 152;
tradition, 75;
urns, 152.
Queen Anne’s Gate, Westminster, London, 106.
Quoin, 24, 219, 223;
brick, 141.
R
Radnor, Pa., 61, 212, 224, 225.
Raynerd, D., 269.
Renaissance, 100, 170, 173;
classicism, 128;
feeling, 220.
Restorations, 52, 53, 190.
Revere, Paul, house of, Boston, 54;
household, 44, 45.
Rhoads, Samuel, 266-268.
Rhode Island, 49.
Roof, 76, 87, 89, 119, 139, 140, 143, 224, 226, 230;
gambrel, 25, 26, 75, 138;
Dutch gambrel, 26;
New England gambrel, 26;
hip, 142, 186, 232, 234;
hipped gambrel, 97, 138;
jerkin-head, 196, 197;
mansard, 97;
pitch, 88, 96, 97.
Rosicrucians, 63.
Roughcast, 244.
Royall house, Medford, Mass., 103, 107.
Rubble, 23.
Rutledge, John, 189.
S
Saint Anne’s, Annapolis, Md., 209.
Saint David’s, Radnor, Pa., 69, 212, 213, 224-226.
Saint John’s Chapel, Varick St., N.Y., 274.
Saint Luke’s, Smithfield, Va., 218, 219.
Saint Martin’s-in-the-Fields, London, 227.
Saint Michael’s, Charleston, S.C., 230.
Saint Paul’s Chapel, N.Y., 230, 271.
Saint Peters, New Kent Co., Va., 218, 219;
Phila., 228-230.
Salem, Mass., 176, 192.
Saxon, strain of, 79.
Schuyler house, Albany, N.Y., 118.
Schuylkill River, 58, 131.
Scroll, 147;
Flemish, 110, 186;
Ionic, 132.
Seating, in churches, 209, 210, 211.
Servants’ quarters, 92, 93, 139, 143.
Seventh Day Baptists, 76.
Shingles, 247;
cypress, 88.
Shutters, Dutch, 36.
Skippack Creek, Pa., 63.
“Slawbank,” 45.
Smibert, John, 264.
Smith, Capt. John, 205.
Smithfield, Va., 218.
“Soaked” bread, 77.
Society of Friends, 122, 154.
South Carolina, 8, 96, 164, 274.
Southern Colonial, 162;
characteristics, 79;
house plan, 90, 91, 92;
house surroundings, 94, 95;
type, 77, 96;
type, brick houses, 96;
type, plan, 87;
type, materials, 85.
Southern Georgian, 156, 159;
characteristics, 162;
peculiarities, 161.
Southern planters, 157.
Southwark, Phila., 199, 200.
Staircase, 110;
winding, 49.
Stairway, 139, 140, 226;
Dutch Colonial, 33.
State House, Annapolis, Md., 203;
Bulfinch, Boston, Mass., 189, 191, 272;
Charleston, S.C., 274;
Newport, R.I., 192, 270;
Old, Boston, Mass., 183, 189, 190;
Philadelphia, Pa. (Independence Hall), 119, 183, 184, 186, 189, 198, 261,
262, 263.
Stenton, Phila., 93, 106, 137, 138, 149, 163, 188.
Stone, 23, 152;
cut, 127;
dressed, 23, 127;
field, 243;
quarried, 243.
Stonework, 244;
Welsh, 226.
Stratton house, Va., 91.
Strickland, William, 177, 273.
String course, 72.
Stucco, 23, 24, 91, 244, 245.
Stuyvesant, Peter, 17.
Sweden, 100.
Swedes, character of, 59;
settlements of, 58, 59, 65;
influence of, in Pennsylvania, 59.
T
Textures, of Walls, 236.
Theatre, first Philadelphia, 199, 200;
American Company, 200;
first, Boston, 272;
“New,” Phila., 201.
Thornton, Dr. William, 177, 264, 265, 266.
Thoroughgood, Adam, house, 88, 89.
Torus, 108.
Town Hall, Chester, Pa., 195;
Newcastle, Del., 195.
Tradition, force of, 39; half-timber, 52;
identity of, 40;
persistence of architectural, 42, 78, 79;
preservation of, 252;
Southern, 84.
Transom, 75, 138;
small light, 106.
