1.

In the late 1800s, the esteemed physicist James Clerk Maxwell formulated the fundamental equations
of electromagnetism, which unified previously disparate phenomena under a single theoretical
framework. Because these equations succinctly described the behavior of electric and magnetic fields,
they were quickly embraced and __________ adopted: by the early 20th century, they had become the
cornerstone of classical electrodynamics.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) inadvertently

B) cautiously

C) ubiquitously

D) sporadically

2.
When renowned Italian physicist Enrico Fermi presented his groundbreaking theory on beta decay in
1934, many contemporaneous scientists swiftly _______ his propositions as revolutionary; this
acknowledgment was largely due to his elucidation of the weak interaction, which had profound
implications for particle physics.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) embraced
B) circumvented
C) renounced
D) trivialized

3.
The chefs at the renowned Le Cordon Bleu culinary school in Paris, France, customarily _______ the
classical French cooking techniques that have been meticulously refined over centuries, but they don’t
adhere to every old method; for instance, they now employ modern sous-vide equipment instead of
traditional open-flame grills to achieve precise temperature control.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) transcend

B) comply with

C) innovate upon

D) contend with

4.
Recent findings published by Dr. Hana Liu and Dr. Marcus Ruiz highlight an intriguing phenomenon.
Despite extensive investigations into the impact of high humidity on respiratory health, there is a
________ research regarding the effects of extremely dry environments on the same aspect, particularly
in desert regions like the Mojave and Sahara.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) controversy over
B) dearth of
C) profusion of
D) verisimilitude in

5.
It is tempting to treat the clustering of technology companies in Silicon Valley, California, as
representative of innovation hubs generally, but Elena Vázquez et al. caution against ______ this one
instance: the availability of venture capital, a significant factor in this area, was mostly missing from
other regions attempting to emulate its success.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) convening with
B) extrapolating from
C) corroborating
D) scrutinizing

6.
The following text is from a 2023 article titled "Cityscape Shadows." The narrative focuses on the daily
life of urban dwellers.

The bustling city streets were filled with a cacophony of sounds; vendors hawking their wares, cars
honking impatiently, and the rhythmic footsteps of pedestrians. Amidst this urban symphony, Amelia
stood at the edge of the sidewalk, her eyes scanning the towering skyscrapers. She clutched a small
bouquet of flowers, a gift for her old friend whom she hadn’t seen in years. The late afternoon sun cast
long shadows, creating a stark contrast between the illuminated streets and the dark alleys. The
anticipation of the reunion brought a rare smile to Amelia's face, as she watched the city in its
perpetual motion, knowing that soon, a familiar face would emerge from the crowd.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To elucidate the anxieties associated with city living

B) To portray the dynamic interplay between light and shadow in an urban environment
C) To juxtapose the ceaseless activity of the city with the quiet anticipation of a personal reunion
D) To illustrate the transformation of the city's landscape over the years
7.
Marine biologists assert that the Great Barrier Reef will ultimately experience significant bleaching
events due to rising ocean temperatures. They are considerably less certain, however, about the
precise timing of these events, as this is influenced by numerous complex oceanic variables
that remain largely uncharted. Oceanographer Dr. Eliza Merton and her team recently explored
whether satellite imagery could provide insights into the reef's health but concluded that this
technology could not adequately discern the reef's intricate biological processes to allow for accurate
predictions.

Which choice best describes the function of the second sentence in the overall structure of the text?

A) It elucidates how Dr. Merton and her team's work was perceived by the scientific community.

B) It articulates the primary discovery reported by Dr. Merton and her team.

C) It explicates a significant limitation of the approach employed by Dr. Merton and her team.

D) It delineates the issue that Dr. Merton and her team endeavored to address but could not resolve.

8.
Citing the benefits of immersion in natural environments, landscape architects Anna Holzer and Leo
Schmidt designed an urban park in Germany to prioritize wild, untamed greenery over manicured
lawns. The park features dense thickets, uneven terrain, and winding trails that seemingly lead to
nowhere. The result is disorienting yet refreshing: after several months of frequent visits, urban planner
Michael Krauss noted significant improvements in mental well-being.

