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APUSH Exam Notes

Before European arrival, diverse Native American societies thrived across the continent, utilizing various lifestyles and trading networks. The arrival of Europeans, particularly Spain and Portugal, led to significant changes in trade, agriculture, and social structures, including the establishment of the encomienda system and the Casta system. The Columbian Exchange facilitated the transfer of goods, people, and diseases, resulting in profound societal and economic shifts in both Europe and the Americas.

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APUSH Exam Notes

Before European arrival, diverse Native American societies thrived across the continent, utilizing various lifestyles and trading networks. The arrival of Europeans, particularly Spain and Portugal, led to significant changes in trade, agriculture, and social structures, including the establishment of the encomienda system and the Casta system. The Columbian Exchange facilitated the transfer of goods, people, and diseases, resulting in profound societal and economic shifts in both Europe and the Americas.

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phoebenkrowitz
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Unit 1: (1491 - 1607)

Before European arrival:


-​ Natives of the American continent were a diverse people that
had diverse societies (based on their environment)
-​ Coastal Regions → constructed fishing villages
-​ Hunter gatherers (nomadic lifestyles)
-​ Utilized vast trading networks from South America
through North America

Modern day Utah and Colorado: Pueblo people → farmers


-​ Planted and harvested crops: beans, squash, & corn/maize
-​ Used advanced irrigation systems for dry farmland

Modern day Colorado to Canada:


-​ nomadic/hunter gatherers
-​ Ute people

Northwest Coast:
-​ Natives developed permanent settlements → abundance of fish
and diversity of plant life
-​ California: Chumash people

Pacific Northwest:
-​ Chinook people
-​ Built homes for families

Northest:
-​ Iroquois people → farmers who planted crops
-​ Built longhouses from timber
Mississippi River Valley:
-​ Farmers
-​ Cahokia people (10,000 - 30,000 people)
-​ Had a centralized govt led by powerful chieftains

From 1300s to 1400s European Kingdoms were changing significantly


-​ Political unification + developing stronger/more centralized
states governed by monarchs
-​ Upper class developed a taste for luxury goods in Asia
-​ Problem: Muslims controlled the europe based trading
routes stretching from Europe to Asia
-​ Europeans were unable to establish trade with those
regions on their own terms so they decided to seek
out sea-based trade routes

Portugal established a series of trading posts around Africa →


Trading Post Empire
-​ Used new and old technologies → updated astronomical
charge, astrolabe, new ship designs for better performance

Spain joined maritime trade after seeing Portugal’s success


-​ Finished the reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from the
north african muslim wars
-​ Consequences:
-​ Desire to spread catholic christianity
-​ Seek new economic opportunities in the east
Christopher Columbus (Italian sailor)
-​ Showed up to the spanish court of Ferdinand and Isabella
-​ Seeked sponsorship to sail west to find wealth in Asian
markets
-​ Sailed in 1492
-​ Landed in the caribbean → found wealth
-​ Spain started hearing about the hidden wealth of
the new world
-​ Create competition among European countries
over exploring these lands
-​ Columbian Exchange: the transfer of people, animals,
plants, and diseases from the East to the West and from
the West to the East
-​ Americas to Europe:
-​ Food: potatoes, tomatoes, and maize
-​ Animals: turkeys
-​ Gold and silver
-​ Diseases: syphilis
-​ Europe to Americas:
-​ Food: wheat, rice, and soybeans
-​ Animals: Cattle, pigs, horses
-​ Made permanent homes in the Americas +
introduced enslaved africans to the continents
-​ Diseases: smallpox

Wealth from Americas to Europe consequences


-​ Societal and economic shift in european states
-​ Used to be organized by Feudalism (peasants lived and
worked on a noble’s land in exchange for protection)
-​ Shifted to a more capitalistic system (economic
system based on private ownership and free
exchange)
-​ Rise of joint-stock companies (a limited liability
organization in which a plurality of investors
pool their money to fund a venture) to fund
exploration

First major european country in colonizing in the Americas → Spain


-​ Used agriculture to gain wealth
-​ Used the encomienda system
-​ An economic system where natives were forced to work
on plantations and extract gold and silver in other
locations
-​ Was beneficial but had some problems:
-​ Had trouble controlling the natives
-​ Natives kept dying from diseases (smallpox)
-​ Introduced Africans to work the
plantations instead

Spain reworked the social society in the new world


-​ Introduced the Casta system → categorized people based on
their racial ancestry
-​ Peninsulares: spaniards born in spain
-​ Criollos: spaniards born in the americas
-​ Castas:
-​ Mestizos: born of spanish and native american blood
-​ Mulattos: born of spanish and african blood
-​ Africans
-​ Native Americans

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