Online class – 1

INTRODUCTION
TO
MECHATRONICS
21-9-2020
Monday
8.55 am – 9.50 am
https://meet.google.com/ugt-xrsr-ezz
By
Dr. Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
B.M.S. College of Engineering
Bengaluru – 560 019
 MECHATRONICS
• ENGINEERING
Input → Work-in-process → Output
• RE – ENGINEERING
Effective utilization of 5M & implementation of 3S – (5M
- material, machines, methods, manpower & money and
3S – specialization, simplification & standardization) to
optimize / maximize the output
• REVERSE ENGINEERING
Output → Work-in-process → Input
• CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
Mechatronics
 MECHATRONICS
DEFINITIONS OF MECHATRONICS
• The word Mechatronics was first coined by
Mr. Tetsuro Moria, a senior engineer at Japanese company
Yaskawa in 1969
• It simply means applying electronic control to mechanical
components
• It is the Synergistic integration of all branches of
engineering
• Simultaneous / concurrent approach
Eg: e – Manufacturing
e – Welding
e – Casting
Industrial robots
Modern fuel injection systems
FEATURE CONVENTIONAL MECHATRONIC SYSTEM
SYSTEM
APPROACH SEQUENTIAL CONCURRENT

MECHANISMS COMPLEX SIMPLE

MOVEMENT NON - ADJUSTABLE PROGRAMMABLE

DRIVE CONSTANT SPEED VARIABLE SPEED

SYNCHRONIZATION MECHANICAL ELECTRONIC

STRUCTURE RIGID & HEAVY LIGHTER

ACCURACY DETERMINED BY ACHIEVED THROUGH

TOLERANCE FEEDBACK

CONTROL MANUAL AUTOMATIC

SIZE BULKY COMPACT

 MECHATRONICS
EVOLUTION LEVELS OF MECHATRONICS
(The various levels were evolved along with Industrial,
Semiconductor and Information revolutions)
• Primary level: Integration of electrical signals with mechanical
action at the basic control level (Eg: fluid valves, relay switches)
• Secondary level: Integration of microelectronics into electrically
controlled devices ( Eg: cassette tape player)
• Tertiary level: Integration of advanced feed back control strategies
using microprocessors and specific Integrated Circuits lead to
enhancement of quality in terms of sophistication called smart
system (Eg: microprocessor based electrical motor used for
actuating robots, hard discs, CD drives, automatic washing
machines)
• Quaternary level: Systems became more smart with the
introduction of artificial intelligence , Fuzzy logic and Fault
detection & Isolation capability by capturing some of the intellectual
capabilities
 MECHATRONICS
OBJECTIVES OF MECHATRONICS SYSTEM
i) Design Objective
ii) Data extraction Objective
iii) Output generation
iv) Processing objective
v) Control Objective
vi) Communication Objective
vii) Automation Objective
viii) Display Objective
ix) Performance Objective
 MECHATRONICS
DESIGN OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEM

This consists of two aspects

1. Life cycle factors

➢ Delivery : Time, cost , Medium

➢ Reliability : Failure rate, materials, tolerances

➢ Maintainability : Modular design (Eg: SAP Modules)

( Systems, Applications & Products in Data Processing)

➢ Serviceability: On-board diagnostics & Modular design

➢ Upgradeability : Future compatibility with current designs

➢ Disposability : Recycling and disposal of hazardous materials

 MECHATRONICS
DESIGN OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEM - CONTD

2. Mechatronic system design environment factors

• Modeling

• Simulation

• Project management

• Design

• Analysis

• Real time interface

• Code generator & Embedded processor interface

 MECHATRONICS
Advantages:
• Simplified mechanical design
• Rapid machine setup
• Rapid development trials
• Adaptation possibilities
• Optimized performance, productivity, & reliability
• The products produced are cost effective and very good quality
• High degree of flexibility
• Greater extent of machine utilization
• High life expected by proper maintenance
• The integration of sensor and control system in a complex
system reduces capital expenses
 MECHATRONICS
Disadvantages:
• Higher initial cost of the system
• Imperative to have Knowledge of different engineering fields
for design and implementation
• It is expensive to incorporate Mechatronics approaches to
existing /old systems
• Specific problem of various systems will have to be addressed
separately and properly
• Increased power requirements
• Real-time calculations/mathematical models are required
• More complex safety issues
• Lifetimes change/vary
• Reduced employment opportunities to some extent
 MECHATRONICS
Common examples of Mechatronic devices
• Domestic: microwaves, bread makers,
washing machines, dish washers, VCR’s, CD
players
• Industrial: CNC machine tools, active
magnetic bearings, active noise suppression
system, mobile robots
• Automotive: Anti-lock brake systems, fuel
ignition, emission control, climate control,
cruise control
 MECHATRONICS
Applications :
• Machine vision
• Automation and robotics
• Servo-mechanics
• Sensing and control systems
• Automotive engineering, automotive equipment in
the design of subsystems such as anti-lock braking
systems
• CNC milling machines, lathes
• Expert systems
• Industrial goods
• Consumer products
 MECHATRONICS
Applications (continued)
• Medical Mechatronics, medical imaging systems
• Structural dynamic systems
• Transportation and vehicular systems
• Mechatronics as the new language of the automobile
• Diagnostic, reliability, and control system techniques
• CIM, CAD & CAM Systems
• Packaging
• Microcontrollers / PLCs
• Mobile apps
COMPONENTS OF MECHATRONICS
 MECHATRONICS
• Integration of Components (Hardware Integration)
Embedded with sensors, actuators and microcomputers
Designing the Mechatronics system which integrating the sensors, actuators
and computers into the mechanical process and can be arranged at several
places.
• Integration of Information Processing (Software Integration)
Embedded with advanced control functions
Besides a Feed forward and feed back control, an additional influence may take
place through the process knowledge and corresponding online information
processing. This means processing of available signals at higher levels using
fault diagnosis and optimization
MECHATRONICS
 MECHATRONICS
MODELLING & SIMULATION
• Modeling is the process of representing the behavior of a real system by
a collection of mathematical equations and logic
• It is the Physical-mathematical description of a technical component,
sub assembly or a complex system
• Simulation is the process of solving the same model on computer
Calculation of the behavior of a system model in dependence on time and
the state of a system and environment. The simulation provides projections
about the behavior of the real system with the aid of a model, which can be
executed in a computer.
Simulation process has the three basic steps:
• Initialization
• Iteration
• Termination
 PHASES OF MECHATRONICS

Modeling : Systems are represented by a suitable model for evaluating the

behavior characteristics using simulation methods
Prototyping : Sensors and actuators are interfaced with i/p and o/p signals with
the trial models, resulting in partial mathematical and real models
Here real part provides real-time analysis and mathematical part provides
simulated time-based response
These two can be synchronized to understand and validate the design
Deployment : Associated with the final product, embedded software deployment
and lifecycle
INTEGRATED DESIGN APPROACH
MECHATRONICS
MECHATRONICS
 MECHATRONICS
Examples of sensing parameters in automated manufacturing

Measurement Sensing parameter Principle

Distance • Edge detection • Potentiometric, Inductive

measurement • Monitoring the distance Capacitive principle
between the tool and the work • Optical or ultrasonic type
piece as in laser cutting non – contact sensors
machines • Laser interferometer & laser
• Collision avoidance in robotics digitizer

Contour • Detection of edges & surfaces • Inductive, Capacitive

measurement • Robot guided tools in welding • Optical , fibre optical or
operation ultrasonic type
non – contact sensors
Pattern • Shape information • Optical,
Recognition • Object classification • Tactile & Ultrasonic

Machine • Cutting tool condition • Force, Torque

Diagnostics • Tool wear & breakage • Current, Frequency
• Machine vibration • Amplitude, Acceleration
• Power consumption • Suraface roughness, Roundness
THANK YOU
 Online class – 2
INTRODUCTION
TO
MECHATRONICS
22-9-2020
Tuesday
11.15 am – 12.10 pm
https://meet.google.com/nca-cbvu-xni
By
Dr. Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
B.M.S. College of Engineering
Bengaluru – 560 019
WIP
Components of a measurement system
(a) Mercury in Glass thermo meter
Sensor : Mercury