Question:

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A) Although spending time in a park characterized by untamed nature such as the one designed by
Holzer and Schmidt can be refreshing, it is not feasible for everyone.
B) Designing parks with wild, unmanicured landscapes like those in the Holzer and Schmidt park is the
most effective method to enhance mental health.
C) As an urban planner, Krauss has long advocated for the designs of landscape architects like Holzer
and Schmidt.
D) Although unconventional, the design of the urban park by Holzer and Schmidt may improve the
mental health of its visitors.

9.
Given that ancient civilizations often developed similar technologies independently, some historians
have proposed that cultures in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley shared a common set of basic
innovations. This theory is also corroborated by evidence that they constructed similar architectural
structures, despite vast geographical distances.

Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine the historians' hypothesis?

A) Early Mesopotamian societies developed advanced irrigation systems that were later found to have
similarities with those in the Indus Valley.

B) A recently discovered civilization is found to have utilized a unique architectural design not seen in
any other ancient society.

C) Archaeological evidence reveals that the construction techniques used in the Indus Valley were
significantly different from those in Mesopotamia.

D) The method used to date the construction of ancient structures is found to be less reliable when
applied to different civilizations.

10.
In the nineteenth century, anthropologists undertook extensive studies to document the traditions of
the Polynesian islands, but there was considerable debate about the origins of these traditions.
Scholars such as Wilhelm von Humboldt asserted that Polynesian culture was primarily influenced by
early Southeast Asian civilizations due to historical maritime connections. Conversely, researchers like
Te Rangi Hīroa posited that while Southeast Asian influence was present, Polynesian culture was
fundamentally shaped by indigenous developments and intra-island exchanges.

Question:

Which discovery, if true, would most directly support Hīroa's argument?

A) The cultural artifacts that the anthropologists found included numerous motifs characteristic of
Southeast Asian artistry.
B) The majority of cultural practices observed by anthropologists were previously undocumented in
Southeast Asian records.
C) Many of the traditions documented by anthropologists exhibited only slight variations from island to
island.
D) The traditions recorded by anthropologists comprised elaborate oral histories recounting events from
the recent past.

11.
The honeybee dance, often referred to as the waggle dance, is a remarkable form of communication
used by foraging honeybees to convey information about the location of food sources to their
nestmates. This dance language was first decoded by Austrian ethologist and Nobel laureate Karl von
Frisch in the mid-20th century. The dance comprises specific movements and vibrations that provide
information about the direction and distance of the food source. An entomologist, Dr. Maria Alvarez,
claims that the honeybee dance is a sophisticated form of animal communication, rivaling aspects of
human language in its capacity to convey detailed information. She argues that through this dance,
honeybees are able to efficiently share geographically relevant information with members of their hive,
enabling the colony to mobilize and forage in a coordinated manner.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support Dr. Maria Alvarez’s claim that the honeybee dance is
a sophisticated form of animal communication?

Options:
A) Honeybees are social insects that live in large colonies with a complex division of labor, where
foragers, workers, and drones all perform specific tasks to maintain the colony’s functioning.

B) The honeybee dance has been decoded by scientists, who discovered that the angle of the dance
relative to gravity indicates the direction of the food source, while the duration of the dance indicates
the distance.

C) Honeybees have a remarkable ability to learn and remember the locations of multiple food sources,
allowing them to optimize their foraging efforts and maximize the resources available to the colony.

D) The honeybee dance is not unique to one species of honeybee but has been observed in multiple
species across the world, suggesting that it is a highly adaptive and efficient form of communication.
12.
The following text is adapted from Ella Wheeler Wilcox's 1883 poem "Solitude."

Laugh, and the world laughs with you;

Weep, and you weep alone;
For the sad old earth must borrow its mirth,
But has trouble enough of its own.
Sing, and the hills will answer;
Sigh, it is lost on the air;
The echoes bound to a joyful sound,
But shrink from voicing care.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined section in the context of the poem as a
whole?

A. It acknowledges happiness as the core human emotion experienced in nature.

B. It understates the shared resonance of joy and its ubiquity in nature.
C. It delineates the world's inclination to engage in collective joy rather than shared sorrow.
D. It reinforces the speaker's conviction in the resounding nature of joy and sorrow.

13.
Although they represent only a small portion of the attendees at academic conferences, expert
panelists often wield a disproportionate influence over the audience's perceptions. One plausible
explanation for this imbalance could be that these panelists possess a deep understanding of complex
topics, and their mastery of the material could ______.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) inspire the audience to pursue further education in the field.