Trappe Meeting House, Pa., 231.
Trims, brick, 140;
door and window, 24, 141, 149;
wood, 237.
Trinity Church, Newport, R.I., 234;
Oxford, Pa., 224, 226.
Trinity Parish, N. Y. City, 271.
Tuckahoe, Va., 162, 163.
Tulip Hill, West River, Md., 163.
Tympanum, countersunk, 108.
U
Upsala, Germantown, Phila., 144, 145, 148, 150, 152.
Urn, 140, 144, 152.
Ury House, Fox Chase, Phila., 134.
V
Vanbrugh, Sir John, 192, 271.
Van Cortlandt, 116;
Park, N. Y. City, 118;
Manor House, Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y., 118;
house, N. Y. City, 119.
Van Rensselaer house, 118.
Varick Street, N. Y. City, 274.
Vaux Hill, Montgomery Co., Pa., 151.
Virginia, 3, 4, 8, 75, 77;
brick-making and export, 85, 86;
churches, 220;
church architecture, 218;
Economic Hist, of in XVIIIth cent., 94;
families, 81;
flowers and bushes imported, 94;
manner of life in early, 82, 83;
settlers’ characteristics, 82;
social distinctions, 82;
University of, 203, 264.
W
Wainscot, 138.
Wales, 100.
Walls, 75, 139;
texture of, 152.
Warder, diary of Anne, 123.
Ware, 148.
Washington, city of 274;
capitol at, 177.
Washington, George, 159, 200, 221, 264, 272;
equipage of, 125;
leave-taking of army, 116;
second inauguration, 189.
“Wattle and dab,” 52.
Wayne, Anthony, 213.
Wayne Isaac, 213.
Waynesborough, Paoli, Pa., 69.
Welsh, architectural peculiarities, 68;
as immigrants, 60, 61;
influence of, 61, 62;
masonry, 67, 68.
Welsh Barony, Pa., 61, 67, 213.
Wemyss, Lady Williamina, of Moore Hall, Pa., 212.
Westminster, London, 107.
Westover, Va., 157.
West River, Md., 163.
Whitby Hall, Kingsessing, Phila., 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 152.
White House, Washington, 274.
Whitemarsh Valley, Pa., 93, 135, 148.
William and Mary, 101.
Williamsburg, Va., 209, 220.
Wilton, 147.
Window, 143, 233;
basement, 141;
casing, 108;
church, 221, 230;
circular, 163;
diamond-paned, 48;
dormer, 72, 142;
double hung sash, 53;
early forms of, 108;
elliptical, 222;
glazing, 91;
heads, 137;
“lie-on-your-stomach,” 30;
leaded, 249;
Palladian, 109, 142, 144, 150, 185, 223, 228, 229;
treatment of, 145.
Wissahickon Creek, Phila., 63.
Woodlands, Phila., 133, 144, 145, 148, 150, 151.
Woodwork, 127, 138, 141, 163, 188, 228.
Workmen, 83.
Worshipful Company of Carpenters, London, 135, 257.
Wren, Sir Christopher, 101, 129, 221, 228, 272;
feeling, 230.
Wren, James, 221.
Wyatt, Governour, 84.
Wyck, Germantown, Phila., 71, 72, 73, 245.
Wynnestay, Phila., 67, 68, 69, 72, 73.
Y
Yonkers, N.Y., 116.
York County, Va., 91.
FOOTNOTE:
[A] It should be plainly stated that Mr. Chandler, in the course of his investigations
and restorations, feels that he has discovered no evidence sufficiently convincing to
warrant an assertion, positive beyond all peradventure, that clapboards were applied
to the oldest houses at a date subsequent to their original construction and as a
remedy for the structural shortcomings of half-timber methods when subjected to the
rigours of the New England climate. Clapboards, it is true, were used at a very early
date and may, perhaps, have been employed from the first as a coating over an
underlying half-timber base. Of one thing, however, there can be no question—the
existence of half-timber construction beneath the clapboards in many of the oldest
buildings. In view of this assured fact and the early settlers’ habitual fidelity to
traditional practices, it seems a not unwarrantable presumption that half-timber work
antedated the use of clapboards by some years until the poor quality of the pugging
and the warping of unseasoned timbers compelled the adoption of some satisfactory
remedy.
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