Signal Conditioner: Fine bore stem

Display: Marks on the stem

(b) A bourdon pressure gauge

Sensor: Curved tube

Signal Conditioner: Gears

Display: Pointer moving across a scale

An example for control system
Open loop control system

Positive feed back & Negative feedback

Closed loop control system

There are just two main types of feedback control namely:

Negative Feedback and Positive Feedback

Positive Feedback Systems

▪ In a “positive feedback control system”, the set point and output

values are added together by the controller as the feedback is
“in-phase” with the input

▪ The effect of positive (or regenerative) feedback is to “increase”

the systems gain, i.e, the overall gain with positive feedback
applied will be greater than the gain without feedback

▪ In electronic and control systems positive feedback can

increase the systems gain far too much which would give rise to
oscillatory circuit responses as it increases the magnitude of the
effective input signal
 An example of a positive feedback systems
could be an electronic amplifier based on an
operational amplifier

Positive Feedback System

• In a “negative feedback control system”, the set point and output values

are subtracted from each other as the feedback is “out-of-phase” with the

original input

• The effect of negative (or degenerative) feedback is to “reduce” the gain

Negative feedback

• Produces stable circuit responses

• Improves stability and

• increases the operating bandwidth of a given system

• The majority of all control and feedback systems is degenerative reducing the

effects of the gain

An example of a Negative feedback systems could be an electronic amplifier based

on an operational amplifier
An example of a Negative feedback systems could be an electronic amplifier based on an

operational amplifier

Negative Feedback System

Examples for Open loop control system
➢ Timer based bread toaster

➢ Electric Bulb

➢ Electric hand drier

➢ Volume of an Audio system

➢ TV remote control

➢ Door lock systems

➢ Electric Cloth Drier

➢ Ink jet printers

➢ Mobile / cellular phones

➢ Word Processor
Advantages of Open loop control System
• The open loop systems are very simple in design and easy to design
• Economical
• Maintenance of open loop control system is very simple
• These are stable for some extent of time
• These types of systems are convenient to use

Disadvantages of Open loop control System

• The bandwidth of open loop control system is less
• The non feedback system doesn’t facilitates the automation of process
• Open loop systems are inaccurate in nature
• As their output is affected by some of the external system disturbances, the
non feedback systems are unreliable
• It cannot correct the output deviations automatically
Examples for closed loop control system

1. Thermostat Heater

2. Voltage Stabilizer

3. Missile Launcher

4. Auto Engine

5. Inverter AC

6. Turbine water control system at power station

7. Automatic clothes Iron

Advantages of closed loop control system:

• Closed loop control systems are more accurate even in the

presence of non-linearities
• The sensitivity of the system may be made small to make
the system more stable
• The closed loop systems are less affected by noise

Disadvantages of closed loop control system:

• Closed loop control systems are costlier and complex

• The feedback in the closed loop system may lead to
oscillatory response
• The feedback reduces the overall gain of the system
• Stability is the major problem in the closed loop system and
more care is needed to design a stable closed loop system
Basis For Comparison Open Loop System Closed Loop System
Definition The system whose control action In closed loop, the output
is free from the output is known depends on the control action of
as the open loop control system. the system.

Other Name Non-feedback System Feedback System

Components Controller and Controlled Amplifier, Controller, Controlled
Process. Process, Feedback.
Construction Simple Complex
Reliability Non-reliable Reliable
Accuracy Depends on calibration Accurate because of feedback.
Stability Stable Less Stable
Optimization Not-Possible Possible
Response Fast Slow
Calibration Difficult Easy
System Disturbance Affected Not-affected
Linearity Non-linear Linear
Examples Traffic light, automatic washing Air conditioner, temperature
machine, immersion rod, TV control system, speed and
remote etc. pressure control system,
refrigerator
SEQUENTIAL CONTROL:

A control system in which the individual steps are processed in a predetermined

order, progression from one sequence step to the next being dependent on defined
conditions being satisfied

Has one definite predecessor and successor

Examples:

Elevators
Washing Machines
PLC’s
Dish washers

AUTOMATIC / MICRO-PROCESSOR BASED CONTROL:

Works like combinational logic – many no of predecessors and successors

All inputs are fed through the program

All necessary changes are incorporated through the program
Hence feed back is achieved automatically & hence accurate
Examples for micro-processor based control:
• Engine Management System

• Automatic Camera

• Automatic Washing Machine

THANK YOU
 Mechatronics - Online class – 3
Micro-processor based Control
systems – case studies / Examples
24-9-2020
Thursday
11.15 am – 12.10 pm
https://meet.google.com/tpu-head-fxn
By
Dr. Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
B.M.S. College of Engineering
Bengaluru – 560 019
Cam operated switch
List of operations in Sequence:
1. Pre-wash cycle – clothes in the drum are given a wash in cold water

2. Main wash cycle - clothes in the drum are given a wash in hot water

3. Rinse cycle – clothes are rinsed with cold water no of times

4. Spinning cycle – to remove water from clothes

Block diagram for elements of washing machine system
Fuzzy logic control applied to microprocessor based control systems

An Example:

Fuzzy control of an air Conditioner

FIRST STEP:

Define Fuzzy variables:

1. Motor Speed & 2. Temperature

SECOND STEP:

Establish membership grading functions

For Motor Speed: For Temperature:

Stop ----------1 Cold --------1

Slow ----------2 Cool --------2
Medium -----3 Just Right --3
Fast -----------4 Warm -------4
Maximum ---5 Hot ----------5
THIRD STEP:

Establish Fuzzy rules

These rules are incorporated in the program

Rule 1: If temperature is Cold; Set Motor speed to Stop

Rule 2: If temperature is Cool; Set Motor speed to Slow
Rule 3: If temperature is Just Right; Set Motor speed to Medium
Rule 4: If temperature is Warm; Set Motor speed to Fast
Rule 5: If temperature is Hot; Set Motor speed to Maximum
Washing machine with impeller

Washing machine with agitator

 Differences between Impeller washer and Agitator Washer

Agitator Washer Impeller Washer

Traditional agitators are tall spindles, Impellers, on the other hand, are low-
vaned or finned, in profile cones or discs that spin/rotate to
the center of the wash basket that twist rub clothes against each other to get
(or agitate) back and forth, rubbing them clean
against clothes to help break down
loose soils
Shorter wash times Shorter dry times due to the high spin
speeds that wick away more moisture
Familiar functionality More room in the wash basket for bulky
articles and easy loading/unloading
Efficiency is less Efficiency is more
May cause damage to the clothes Damaging of clothes is avoided due to
gentle motion
Aperture controlled mode V/s Shutter controlled mode
ASSIGNMENT – 1
1. Identify various elements present in a control system involving a

thermostatically controlled electric heater

2. State the steps in the sequential control of a dish washer

3. Compare & Contrast the traditional design of a watch with that of the

mechatronic designed product involving micro-processor

4. Negative feedback systems are preferred over positive feedback systems -

justify
THANK YOU
Mechatronics - Online class – 4
Introduction to Sensors &
Transducers
28-9-2020, Tuesday
11.15 am – 12.10 pm
https://meet.google.com/ggd-fbpm-yac
By
Dr. Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
B.M.S. College of Engineering
Bengaluru – 560 019
Hence sensors can be transducers but transducers need not be sensors
Detail classification of sensors in view of their applications in manufacturing is as follows

A. Displacement, position and proximity sensors

• Potentiometer

• Strain-gauged element

• Capacitive element

• Differential transformers - LVDT & RVDT

• Eddy current proximity sensors

• Inductive proximity switch

• Optical encoders

• Pneumatic sensors

• Proximity switches (magnetic)

• Hall effect sensors

B. Velocity and motion

• Incremental encoder
• Tachogenerator
• Pyroelectric sensors

C. Force

• Strain gauge load cell

D. Fluid pressure

• Diaphragm pressure gauge

• Capsules, bellows, pressure tubes
• Piezoelectric sensors
• Tactile sensor

E. Liquid flow

• Orifice plate
• Turbine meter
F. Liquid level

• Floats
• Differential pressure

G. Temperature
• Bimetallic strips
• Resistance temperature detectors
• Thermistors
• Thermo-diodes and transistors
• Thermocouples
• Light sensors
• Photo diodes
• Photo resistors
 PERFORMANCE TERMINOLOGIES OF A SENSOR / TRANSDUCER

