Calculus

is the process of finding the derivative of a function The derivative

Differentiation
tells you the rate of change or the slope of the function at given
any
point
But to formally define the derivative we use limits

lets consider a curve

fast

f bath oath faith

x flax
Fcoal
h
31 ath

Recall

s
m

f loath F loy
h
This is thekeyfor Differentiation
by
f lol nling frothy feb 1st principles
The limit definitionof the derivative
Theformula comes from the slope of the secantline betweentwo points
on the curve fam
One point is at a secantline
fat
The other'll at ath
fasis
a or
sith

As h get closer to 0 the secantline becomes the tangentline and the

slope of that line is the derivative at point on

Example Differentiate fasis of using first principles

lets applythe formula

f lol limo floothy flois

loith
f a Is x

Expanjing oct21th h

jig htᵗ
Simplify 2

Factor

t5niz
canid
Ii canths

Now takethelimit as h 0 h tends to 0

i f.is 2a
There a rules in differentiation
1 Power rule
Giventhat y as

1s nax

Example y 3x
30,2 1
1 2

62

2 Product Rule
Giventhat y v.v the product rule is as follows

a v 1

Example 4012201 3
y
let u us let v 12 31
82 Is
a v 1
1 us i x 3 4801
us 802 2401
12012 aux
3 Quotient Rule
Given that y the quotient rule is as follows

E v
puts
Example y

v
puts
Csis
4112011
2x 3012 37
5
x 322
Divide by 22
E
4 Chain Rule

Example y 30 55

i
11 1
443 3
124

ni

floes n flong I of cinside thebracket fad

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Function

Isinoid losx Los as

2 arson six cosand a sin as

dad
ta a sets sin as b a cos can Ib

not required bythe asec d cos ax 6 a sincase b

addmath syllabus
sin's n sin x cos x

cosmo n cos sink

Calculating Gradient
at a givenpt denoted
Thegradient of a curve or a is by
1 a
gradientam

Finding Equation of tangent to a Point on a Curve

To determine theequation of a tangentusing a calculus method we must

I Elie valueof y hit notgivenby substitutingthegien on value

into the y equation
3 Label the x and points
y as a y and substitute into y y mix 24,1

Equation of a Normal to Curve

a
To determine theequation of a normal to a curve we perform the samestepsfor
tangent to a curve withthe exception ofthe gradient nowbeingthe perpendicular
gradient and theequation of thenormal can bewritten as y y meal sail

Stationary Points
Stationarypoints of a function are points where the gradientis equal to o In
other words thefollowingconditionis satisfied 0

Nature of Stationary Points

There are threetypes of stationarypoints
1 Minimumturningpoint 2 Maximumturningpoint 3 Pointof Inflexion
To determine the nature we use one of the followingmethods
1 2nd Differential Method
1a 1b
Ruk

so it implies a minimumvalue or minimumturningpoint

stationary

x stationary
0 it implies a maximumvalue or maximum
turningpoint

2 Change of
Sign Method
Refer to notebook for example

a 0.3 minimum
ve o ve
31 3 is a minimum turning pt

General Change of SignPatterns

1 3 Point of Inflexion
finimus 0

2 4 Point of Inflexion
Meaning_ o
 Integration
The integral of a function floc with respect to x is denoted
by

floc do

Son do c

5 3 do
eg
1 c

2 Scantosh do aint case bint t

3
eg 121s n don 213 1 1231 4 to

8 22 4

12315 L

3 a do anti

a constant

eg f 2 do 2x 1

For indefinite integrals ensure to put to

Finding the equation of a curve
To findthe equation of a curve moats in general y fall we
y or
integrate 8h In other words

da
y

Definite Integrals
Definite integrals involves limits and as a result it is defined as follows

fitlowerElimitI constantvalve
Area Under a Curve
The area under a curve y fax are shownbelow
y

y f la

x
x a 0 6

The area under a curve is defined as follows

Area fans dic

Volume of Revolution
y

The volume of revolution of a funition y food as shown above 36

aboutthe x axis is given by

Vsc it by do

Area Formed Between Two Curves

y
Fca

a 6
gcse
The shaded region above shows the area between the two functionsfascs
and glois within theinterval a andb This area is alwaysialculated as
follows
Area Areatop here Are Bottom lurve

Area guns dic food doc

 Volume of Revolution Between Two Curves
Thevolume of revolution between two curves flocs and gises as shown
below about the x axis is givenby
y
gal
fol

x
a b

Vs ttcfaisst.dos itflgioys2 de

Differentiation Integration
Sino cosoc fcosk.dk sinkt

I l loss sink f sina.de cost

tansad sectocllissioil fsechoa.dk tense c