B) enhance the panelists' credibility and sway the audience's opinions.
C) lead the audience to question the validity of the expert panelists.
D) create a demand for more accessible conference topics.

14.
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are intense emissions of gamma rays, believed to be the result of massive
star explosions or collisions of neutron stars. Some GRBs are thought to have occurred in the early
universe, within the first few billion years after the Big Bang. Researchers, including Dr. Alice Kim and
Dr. Raj Patel, have used advanced simulations to suggest that these early GRBs could have formed
under conditions without requiring extreme levels of radiation or other highly improbable factors that
early models of GRBs proposed. If this conclusion is correct, it implies that ______.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) future models of GRB formation may not have the necessity to include aspects that account for early
GRBs since those GRBs may not have existed in the first place.
B) future models of GRB formation might not need to account for extreme conditions that were
previously deemed necessary.
C) elements that earlier models of the early universe considered essential for GRB formation might
actually have been the result of GRBs.
D) prior models of GRB formation might have underestimated the significance of radiation levels in the
early universe.

15.

Many animated films in a language other than English grow to be financially successful over the course
of their time in movie theaters in the United States, but some become immediate successes in their
opening weekends. A journalist claims that a film's reception can greatly influence its long-term
success. Indications that the film is of high quality, such as an Oscar nomination, can dramatically
boost public interest in the film and thus its overall earnings, even with a relatively modest opening
weekend performance.

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the journalist's claim?

A) Your Name earned more in its opening weekend and more overall than The Boy and the Beast.
B) The Triplets of Belleville had a better opening weekend and higher lifetime earnings than The Boy
and the Beast, and it was recognized by the Oscars.
C) Spirited Away, which was recognized by the Oscars, had a smaller opening weekend than Your Name
but earned more overall.
D) The Boy and the Beast earned less in its opening weekend and overall than The Triplets of Belleville.

16.
Indigenous traditions can be repositories of ecological knowledge, from Maori chants about the
environment to Native American stories about animal behaviors. The Hopi people, for example, have
songs that describe techniques for creating terraced fields to promote the growth of maize, a staple in
their diet. These methods have been used for centuries and have been shown to increase soil fertility
and crop yields. Notably, analysis of historical agricultural records reveals a significant increase in
maize size and productivity as these farming practices became more widespread—a finding that
supports the idea that ______.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) contemporary Hopi people have, for the most part, adhered to the farming practices described in the
songs.
B) the practical techniques described in the Hopi songs effectively maintained maize as a reliable food
source.
C) the Hopi people initially adopted their farming techniques from similar methods observed among
other indigenous peoples in nearby regions.
D) the Hopi people encouraged the health of their crops and reduced pressure on them by periodically
rotating their fields.

17.
In his monumental painting Ocean-Dream, painter John Doe incorporated elements from his upbringing
in Hawaii. For instance, the painting's vivid colors are influenced by the tropical sunsets _____.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) Doe would witness in his hometown?

B) would Doe witness in his hometown?

C) would Doe witness in his hometown.

D) Doe would witness in his hometown.

18.
By examining the concentration of specific isotopes in a rock sample, geologists can determine the age
of the rock with great accuracy. When such isotopes are absent, geologists rely on _____ study of the
rock’s mineral composition—to infer the age of the rock based on the composition.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) mineralogy—the

B) mineralogy, the

C) mineralogy: the

D) mineralogy (the

19.
As a functional programming language, Haskell is utilized by developers like QuickCheck co-creator
Koen Claessen _____ applications by leveraging “functions” (that is, specifically defined operations or
combinations of operations) to work with each other. In contrast, COBOL, employed in business and
administrative systems, is not a functional programming language.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) build

B) to build

C) built

D) is building

20.
Leonardo da Vinci, an Italian Renaissance artist whose paintings are noted for their detailed yet
idealized figures, _____ often featured in the sixteenth-century art movement the High Renaissance,
whose artists were celebrated for their depictions of religious and mythological themes.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) have been

B) are

C) were

D) is

21.
Many of the villages and _____ are referred to by monikers that highlight one of their notable
characteristics, such as geography, weather, notable inhabitants, or main products. For instance, the
Hawaiian town of Kailua has been dubbed "the Beach Town of Hawaii," a nickname that hints at what
the area is famous for: the beautiful beaches that encircle it.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) hamlets, that scatter across the island of Hawaii,