1. Range & Span

2. Error
3. Accuracy
4. Sensitivity
5. Hysteresis error
6. Non-linearity error
7. Repeatability / Reproducibility
8. Stability
9. Dead band / time
10. Resolution
11. Output Impedance
THANK YOU
 ONLINE MCT CLASS – 5
Performance terminologies of
sensors & Transducers ( contd)
01/ 10/ 2020, Thursday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BMS College of Engineering
Bangalore – 560 019
Examples:

Sensitivity of a resistance thermometer is about 0.5 / 0C

Temperature Sensitivity of a pressure transducer is about +/ - 0.1 % of the reading per 0C

Change in temperature
 End range values Best straight line using all values
(Least square method)

Best straight line

through zero point
STABILITY
When a sensor is giving an electrical output which need to be interfaced with an
electronic circuit , then it is necessary to know the output impedance which is
connected either in series or parallel with that circuit
The following are the specifications of a strain guage
pressure transducer
 RESPONSE TIME

TIME CONSTANT

RISE TIME

SETTLING TIME

Time 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
(s)
Temp 20 28 34 39 43 46 49 51 53 54 55 55 55
(0C)

Calculate 95 % response time

THANK YOU
 Online class – 6
Displacement, Position &
Proximity sensors
05-10-2020
Monday
8.55 am – 9.50 am
https://meet.google.com/dyk-mqxb-dnf

By
Dr. Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
B.M.S. College of Engineering
Bengaluru – 560 019
Eddy current sensors are
• Relatively inexpensive
• Available in small in size
• Highly reliable and
• Have high sensitivity for small displacements

Applications of eddy current proximity sensors

• Automation requiring precise location
• Machine tool monitoring
• Final assembly of precision equipment such as disk drives
• Measuring the dynamics of a continuously moving target, such as a
vibrating element
• Drive shaft monitoring
• Vibration measurements
As shown in Figure 1, the surface of the detection coil on Shielded Proximity Sensors is
covered with metal, so the flux is concentrated at the front portion of Sensors, which
reduces the influence of surrounding metal

As shown in Figure 2, the surface of the sensing coil on Unshielded Proximity Sensors is
not covered with metal, so flux is also generated from the surface, which makes Sensors
easily influenced by surrounding metal
Magnetic Reed switch
LED based proximity sensors
Capacitive element based sensor
• Capacitive sensor is of non-contact type sensor and is primarily used to measure the
linear displacements from few millimeters to hundreds of millimeters
• It comprises of three plates, with the upper pair forming one capacitor and the lower pair
another
• The linear displacement might take in two forms:

❑ a. one of the plates is moved by the displacement so that the plate separation changes
❑ b. area of overlap changes due to the displacement
Displacement measurement using
capacitive element sensor
The capacitance C of a parallel plate capacitor is given by

C = εr εo A / d
where εr is the relative permittivity of the dielectric between the plates, εo
permittivity of free space, A area of overlap between two plates and d the plate
separation
As the central plate moves near to top plate or bottom one due to the movement of the
element/work piece of which displacement is to be measured, separation in between
the plate changes
This can be given as,
C1 = (εr εo A) / (d + x) & C2 = (εr εo A) / (d – x)
When C1 and C2 are connected to a Wheatstone's bridge, then the resulting out-of
balance voltage would be in proportional to displacement x.
Capacitive proximity
sensors or switch
Applications of capacitive element sensors

• Feed hopper level monitoring

• Small vessel pump control
• Grease level monitoring
• Level control of liquids

• Metrology applications
▪ to measure shape errors in the part being produced
▪ to analyze and optimize the rotation of spindles in various machine tools such
as surface grinders, lathes, milling machines, and air bearing spindles by
measuring errors in the machine tools themselves
• Assembly line testing
➢ to test assembled parts for uniformity, thickness or other design features
➢ to detect the presence or absence of a certain component, such as glue etc.
• The typical application of Hall effect sensor is the
measurement of fluid level in a container
• The container comprises of a float with a permanent
magnet attached at its top
• An electric circuit with a current carrying disc is
mounted in the casing.
• When the fluid level increases, the magnet will come
close to the disc and a potential difference generates
• This voltage triggers a switch to stop the fluid to come
inside the container
▪ These sensors are used for the measurement of displacement and the detection
of position of an object
▪ Hall effect sensors need necessary signal conditioning circuitry
▪ They can be operated at 100 kHz
▪ Their non-contact nature of operation, good immunity to environment
contaminants and ability to sustain in severe conditions make them quite
popular in industrial automation
THANK YOU
 ONLINE MCT CLASS – 7
Pyro –electric, Piezo-electric &
Infrared sensors
06/ 10/ 2020, Tuesday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
https://meet.google.com/oep-jzhc-qhy
By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BMS College of Engineering
Bangalore – 560 019
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure
changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting
them to an electrical charge

The prefix piezo- is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze‘

Specifications of Piezo – electric sensor:

• Piezoelectric force sensors should have an operating temperature range from
50 to 3500C
• Should have sensitivity of approximately 105 pC/N
• The maximum pressure applied by piezoelectric sensors can be 1,000 psi
• The voltage measurement range can be up to 5 volts
as shown in fig (a)
When the sensor is connected via a cable of capacitance Cc, to
an amplifier of input Capacitance Ca & resistance Ra, then the
effective circuit that is obtained is as shown in fig (b); where
Total circuit capacitance = CS+ CC + CA in parallel with resistance
of (RA*RS) / (RA + RS)
Piezoelectric sensors are also used for quality assurance, process control, and
for research and development activities in many industries
Curie temperature is the temperature to which the material is
heated such that the molecules are free to rotate
INFRARED SENSORS
➢ An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain

characteristics of its surroundings

➢ It does this by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation

➢ Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object

and detecting motion

• Infrared waves are not visible to the human eye

• In the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared radiation can be found between the

visible and microwave regions

• The infrared waves typically have wavelengths between 0.75 and 1000µm

• The infrared spectrum can be split into near IR, mid IR and far IR
• The wavelength region from 0.75 to 3µm is known as the near infrared region
• The region between 3 and 6µm is known as the mid-infrared region, and
• infrared radiation which has a wavelength greater higher than 6µm is known
as far infrared
• Infra red sensors are good for detection between 1- 5 m

The Working Principle of Infrared Sensors

The physics behind infrared sensors is governed by three laws:

Planck’s radiation law: Every object at a temperature T not equal to 0 K emits

radiation

Stephan Boltzmann Law: The total energy emitted at all wavelengths by a black
body is related to the absolute temperature

Wein’s Displacement Law: Objects of different temperature emit spectra that

peak at different wavelengths
• There are two types of infrared sensors:
• Active and Passive
• Active infrared sensors both emit and detect infrared radiation
• Active IR sensors have two parts: a light emitting diode (LED) and a receiver
• When an object comes close to the sensor, the infrared light from the LED
reflects off of the object and is detected by the receiver
• Active IR sensors act as proximity sensors, and they are commonly used in
obstacle detection systems (such as in robots)

Passive infrared (PIR) sensors only detect infrared radiation and

do not emit it from an LED
Passive infrared sensors are comprised of:
Two strips of pyro-electric material (a pyro-electric sensor)
An infrared filter (that blocks out all other wavelengths of light)
A fresnel lens (which collects light from many angles into a single point)
A housing unit (to protect the sensor from other environmental variables, such as
humidity)

They also detect presence, occupancy & count

There are two types:
Thermal type: they are independent of wavelengths
Eg: Thermo-couples, pyro-electric detectors and bolometers are the common types
of thermal infrared detectors
Quantum type: They are dependent on wave length
They offer higher detection performance
It is faster than thermal type infrared detectors

PIR sensors are most commonly used in motion-based detection,

such as in-home security systems

When a moving object that generates infrared radiation enters the

sensing range of the detector, the difference in IR levels between
the two pyro-electric elements is measured

