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Biostatistics_Pharmacy_Notes

The document provides an overview of biostatistics, emphasizing its application in biological and health sciences, particularly in drug research and clinical trials. It covers types of data, data presentation methods, measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability basics, hypothesis testing, common statistical tests, and their applications in pharmacy. Key concepts include the importance of statistical methods in clinical trials, bioequivalence studies, and epidemiological research.

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2 views

Biostatistics_Pharmacy_Notes

The document provides an overview of biostatistics, emphasizing its application in biological and health sciences, particularly in drug research and clinical trials. It covers types of data, data presentation methods, measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability basics, hypothesis testing, common statistical tests, and their applications in pharmacy. Key concepts include the importance of statistical methods in clinical trials, bioequivalence studies, and epidemiological research.

Uploaded by

suhasesakshi12
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biostatistics - Pharmacy (1 Unit) Notes

1. Introduction to Biostatistics

Definition: Application of statistics to biological and health sciences.

Importance: Helps in drug research, clinical trials, epidemiological studies, and evidence-based

medicine.

2. Types of Data

Qualitative (Categorical):

- Nominal: Categories without order (e.g., gender, blood type).

- Ordinal: Categories with a meaningful order (e.g., pain scale).

Quantitative (Numerical):

- Discrete: Countable values (e.g., number of patients).

- Continuous: Measurable values (e.g., weight, height).

3. Data Presentation

Tables: Frequency distribution.

Graphs/Charts:

- Bar chart, Pie chart for categorical data.

- Histogram, Line graph for numerical data.

4. Measures of Central Tendency

Mean: Average.

Median: Middle value.

Mode: Most frequent value.

5. Measures of Dispersion

Range: Difference between max and min.

Variance: Average squared deviation from the mean.

Standard Deviation (SD): Square root of variance.


6. Probability Basics

Definition: Likelihood of an event occurring.

Rules: Addition and multiplication rules.

Distributions:

- Normal Distribution: Bell-shaped curve.

- Binomial Distribution: Discrete events with two outcomes.

- Poisson Distribution: Rare events over time or space.

7. Hypothesis Testing

Null Hypothesis (H0): No effect or difference.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is an effect or difference.

p-value: Probability of obtaining observed results under H0.

Significance Level (): Commonly 0.05.

8. Types of Errors

Type I Error (): Rejecting H0 when it's true.

Type II Error (): Accepting H0 when it's false.

9. Common Statistical Tests

t-test: Compares means (independent or paired).

Chi-square test: Compares categorical variables.

ANOVA: Compares means of more than two groups.

Correlation & Regression: Relationship between variables.

10. Application in Pharmacy

Clinical Trials: Phases, blinding, randomization.

Bioequivalence Studies: Comparison of generic and brand drugs.

Epidemiological Studies: Cohort, case-control, cross-sectional.

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