B) hamlets that scatter across the island of Hawaii

C) hamlets that scatter across the island of Hawaii,

D) hamlets, that scatter across the island of Hawaii

22.
Starlight is a 2000 painting by the American artist Jane Doe. Like many of Doe's paintings, Starlight,
which depicts a dancer twirling under a night sky, tries to encompass the full range of celestial light
_____ wearing star-patterned attire, the dancer glides through a field of shimmering starlight.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) spectrum while

B) spectrum, while

C) spectrum:

D) spectrum

23.
The 19th century witnessed the creation of numerous women's rights _____ to defend and promote the
rights of women, both the National Woman Suffrage Association (1869) and the American Woman
Suffrage Association (1869) played a significant role in the history of women's civil rights.

Paraphrased Question:
Which option completes the sentence according to Standard English conventions?

A) organizations and founded

B) organizations founded

C) organizations, founded

D) organizations. Founded

24.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Oranges are fruits that contain citric acid, an important nutrient for humans.
 There is 53 milligrams (mg) of citric acid in every 100 grams (g) of oranges.
 Lemons are fruits that contain citric acid.
 There is 48 mg of citric acid in every 100 g of lemons.
 Humans cannot produce citric acid in their bodies, so they must obtain it from foods, including
fruits.
 Citric acid is also known for its antioxidant properties.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between oranges and lemons. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Humans cannot produce citric acid in their bodies, so they must get this essential nutrient from
fruits, such as oranges.
B) Just like vegetables, fruits are a food that humans can eat to get citric acid, which has antioxidant
properties.
C) Lemons are fruits that contain citric acid; in fact, there is 48 mg of it in every 100 g of lemons.
D) One thing that oranges and lemons have in common is that they both contain citric acid.

25.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 In 2020, researchers discovered hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean.
 A hydrothermal vent is a fissure on the seafloor that releases geothermally heated water.
 The water released from hydrothermal vents is rich in minerals and extremely hot, often
exceeding 350°C.
 The extreme temperature and chemical composition of this water make it inhospitable to most
marine life.
 Some extremophiles, such as certain bacteria and archaea, are able to thrive in hydrothermal
vent environments.

The student wants to explain why hydrothermal vents are inhospitable to most marine life. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean were discovered by researchers in 2020.
B) The water in hydrothermal vents is inhospitable to most marine life due to its extreme temperature.
C) Though hydrothermal vents are inhospitable to most marine life, some extremophiles can survive
there.
D) Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the seafloor that release geothermally heated water.

26.
 Physics primarily deals with the study of matter and energy.
 Marie Curie was a Polish-born physicist born in 1867.
 She is renowned for her research on radioactivity.
 Chemistry primarily focuses on the study of substances and their interactions.
 Dorothy Hodgkin was a British chemist born in 1910.
 She is known for her research on the structure of biomolecules.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize a similarity
between Curie and Hodgkin?

A) The physicist Marie Curie was born in 1867, while the chemist Dorothy Hodgkin was born much later,
in 1910. B) Physics and chemistry are just two examples of the many fields in which scientists can
specialize.
C) Marie Curie conducted research on radioactivity; Dorothy Hodgkin, by contrast, is known for her
research on biomolecular structures.
D) Like physicist Marie Curie, chemist Dorothy Hodgkin dedicated her scientific career to pioneering
research in their respective fields.

27.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Gymnoderma lineare is a lichen species.
 It was believed to be extinct until a living specimen was identified in Japan in 2009.
 Tayassu pecari is a mammal species.
 It was believed to be extinct until a living specimen was identified in Brazil in 1898.
 They are considered Lazarus species.
 "Lazarus species" is a term for living species of organisms that were once believed to be extinct.

The student wants to specify where Gymnoderma lineare was identified. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) In 1898, a living specimen of Tayassu pecari was found in Brazil.

B) Previously believed to be extinct, a living specimen of Gymnoderma lineare was identified in Japan.
C) A living specimen of Gymnoderma lineare, once believed to be extinct, was identified in 2009.
D) Examples of Lazarus species can be found in Gymnoderma lineare as well as Tayassu pecari.