The sensor then sends an electronic signal to an embedded

computer, which in turn triggers an alarm
Applications of IR Sensor

Night Vision Devices

Radiation Thermometers
Infrared Tracking
IR Imaging Devices

Other key application areas that use infrared sensors include:

i) Climatology ii) Moisture Analyzers iii) Anesthesiology testing

iv) Flame Monitors v) Meteorology vi) Petroleum exploration
vii) Rail safety viii) Gas detectors ix) Photo-bio-modulation
x) Gas Analyzers xi) Flame Monitors xii) Water analysis
 ASSIGNMENT – 2
1. Explain the working principle of Dual pyro-electric sensor to detect the human motion

with the necessary circuit

2. Differentiate clearly between active and passive IR sensors
3. Differentiate clearly between Quantum type & Thermal type Passive IR sensors
4. Explain the factors to be considered for the selection of a sensor quoting specific
application as example
5. A thermocouple element was taken from a liquid at 500C and plunged into a liquid at
1000C at time t = 0 gave the following emf values. Determine the 95% Response time

Time 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

(s)
emf 2.5 3.8 4.5 4.8 4.9 5 5
(mv)
QUESTION NUMBERS 10 AND 18 FROM
BOLTON EXERCISE
THANK YOU
 ONLINE MCT CLASS – 8
08/ 10/ 2020, Thursday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
Problems on Sensors & Transducers
https://meet.google.com/vwg-esdr-cde

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BMS College of Engineering
Bangalore – 560 019
1. Which of the following instruments have non- linear scale

a) Moving coil instrument

b). Moving iron instrument
c). Electrostatic instrument
d) Rectifier instrument

2. The resistance of 125  strain guage changes by 1  for 4000 micro strain. The
guage factor is

a) 3
b) 1.5 hint = GF = [R/R ]* (1/Strain)
c) 2.5
d). 2

3. An electrical resistance strain guage has a resistance of 100  & a guage factor of
2.0. What is the change in the resistance if it is subjected to a strain of 0.001?

hint = GF = [R/R ]* (1/Strain)

4. A 2 cm region between two parallel plates of effective area 2 cm2 in a
capacitor is filled by a dielectric layer with a dielectric constant 7. Estimate the
capacitance between the plates

Take 0 = 8.854 * 10 -12 F/m

Hint : C = (0 r A) / d

5. A 4 cm region between two plates of parallel capacitor is filled by dielectric

layers of one, 1.5 cm thick with dielectric constant 6 and second 2.5 cm thick
with a dielectric constant of 9. What would be the relative permittivity
(dielectric constant) of a single material which would give the same
capacitance as above, if it is completely filled between the plates

Hint: For single dielectric material = C = (0 r A) / d

For different dielectric materials, = C = {(0 * A) / ( t1 / r1 + t2 / r2 )}

 6. The diaphragms of a capacitance transducer are 3 mm apart, & has a capacitance of
200 pF. For a displacement of 0.25 mm, estimate the change in the capacitance of the
system

Hint:
Find the values of constants 0 r A, using formula C = (0 r A) / d before
displacement by substituting the values of C & d
Displacement “x” = 0.25 mm
d = 3 mm
Case (i) : Displacement is ( d – x )
3 – 0.25 = 2.75 mm
Now find New capacitance of the sensor & compare with the earlier

Case (ii) : Displacement is ( d + x )

3 + 0.25 = 3.25 mm
Now find New capacitance of the sensor & compare with the earlier
7. A shaft encoder is to be used with 50 mm radius tracking wheel to monitor linear
displacement. If the encoder produces 256 pulses / revolution. What will be the
number of pulses produced by linear displacement of 200 mm?

8. A variable reluctance Tacho generator has 80 rotor teeth. The counter records
4000 counts / sec. Determine the speed in rpm

9. A piezo-electric crystal having dimensions of 3mm * 3mm * 1mm & a voltage

sensitivity of 0.05 V-m / N is used for force measurement. Calculate the force if the
potential induced is 90 V.

Hint: First calculate Pressure = p = { v / {Sv * t)}

Then calculate F = p*A

10. A quartz crystal having a thickness of 2.5 mm & voltage sensitivity of

0.06 V-m/N is subjected to a pressure of 20 * 105 N/m2. Calculate the voltage
developed by the piezo- electric pickup.
11. In piezo – electric strain transducer, voltage developed is ----------------- to the strain
applied

a) .Directly proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Equal
d) Independent
THANK YOU
ONLINE MCT CLASS – 9
13/ 10/ 2020, Tuesday
11.15 am to 12pm
Introduction to Applied Electronics
https://meet.google.com/uet-bbta-pjy

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BMS College of Engineering
Bangalore – 560 019
 Introduction
• Digital electronics or digital (electronic) circuits are
electronics that handle digital signals – discrete bands of
analog levels – rather than by continuous ranges as used in
analog electronics
• All levels within a band of values represent the same
information state
• Digital Electronic circuits are relatively easy to design
• It has higher precision rate in terms of accuracy
• Transmitted signals are not lost over long distance
• Digital Electronics is more immune to 'error' and 'noise'
than analog

143
Applications of Digital Electronics are infinite ranging for high
end computing to miniature circuits that can be very versatile,
signal processing, communication, etc
Digital Electronics is currently rapidly being developed to remove
conventional analogue machines due to its high speed, more
accuracy and greater flexibility

Few digital devices that use digital electronics are

➢ desktop computers
➢ laptop computers
➢ mobile phones
➢ tablet computers
➢ e-readers
➢ storage devices, such as flash drives
➢ input devices, such as keyboards, mice, and scanners
➢ output devices such as printers and speakers

144
Positive and negative logic

POSITIVE LOGIC: HIGH = 1, LOW = 0

NEGATIVE LOGIC: HIGH = 0, LOW = 1

HIGH = TRUE = BINARY 1 = SET STATE

LOW = FALSE = BINARY 0 = RESET STATE

145
Differences between combinational & Sequential Circuit

combinational Circuit Sequential Circuit

The circuit output at any The circuit output at any

instant depends on the input instant depends not only on the

present at that instant only input present but also on the

past output

Has no memory unit Has memory unit to store past

output
Egs: Half & full adder, MUX & Egs: Flip-flops, counters etc
DMUX etc

147
 Synchronous v/s Asynchronous devices or Transmission
Synchronous Transmission is a
Asynchronous Transmission is a
transmission method that uses
transmission method that sends
synchronized clocks to ensure
data using flow control to
both the sender and receiver
transmit data between the
are synchronized to transmit
source and the destination.
data.
Efficiency
More efficient Less efficient
Method of Sending Data
Sends blocks or frames of data Sends one byte or character at
at a time a time
Cost
Comparatively, high Cost is low
Time Interval
Uses fixed time intervals Uses arbitrary time intervals
Examples
Some examples of synchronous
Emails, television, and radios
transmission are video
are few examples for
conferencing, telephone
asynchronous transmission
conversations, etc

148
Flat pack Chip carrier pack
Dual in-line pack

149
Classification of IC’s

On the basis of Fabrication techniques used

On the basis of Chip size

On the basis of applications

150
Based on Fabrication Techniques

1. MOS technology ( Randomization Technique)

➢ p-mos
➢ n-mos
➢ H-mos
➢ C-mos
➢ CH-mos etc

2. BIPOLAR Technology

➢ TTL { Transistor – transistor logic}

➢ IIL { Integrated – injection logic}
➢ ECL { Emitter- coupled logic} etc

151
Based on Chip size

➢ Small scale Integration ( SSI)

➢ Medium scale Integration ( MSI)

➢ Large scale Integration ( LSI)

➢ Very large scale Integration (VLSI)

➢ Ultra large scale Integration ( ULSI)

152
• Small-scale integration (SSI) describes fixed-function ICs that have up to ten equivalent

gate circuits on a single chip, and they include basic gates and flip-flops

• Medium-scale integration (MSI) describes integrated circuits that have from 10 to 100

equivalent gates on a chip. They include logic functions such as encoders, decoders,

counters, registers, multiplexers, arithmetic circuits, small memories, and others

• Large-scale integration (LSI) is a classification of ICs with complexities of from more than

