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The document discusses the FPGA implementation of a three-operand binary adder using the Kogge-Stone adder architecture, which enhances computational efficiency and speed. It highlights the limitations of traditional adders and the advantages of parallel prefix adders, particularly in high-performance applications. The results indicate significant improvements in addition operations with low propagation delays and scalability for larger operand sizes.

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Chetan Cherry
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3 views

Final Presentation

The document discusses the FPGA implementation of a three-operand binary adder using the Kogge-Stone adder architecture, which enhances computational efficiency and speed. It highlights the limitations of traditional adders and the advantages of parallel prefix adders, particularly in high-performance applications. The results indicate significant improvements in addition operations with low propagation delays and scalability for larger operand sizes.

Uploaded by

Chetan Cherry
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FPGA IMPLEMENTATION

OF THREE OPERAND
BINARY ADDER
GROUP MEMBERS:
GUIDE NAME: DR.MD.MASOOD AHMAD

BATCH – 04
G.DEEKSHITHA – HU21EECE0100203
M. MEGHANA – HU21EECE0100224
G. HARI GOUTHAM – HU21EECE0100127
INTRODUCTION
The three-operand binary adder is a critical component in various digital signal processing and
computational applications, where the addition of multiple numbers is required efficiently.
Traditional adders can struggle with carry propagation delays, making them less suitable for high-
speed operations. To address this, the Kogge-Stone adder, a type of parallel prefix adder, is
employed in this project. The Kogge-Stone adder is designed to minimize carry propagation time
by using a parallel prefix structure that splits the carry computation into smaller, parallelizable
operations. This project aims to showcase the advantages of integrating such architectures into
FPGA implementation.
BINARY ADDERS:
A binary adder is a fundamental digital circuit used to perform arithmetic addition on binary
numbers. It is an essential component in processors and arithmetic logic units (ALUs) that handle
computations in various digital systems. In binary addition, numbers are represented in base-2,
where each digit, or bit, can be either 0 or 1. The addition process follows simple rules: 0 + 0
results in 0, 1 + 0 or 0 + 1 results in 1, and 1 + 1 yields a sum of 0 with a carry of 1 to the next
higher bit position.
Each bit position in a binary adder generates two outputs: a sum, which is the immediate result,
and a carry, which is any overflow that needs to be passed on to the next bit. Managing carry
propagation is critical in multi-bit adders, as delays in carry computation can significantly impact
the speed of the entire system. This challenge grows as the number of bits increases, influencing
the adder’s performance and the efficiency of digital circuits.
TYPES OF ADDERS
1. Half Adder:
•Definition: A half adder is the simplest type of adder, capable of adding two single-bit binary
numbers (A and B).
•Outputs: Produces a sum and a carry. The sum is obtained using an XOR gate, and the carry is
generated using an AND gate.
•Application: Used as a building block for more complex adders.
2. Full Adder:
•Definition: A full adder builds upon the half adder by adding three bits: two input bits (A and B) and a
carry-in (Cin) from a previous stage.
•Outputs: Produces a sum (using XOR operations) and a carry-out (using a combination of AND and OR
gates). This allows for cascading to create multi-bit adders.
•Significance: Essential for constructing multi-bit binary adders and is a key part of complex addition
circuits.
3. Ripple Carry Adder (RCA):
•Definition: An extension of the full adder, where multiple full adders are connected in series to add multi-bit
binary numbers.
•Characteristics: The carry-out from each full adder is passed to the next, creating a “ripple” effect.
•Drawback: The propagation delay increases linearly with the number of bits, making it less efficient for
high bit-width additions.
4. Carry Look-Ahead Adder (CLA):
•Definition: A more sophisticated adder that reduces the carry propagation delay by precomputing
the carry for each bit position.
•Operation: Uses generate (G) and propagate (P) logic to calculate the carry independently of
previous stages.
•Advantages: Faster than a ripple carry adder, especially for higher bit-widths, but more complex
and requires more hardware.
•Limitation: Hardware complexity increases significantly with larger bit sizes, leading to potential
fan-out issues.
NEED FOR PARALLEL OREFIX ADDERS:
As digital systems advance, the need for fast, efficient arithmetic operations grows. Traditional
adders face limitations that impact performance:
•Ripple Carry Adders (RCA): Suffer from linear carry propagation delay, making them
inefficient for large bit-widths.
•Carry Look-Ahead Adders (CLA): Reduce delay but become complex and face fan-out issues
as bit size increases.
Solution: Parallel Prefix Adders (PPAs)
•Advantages:
• Logarithmic Delay: Carry bits are computed in parallel, reducing delay to O(log2n).
• Scalability: Ideal for high bit-widths without the complexity and delay of CLAs.
•Applications: Used in high-performance computing, real-time DSP, and cryptography for fast,
reliable addition.
KOGGE STONE adder
Overview: The Kogge-Stone adder (KSA) is a type of parallel prefix adder known for its high-
speed performance due to efficient carry computation. It is widely used in high-performance
computing systems where rapid addition is essential.
Key Features:
•Parallel Prefix Structure: Carries are computed in parallel using a tree-like structure,
significantly reducing propagation delay.
•Low Fan-Out: Each stage has minimal fan-out, enhancing performance in modern CMOS
technology.
•Logarithmic Delay: Achieves a delay of O(log2n), making it suitable for large bit-width
additions.
THREE OPERAND BINARY ADDER
A three-operand binary adder is a crucial digital circuit that facilitates
the addition of three binary numbers simultaneously. Unlike
traditional two-operand adders, which typically combine two inputs
to produce a sum and a carry-out, a three-operand adder handles three
inputs, enhancing computational capabilities in various applications,
such as arithmetic logic units (ALUs) and digital signal processing.
ARCHITECTURE:
METHODOLOGY:
Stage-1: Bit Addition Logic: Stage-3: PG (Generate and Propagate)
Logic:
S i = ai ⊕bi ⊕ci,
cyi = ai ·bi +bi ·ci +ci ·ai Gi:j = Gi:k + Pi:k · Gk−1:j,

Stage-2: Base Logic: Pi:j = Pi:k · Pk−1:j

Gi:i = Gi = Si ·cyi−1, Stage-4: Sum Logic:


G0:0 = G0 = S0 ·Cin
Si = (Pi ⊕Gi−1:0),
Pi:i = Pi = Si ⊕cyi−1,
S0 = P0,
P0:0 = P0 = S0 ⊕Cin
Cout = Gn:0
KOGGE STONE TREE STRUCTURE:
RESULTS AND SIMULATION
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
TABLE:
Bit Width Delay (ns) Area (LUTs) Power (mW)
4-bit 1.2 20 0.5
8-bit 2.1 40 1.0
16-bit 3.5 80 1.8
32-bit 6.8 160 3.5
64-bit 12.5 320 7.0
CONCLUSION:
The FPGA implementation of the three-operand binary adder using the Kogge-Stone adder
architecture has demonstrated significant advancements in computational efficiency and speed in
binary addition operations. By leveraging the parallel prefix computation inherent in the Kogge-
Stone adder, we achieved a rapid addition process that is crucial for high-performance
applications.
This implementation effectively handles three operand inputs, producing accurate 5-bit output
sums while maintaining a low propagation delay. The scalability of the Kogge-Stone architecture
allows for potential adaptations to larger operand sizes without significant redesign efforts,
making it a versatile choice for future digital systems.

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