100 to 10,000 equivalent gates per chip, including memories

• Very large-scale integration (VLSI) describes integrated circuits with complexities of from

more than 10,000 to 100,000 equivalent gates per chip

• Ultra large-scale integration (ULSI) describes very large memories, larger

microprocessors, and larger single-chip computers. Complexities of more than 100,000

equivalent gates per chip are classified as ULSI

Advantages of IC’s
➢ Small size
➢ Low cost
➢ Improved performance
➢ High Reliability
➢ Low power Consumption
➢ Easy Trouble shooting
➢ Less Weight
➢ Easy replacement
Disadvantages of IC’s
➢ Increase in current produces intense heat that destroys
IC’s
➢ At present, coils, Inductors & Transformers cannot be
produced in IC form

154
155
 NUMBER SYSTEMS

BINARY

DECIMAL

HEXADECIMAL

156
1. Convert the binary whole number 1101101 to decimal

Solution

= 64 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 109

2. Convert the binary number 10010001 to decimal

Solution

3. Convert the fractional binary number 0.1011 to decimal

Solution

= 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 0.6875

4. Convert the binary number 10.111 to decimal

Solution
Convert the following decimal numbers to binary:

Solution

(a) 12 - 1100

(b) 25 - 11001

(c) 58 - 111010

(d) 82 - 1010010

Convert the decimal number 125 to binary

Binary Addition

Add the following binary numbers:

(a) 11 + 11

(b) 100 + 10

(c) 111 + 11

(d) 110 + 100

Binary Subtraction

(a) Subtract 1101 from 0100

(c) Subtract 100 from 111
(a) Subtract 0111 from 1001
 Devices that work on the basis of digital
electronics are
➢ Flip-flops
➢ Counters
➢ Adders
➢ Subtractors
➢ Multiplexers
➢ Demultiplexers
➢ Decoders
➢ Encoders
➢ Converters – ADC & DAC

160
True/False Quiz

1. An analog quantity is one having continuous values

2. A digital quantity has no discrete values

3. There are two digits in the binary system

4. In positive logic, a LOW level represents a binary 1

5. A periodic wave repeats itself at a fixed interval

6. A flip-flop is a bistable logic circuit that can store only two bits at a time
True/False Quiz
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F
THANK YOU
 ONLINE MCT CLASS – 10
15/ 10/ 2020, Thursday
11.15 am to 12.10pm
Multi-vibrators
https://meet.google.com/aes-pyoq-ige &
https://meet.google.com/cax-zvum-day
repeated on 27/10/2020, Tuesday, 11.15 – 12.10 pm

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BMS College of
 Flip-Flops
• Flip-flops are synchronous bistable devices, also known as bistable

multivibrators

• In this case, the term synchronous means that the output changes state

only at a specified point (leading or trailing edge) on the triggering input

called the clock (CLK), which is designated as a control input, C; that is,

changes in the output occur in synchronization with the clock

• Flip-flops are edge-triggered or edge-sensitive

Classification of Flip-flops:

Edge Triggered Flip-flops :

i) Positive edge Triggered & ii) Negative Edge Triggered Flip- flops

a) S-R Flip-flop b) D – flip-flop c) J – K Flip-flop

Pulse Triggered or Master Slave Flip-flops:

i) S-R Flip-flop ii) D – flip-flop iii) J – K Flip-flop

• An edge-triggered flip-flop changes state either at the positive edge (rising edge) or

at the negative edge (falling edge) of the clock pulse and is sensitive to its inputs only

at this transition of the clock

• The key to identifying an edge-triggered flip-flop by its logic symbol is the small

triangle inside the block at the clock (C) input

• This triangle is called the dynamic input indicator

 Positive Edge –triggered Flip - flops

Negative edge-triggered Flip-flops

Logic symbol for S-R Logic symbol for D Logic symbol for J-K
Flip-flop Flip-flop Flip-flop
 Edge –triggered Flip - flops

S-R Flip-flop (set – reset Flip –flop)

Logic symbol for

Positive Edge
triggered S-R
Flip - flop

Logic symbol for

Negative Edge Logic Diagram of S-R Flip-flop
triggered S-R Flip
- flop
 Truth table for S-R Flip-flop
Race around Situation / condition:

When huge number of inputs defined with out the priority or order or
sequence of processing, then each input tries to get processed at the
earliest at the input terminal. This chaotic situation is referred as race
around situation
This invalid situation of S-R flip-flop got modified & race around situation is
addressed in J-K flip-flop using “Toggle” action
Timing diagram for Positive Edge triggered S-R flip-flop
 The D Flip-Flop ( Data / Delay – Flip-Flop)

• The D input of the D flip-flop is a synchronous input because data on the input are
transferred to the flip-flop’s output only on the triggering edge of the clock pulse
• When D is HIGH, the Q output goes HIGH on the triggering edge of the clock pulse, and
the flip-flop is SET
• When D is LOW, the Q output goes LOW on the triggering edge of the clock pulse, and
the flip-flop is RESET

Logic symbol for Logic symbol for

Positive Edge Negative Edge
triggered D Flip triggered D Flip -
- flop flop
Logic Diagram of Edge triggered D Flip-flop
 2 3 4
1

Timing diagram for Positive Edge triggered D flip-flop

 The J-K (Jack –Kilby) Flip-Flop

Logic symbol for Positive Edge Logic symbol for Negative Edge
triggered J-K Flip - flop triggered J-K Flip - flop
• The J and K inputs of the J-K flip-flop are synchronous inputs because data on

these inputs are transferred to the flip-flop’s output only on the triggering edge

of the clock pulse

• When J is HIGH and K is LOW, the Q output goes HIGH on the triggering edge of

the clock pulse, and the flip-flop is SET

• When J is LOW and K is HIGH, the Q output goes LOW on the triggering edge of

the clock pulse, and the flip-flop is RESET

• When both J and K are LOW, the output does not change from its prior state

• When J and K are both HIGH, the flip-flop changes state & this called the toggle

mode
Logic Diagram of Edge triggered J-K Flip-flop
THANK YOU
ONLINE MCT CLASS – 11&12
27/ 10/ 2020, Tuesday
011.15 am to 12.10 pm
Pulse triggered / Master – slave Flip-flops
https://meet.google.com/cax-zvum-day
https://meet.google.com/etx-jjyf-ocb
& repeated on 29/10/20, Thursday, 11.15 – 12.10 pm

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BMS College of
Pulse triggered / Master – slave Flip-flops

1. S-R Flip-flop

2. D- Flip-flop

3. J –K Flip-flop
Logic diagram for Master slave S-R Flip-flop
 Pulse triggered / Master – slave S - R Flip-
flops

Truth table for

Logic symbol for
Master slave S-R Flip-flop
Master slave S-R Flip-flop
Timing diagram for Master slave S-R Flip-flop
Logic symbol for
Master slave D Flip-flop Truth table for
Master slave D Flip-flop

Timing diagram for

Master slave D Flip-flop
Logic diagram for Master slave J-K Flip-flop
Logic symbol for
Truth table for
Master slave J-K Flip-flop
Master slave J-K Flip-flop
Timing diagram for Master slave J-K Flip-flop
Applications of Flip-flops

1. Parallel data Storage

2. Data Transfer

3. Frequency Division
TROBLE SHOOTING IN DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Assignment -3

1. Discuss in brief Asynchronous flip-flops

2. Explain Flip-flop as contact bounce eliminator
THANK YOU
ONLINE MCT CLASS – 13
02/ 11/ 2020, Monday
8.55 am to 9.50 am
Asynchronous or Ripple Counters
https://meet.google.com/bse-erao-wqo

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BMS College of
Counters

Number of Flip-flops are connected together

(serially) to count the number of binary
states. This configuration is known as
“Counters”

The number of binary states attained by the

counter is known as “Modulus of a Counter” &
is given by 2n where ‘n’ is the number of flip-
flops in the series

Classification of counters
1. Asynchronous (Ripple) Counters
2. Synchronous Counters
 Asynchronous / Ripple Counters

Logic diagram for two bit

Asynchronous counter

State sequence / modulus /

truth table for two stage
Asynchronous counter
Timing diagram for two bit asynchronous counter
Initially assume that both Flip - flops are reset-QA & QB =0
On applying toggle condition continuously,
1. At the leading edge of CLK1: - QA = 1, QB = 0
2. At the leading edge of CLK2: - QA = 0, QB = 1
3. At the leading edge of CLK3: - QA = 1, QB = 1
4. At the leading edge of CLK4: - QA = 0, QB = 0 – Counter is ready to
start the next cycle
Logic diagram for three bit Asynchronous counter

State sequence / modulus /

truth table for three stage
Asynchronous counter
Timing diagram for three bit asynchronous counter
Initially assume that all three Flip - flops are reset-QA , QB & QC = 0
On applying toggle condition continuously,
1. At the leading edge of CLK1: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 0
2. At the leading edge of CLK2: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 0
3. At the leading edge of CLK3: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 0
4. At the leading edge of CLK4: - QA = 0, QB = 0, QC = 1
5. At the leading edge of CLK5: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 1
6. At the leading edge of CLK6: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 1
7. At the leading edge of CLK7: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 1
8. At the leading edge of CLK8: - QA = 0, QB = 0, QC = 0
Logic diagram for four bit Asynchronous counter

CLK QD QC QB QA
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0 State sequence /
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0 modulus /
5
6
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
truth table for four
7 0 1 1 1 stage
8
9
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Asynchronous
10 1 0 1 0 counter
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
Timing diagram for four bit asynchronous counter
Initially assume that all three Flip - flops are reset-QA , QB , QC & QD =
0
On applying toggle condition continuously,

1. At the leading edge of CLK1: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 1, QD = 1:- 15

2. At the leading edge of CLK2: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 1, QD = 1:- 14
3. At the leading edge of CLK3: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 1, QD = 1:- 13
4. At the leading edge of CLK4: - QA = 0, QB = 0, QC = 1, QD = 1:- 12
5. At the leading edge of CLK5: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 0, QD = 1:- 11
6. At the leading edge of CLK6: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 0, QD = 1:- 10
7. At the leading edge of CLK7: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 0, QD = 1:- 09
8. At the leading edge of CLK8: - QA = 0, QB = 0, QC = 0, QD = 1:- 08
9. At the leading edge of CLK9: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 1, QD = 0:- 07
10. At the leading edge of CLK10: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 1, QD = 0:- 06
11. At the leading edge of CLK11: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 1, QD = 0:- 05
12. At the leading edge of CLK12: - QA = 0, QB = 0, QC = 1, QD = 0:- 04
13. At the leading edge of CLK13: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 0, QD = 0:- 03
14. At the leading edge of CLK14: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 0, QD = 0:- 02
15. At the leading edge of CLK15: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 0, QD = 0:- 01
16. At the leading edge of CLK16: - QA = 0, QB = 0, QC = 0, QD = 0:- 00

Now the counter is ready to start the next fresh cycle

Counters with truncated series
An asynchronously clocked decade counter with asynchronous recycling
THANK YOU
 ONLINE MCT CLASS – 14
03/ 11/ 2020, Tuesday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
Synchronous Counters
https://meet.google.com/khz-usyg-pcg
By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BMS College of Engineering
Bangalore – 560 019
Synchronous Counters

Logic diagram for two bit Synchronous QB

counter

State sequence / modulus / truth table

for two stage synchronous counter
Timing diagram for two bit synchronous counter
Initially assume that both Flip - flops are reset - Q =0 & QB = 0
A
On applying toggle condition continuously,

1. At the leading edge of CLK1: - QA = 1, QB = 0

2. At the leading edge of CLK2: - QA = 0, QB = 1
3. At the leading edge of CLK3: - QA = 1, QB = 1
4. At the leading edge of CLK4: - QA = 0, QB = 0 – Counter is ready to start the next cycle
Logic diagram for three bit synchronous counter

State sequence / modulus /

truth table for three stage synchronous
counter
Timing diagram for three bit synchronous counter

Initially assume that all three Flip - flops are reset - QA , QB & QC = 0
On applying toggle condition continuously,
1. At the leading edge of CLK1: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 0
2. At the leading edge of CLK2: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 0
3. At the leading edge of CLK3: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 0
4. At the leading edge of CLK4: - QA = 0, QB = 0, QC = 1
5. At the leading edge of CLK5: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 1
6. At the leading edge of CLK6: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 1
7. At the leading edge of CLK7: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 1
8. At the leading edge of CLK8: - QA= 0, QB= 0, QC = 0
Logic diagram for four bit synchronous counter
CLK QD QC QB QA
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0 State sequence / modulus / truth table
5 0 1 0 1 for four stage synchronous counter
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
Timing diagram for four bit synchronous counter
Initially assume that all three Flip - flops are reset-QA , QB , QC & QD = 0
On applying toggle condition continuously,
1. At the leading edge of CLK1: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 1, QD = 1:- 15
2. At the leading edge of CLK2: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 1, QD = 1:- 14
3. At the leading edge of CLK3: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 1, QD = 1:- 13
4. At the leading edge of CLK4: - QA = 0, QB = 0, QC = 1, QD = 1:- 12
5. At the leading edge of CLK5: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 0, QD = 1:- 11
6. At the leading edge of CLK6: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 0, QD = 1:- 10
7. At the leading edge of CLK7: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 0, QD = 1:- 09
8. At the leading edge of CLK8: - QA = 0, QB = 0, QC = 0, QD = 1:- 08
9. At the leading edge of CLK9: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 1, QD = 0:- 07
10. At the leading edge of CLK10: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 1, QD = 0:- 06
11. At the leading edge of CLK11: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 1, QD = 0:- 05
12. At the leading edge of CLK12: - QA = 0, QB = 0, QC = 1, QD = 0:- 04
13. At the leading edge of CLK13: - QA = 1, QB = 1, QC = 0, QD = 0:- 03
14. At the leading edge of CLK14: - QA = 0, QB = 1, QC = 0, QD = 0:- 02
15. At the leading edge of CLK15: - QA = 1, QB = 0, QC = 0, QD = 0:- 01
16. At the leading edge of CLK16: - QA = 0, QB = 0, QC = 0, QD = 0:- 00

Applications of counters
1. The digital clock
2. Auto parking control
3. Subway control
4. Parallel – Serial data Conversion ( Multiplexing)
5. Crowd Management

Assignment – 4
1. Why asynchronous counters are also called as ripple counter?
2. Briefly discuss cascading of counters
3. Discuss UP / DOWN counters
THANK YOU
ONLINE MCT CLASS – 15
05/ 11/ 2020, Thursday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
Adders & Subtractors

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BMS College of
 Adders
Half adder &

Full Adder
Half adder

Logic symbol for half adder

Truth table for Half adder

CO=

Logic diagram for

full adder
Determine an alternate method to implement full adder

Considering ‘HIGH’ status on the two outputs

‘SUM & CARRY’, we have
REALIZATION OF FULL ADDERS USING 3-8 LINE DECODERS
 SUBTRACTORS
Logic symbol for half subtractor

Truth table for half subtractor

Logic diagram for half subtractor
Logic symbol for half subtractor

Truth table for Full Subtractor

P Q BI D B
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
 Logic diagram for full subtractor

B
I
REALIZATION OF FULL SUBTRACTOR USING 3-8 LINE DECODER
THANK YOU
ONLINE MCT CLASS – 16
08/ 11/ 2020, Monday
8.55 am to 9.50 am
Multiplexers (MUX) & De-multiplexers (DMUX)
https://meet.google.com/fhv-brgo-tuu

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BMS College of
Multiplexers / data selectors

Logic symbol for 4:1 MUX

 Output - Y

Truth table for 4:1 MUX

Logic diagram for 4:1 MUX
Logic Symbol for 8:1 MUX
Selector inputs Output

S2 S1 S0 Y (Input selected)

0 0 0 D0

0 0 1 D1

0 1 0 D2

0 1 1 D3

1 0 0 D4

1 0 1 D5

1 1 0 D6

1 1 1 D7

Truth table for 8:1 MUX

Logic diagram for 8:1 MUX
 APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLEXERS

1. SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

2. LOGIC FUNCTION GENERATOR

 DEMULTIPLEXERS

Logic diagram for 1:4 DMUX

Assignment – 6

1. Explain Role of MUX as parity function generator

2. Realize, 1:8 DMUX

THANK YOU
 ONLINE MCT CLASS – 17
10/ 11/ 2020, Tuesday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
Decoders & Encoders
https://meet.google.com/bon-eegk-zsi
By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BMS College of
Decoders
 Logic symbol
for 4 – 16 line Decoder
Logic for 4 – 16 line Decoder
Truth table for 4- 16 line decoder for ACTIVE LOW output
 ENCODERS
Logic symbol for Decimal to BCD Encoder
Logic diagram for Decimal to BCD Encoder
Assignment – 7

1. Discuss in brief about Priority Encoders

2. Realize 3- 8 line decoder for ACTIVE HIGH

output

3. Give the Decoding Logic for the following in both

ACTIVE HIGH & ACTIVE LOW output modes

i) 1110 ii) 1100 iii) 1011

THANK YOU
ONLINE MCT CLASS – 18
12/ 11/ 2020, Tuesday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
Converters (DAC & ADC)
https://meet.google.com/fkg-kigm-vnv

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BMS College of
Binary weighted input DAC
Determine the resolution of the following in percentage

1. 8 bit DAC
2. 12 bit DAC
3. 5 bit DAC
4. 10 bit DAC
5. 18 bit DAC
Analog to Digital conversion
 Methods for Analog to Digital conversion

1. Simultaneous / Flash type ADC

2. Stair step – ramp / Digital ramp / Counter method ADC

3. Tracking type ADC

4. Single slope ADC

5. Dual slope ADC

6. Successive approximation type ADC

Successive approximation type ADC
+5V +5V

+5V +5V
 Problems
1. A four stage asynchronous binary counter has a propagation
delay of 10 nanoseconds. Determine the total delay
2. Determine the conversion time of successive approximation
type ADC with 12-bit resolution operating at a clock
frequency of i) 5 MHz ii) 1 MHz
3. A sensor gives a maximum analog output of 5V. What is the
word length required for an ADC if there is to be a
resolution of 10 mV?
4. What is the resolution of an ADC with the word length of
12 bits with an analog signal output of 100 mV?
Assignment – 8

Discuss R/2R Ladder type DAC

THANK YOU
ONLINE MCT CLASS – 19
17/ 11/ 2020, Tuesday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
8085 Microprocessor
Introduction, Bus Organization
https://meet.google.com/kow-eeoc-vnx
By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BMS College of
THANK YOU
ONLINE MCT CLASS – 20
19/ 11/ 2020, Thursday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
Architecture & Internal operations of 8085
Microprocessor
https://meet.google.com/imp-cgpp-wbt
By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BMS College of
8085 Architecture
Internal operations of 8085 Microprocessor

1. To store 8 – bit data

2. To perform Arithmetic & Logical Operations
3. To test for Conditions
4. To sequence the execution of instructions
(PC)
5. To store data temporarily during execution
in a defined R/W memory locations called
the “ STACK”
Internal operations of 8085 Microprocessor
CONTENTS OF FLAG REGISTER
THANK YOU
ONLINE MCT CLASS – 21
23/ 11/ 2020, Tuesday
08.55 am to 9.50 am
Addressing modes of 8085 Microprocessor
Introduction to Instruction set of 8085
Microprocessor
https://meet.google.com/gmy-ijgj-uhk

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Introduction to 8085 Instructions
Examples:

1. MOV A,B :- MOVE / TRANSFER THE CONTENT OF REGISTER B

TO ACCUMULATOR

Operation Code – MOVE/TRANSFER

Operands – Reg B & Accumulator

2. ADD B :- ADD THE CONTENTS OF Reg B TO THE CONTENTS

OF ACCUMULATOR

Operation Code : ADD

Operands : - Reg B & ACCUMULATOR (Implied)

3. DCR C : - DECREMENT THE CONTENTS OF REGISTER ‘C’ BY 1

OPERATION CODE: DECREMENT

OPERAND : REGISTER ‘C’
ADDRESSING MODES OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR

1. DIRECT ADDRESSING MODE

Always the operand will be either 8 bit or 16 bit address

Eg: LDA 8900 H

STA 8FF0 H

LHLD 8A00 H

SHLD 8FF0 H
OUT , 8- BIT ADDRESS & IN, 8-BIT ADDRESS

2. REGISTER ADDRESSING MODE

Always the operands will be the registers

Eg: MOV A,B

ADD L
MOV D,H
3. REGISTER INDIRECT ADDRESSING MODE

The source content is internally fetched through the location whose

address given indirectly by either HL pair or BC pair like in examples
shown below

Eg: MOV A,M

( Move the contents of memory location to Accumulator whose address is

given by HL pair internally)

STAX B : Read as Store accumulator Indirect

Store the contents of Accumulator into the location whose address

is given by BC pair internally)

4. IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING MODE:

Always the operand will be either 8-bit or 16 bit data only

Eg: MVIA, 80 H

LXI B , 3543 H
5. IMPLICIT ADDRESSING MODE

Here the instruction consists of only operation code but NO operand

Eg: CMA (Complement) – the contents of accumulator only is implied

XCHG: (Exchange) – exchange the c16 bit data between HL & DE

pair
only is implied
Eg : A – Read as Register ‘A’

(A) – Read as Contents of Register ‘A’

CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUCTION SET OF 8085 PROCESSOR
2.0 : MOV r, M

2.1 : MOV M, r

2.2: MVI M, 8- BIT DATA

2.4 : LHLD 16 BIT ADDRESS

2.5 : SHLD 16 BIT ADDRESS

2.6 : XCHG
THANK YOU
 ONLINE MCT CLASS – 22
26/ 11/ 2020, Thursday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
Instruction set of 8085 Processor (Contd)
ALP for Addition & Subtraction of two 8-bit binary numbers
https://meet.google.com/qex-aikw-vbs

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BMS College of
Write an ALP for the addition of two 8- bit binary numbers such that the results
SUM & CARRY are is stored in ‘ X ’ & ‘ X+1’ locations

Memory OPERATION CODE OPERAND COMMENTS

Address
8800 MVI A FF H Move immediately 8- bit data FF H to
Accumulator
8802 MVI B FF H Move immediately 8- bit data FF H to
register B
8804 MVI C 00 H Initialize Register ‘C ’ with 00 H
8806 ADD B Add the contents of Register B to
Accumulator
8807 JNC 880B * Jump to location 880b h if carry is not
generated
880A INR C Otherwise Increment the contents of
Register ‘C’ by 1
STA 8A00 H Store the result of Accumulator into the
880B * location 8A00 H
880E MOV A,C Move the contents of Reg ‘C’ to
Accumulator
880F STA 8A01 H Store the result of Accumulator into the
location 8A01 H
8812 HLT Stop
COMMENTS ON FLAG STATUS

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
FF H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
FF H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

ANSWER = 1 FE H

CARRY FLAG IS SET

ZERO FLAG IS RESET &

PARITY FLAG IS RESET ( ODD PARITY)

Write an ALP for the Subtraction of two 8- bit binary numbers such that the results
DIFFERENCE & BORROW are is stored in ‘ X ’ & ‘ X+1’ locations

Memory OPERATION CODE OPERAND COMMENTS

Address
8800 MVI A EE H Move immediately 8- bit data EE H to
Accumulator
8802 MVI B FF H Move immediately 8- bit data FF H to
register B
8804 MVI C 00 H Initialize Register ‘C ’ with 00 H
8806 SUB B Subtract the contents of Register B from
the contents of Accumulator
8807 JNC 880B * Jump to location 880b h if borrow is not
generated
880A INR C Otherwise Increment the contents of
Register ‘C’ by 1
STA 8A00 H Store the result of Accumulator into the
880B * location 8A00 H
880E MOV A,C Move the contents of Reg ‘C’ to
Accumulator
880F STA 8A01 H Store the result of Accumulator into the
location 8A01 H
8812 HLT Stop
COMMENTS ON FLAG STATUS

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
EE H 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
FF H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

ANSWER = 1 EF H

BORROW FLAG IS SET

ZERO FLAG IS RESET &

PARITY FLAG IS RESET ( ODD PARITY)

THANK YOU
 ONLINE MCT CLASS – 24
10/ 12/ 2020, Thursday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
ALP for Multiplication of two 8-bit binary numbers
https://meet.google.com/ehv-dgbs-erg

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BMS College of Engineering
Bangalore – 560 019
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. DAA-Read as Decimal Adjust Accumulator
2. CMP- READ AS COMPARE
3. DAD RP – ADD REGISTER PAIRS
 Write an ALP for the Multiplication of two 8- bit binary numbers using
Repetitive addition method

Memory Address OPERATION CODE OPERAND COMMENTS

8800 MVI D 00 H Move immediately 8- bit data 00 H to Reg D

8802 MVI E F8 H (I no) Move immediately 8- bit data F8 H to register E

8804 MVI C 4B H (II no) Initialize Register ‘C ’ with 4B H

8806 LXI H 0000 H Initialize H & L registers with 00 H

8809 * DAD D DE pair is added with HL pair & the result is

stored in HL pair
880A DCR C Decrement the contents of Register ‘C’ by 1
880B JNZ 8809 H * If the counter is not zero, then jump back to
location 8809 H
880E SHLD 8A00 H Store the contents of Registers H & L to
8A00 & 8A01 respectively
8811 HLT Stop
COMMENTS ON FLAG STATUS
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

F8 H 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

4B H 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

F8 * 4B = 48A8 = 0100 1000 1010 1000

ANSWER = 48A8 H = 0100 1000 1010 1000 H
CARRY FLAG IS RESET
ZERO FLAG IS RESET &
PARITY FLAG IS RESET ( ODD PARITY)
 Write an ALP for the Multiplication of two 8- bit binary numbers using
Add & Shift method
Memory Address OPERATION CODE OPERAND COMMENTS

8800 MVI A 7A H (I No) Move immediately 8- bit data 7A H to Reg A

8802 MVI E C9 H Move immediately 8- bit data C9 H to register B

8804 MVI D 00 H Initialize Register ‘D’ with 00 H

8806 LXI H 0000 H Initialize H L pair with 0000 H

8809 MVI B 08 H Move immediately the 08 H to register B

880B * DAD H Add HL + HL & store the result in HL
880C RAL Rotate the contents of Accumulator left
through carry
880D JNC 8811 # Jump on no carry to location 8811 H
8810 DAD D Add DE + HL & store the result in HL

8811 # DCR B Decrement the contents of Reg B by 1

8812 JNZ 880B * Jump with no zero to location 880C H
8815 SHLD 8A00 H Store the contents of Registers H & L to 8A00
& 8A01 respectively
8818 HLT Stop
COMMENTS ON FLAG STATUS
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

7A H 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

C9 H 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

ANSWER = 5FCA H = 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
CARRY FLAG IS SET
ZERO FLAG IS RESET &
PARITY FLAG IS SET ( EVEN PARITY)
THANK YOU
 ONLINE MCT CLASS – 25
14/ 12/ 2020, Monday
8.55 am to 9.50 am
ALP for i)Division of two 8-bit binary numbers
ii) To count no of 1’s or no of zeros in a given byte of data
iii) For block data transfer
https://meet.google.com/ysa-jivm-hts

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BMS College of Engineering
Bangalore – 560 019
Write an ALP for the Division of two 8- bit binary numbers such that the Remainder
& Quotient are stored in successive locations ‘x’ & ‘x+1’ respectively
Memory Address OPERATION CODE OPERAND COMMENTS

8800 MVI A 09 H Move immediately 8- bit data 09 H to Reg A

8802 MVI B 04 H Move immediately 8- bit data 04 H to register B

8804 MVI C 00 H Initialize Register ‘C ’ with 00 H

8806 * CMP B COMPARE CONENT OF REG B WITH
ACCUMULATOR
8809 * JC 880F H # Jump on carry flag being set , to location 880F H
880A SUB B Otherwise subtract the contents of Reg B from
Accumulator
880B INR C Increment the contents of Reg C by 1
880C JMP 8806 H * Jump back to location 8806 H
880F # STA 8FF0 H Store the contents of Accumulator ( Remainder)
to the location 8FF0 H
8812 MOV A ,C Move the contents of Reg C ( Quotient) to
Accumulator
8813 STA 8FF1 H Store the contents of Accumulator ( Quotient) to
the location 8FF1 H
8816 HLT Stop
COMMENTS ON FLAG STATUS

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
(A)= 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
09 H
(B ) = 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
04 H

i) (A) > (B); CARRY FLAG = 0; Hence 09 H – 04 H = 05 H; ( C ) = 1

ii) (A) > (B) ; CARRY FLAG = 0,; Hence 05 H – 04 H = 01 H; ( C) = 2
iii) (A) < (B) ; CARRY FLAG = 1

Hence, Contents of Accumulator = Remainder & stored in 8FF0 H ( 01 H)

Contents of Register ‘C’ = Quotient & is stored in 8FF1 H ( 02 H)

 Write an ALP to Count number of 1’s in a given byte of data

Memory Address OPERATION CODE OPERAND COMMENTS

8800 MVI A 8 bit no Move immediately 8- bit data to Reg A

8802 MVI B 08 H Move immediately 8- bit data 08 H to register B

8804 MVI E 00 H Initialize Register ‘E ’ with 00 H

8806 * RRC Rotate accumulator Right

8807 JNC 880B H # Jump on No Carry, to location 880B H

880A INR E Otherwise Increment the contents of Reg E by 1
880B # DCR B Decrement the contents of Reg B by 1
880C JNZ 8806 H * Jump on No Zero to location 8806 H
880F MOV A,E Move the contents of Reg E to Accumulator
8810 STA 8FF0 H Store the contents of Accumulator to the location
8FF0 H
8813 HLT Stop
 Write an ALP for Block data transfer from one location to another
Memory Address OPERATION OPERAND COMMENTS
CODE
8800 LXI H 8900 H Load the HL pair with 89 H & 00 H respectively

8803 LXI B 8A00 H Load the BC pair with 8A H & 00 H respectively

8806 MVI D 0A H Initialize Register ‘D ’ with 0A H

MOV A,M Move the contents of memory location whose
8808 * address is given by HL pair into Accumulator
8809 STAX B Store the contents of Accumulator into the
location whose address is indirectly given by BC
pair
880A INX H Increment HL pair by 1
880B INX B Increment BC pair by 1
880C DCR D Decrement the Counter ‘d’ by 1
880D JNZ Jump with no zero to location 880C H
8808 *
8810 HLT Stop
Location Data Location Data
8900 H 00 H 8A00 H AA H
8901 H 11 H 8A01 H BB H
8902 H 22 H 8A02 H CC H
8903 H 33 H 8A03 H DD H
8904 H 44 H 8A04 H EE H
8905 H 55 H 8A05 H FF H
8906 H 66 H 8A06 H A1 H
8907 H 77 H 8A07 H A2 H
8908 H 88 H 8A08 H A3 H
8909 H 99 H 8A09 H A4 H
THANK YOU
 ONLINE MCT CLASS –26
15/ 12/ 2020, Tuesday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
Electrical actuators
https://meet.google.com/bqf-geyo-ipm

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BMS College of Engineering
Bangalore – 560 019
Discussion contents

1. Mechanical switches & debouncing

2. Thyristors or Silicon controlled Rectifiers

3. Triacs
TOPICS FOR SELF STUDY

PRINCIPLE, CONSTRUCTION, WORKING & APPLICATIONS OF

1. AC ( INDUCTION & SYNCHRONOUS) AND DC MOTORS

2. STEPPER MOTORS

3. PERMANENT MAGNET MOTORS

4. SERVO MOTORS
Inputting data by switches

Switches: a) SPST b) SPDT c) DPDT

Thyristors
i) When Anode is more positive compared to Cathode
ii) When cathode is more positive compared to Anode
 APPLICATIONS OF THYRISTORS & TRIACS

1. PHASE CONTROL DEVICES

2. SWITCHES
3. SOLID STATE RELAYS

Differences between Thyristors & triacs

THYRISTOR TRIAC
UNIDRECTIONAL BIDIRECTIONAL
TWO MODES OF OPERATIONS FOUR MODES OF OPERATIONS
HIGHER dv / dt FACTOR LOWER dv / dt FACTOR
WELL SUITED FOR INDUCTIVE WELL SUITED FOR IMPEDENCE
CIRCUITS CIRCUITS
THANK YOU
 ONLINE MCT CLASS – 27&28
29/ 12/ 2020 & 31 /12/2020, Tuesday & Thursday
11.15 am to 12.10 pm
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https://meet.google.com/fhm-ingc-pjh
Discussion of SEE Question papers

By
Dr.Bharathi.V
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BMS College of Engineering
Bangalore – 560 019
THANK YOU