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ANAPHY-CELL

Cells are the fundamental units of life, with the human body containing 50 to 100 trillion cells. The document outlines the structure and function of cells, including the nucleus, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm, as well as various organelles and their roles. It also discusses cell diversity, highlighting the different types and functions of cells in the human body.

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8 views

ANAPHY-CELL

Cells are the fundamental units of life, with the human body containing 50 to 100 trillion cells. The document outlines the structure and function of cells, including the nucleus, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm, as well as various organelles and their roles. It also discusses cell diversity, highlighting the different types and functions of cells in the human body.

Uploaded by

querubinaltheanicole
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Part I: Cells
 Cells are the structural units of all living things
o The human body has 50 to 100 trillion cells

Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life


• The Cell Theory
1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
2. The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells
3. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their
structure (anatomy) which determines their function (physiology)
Continuity of life has a cellular basis

Most cells are composed of four elements:


1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
4. Nitrogen
• Cells are about 60% water

Anatomy of Generalized Cell


• in general, a cell has three main regions of parts:
1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Plasma membrane

The Nucleus
 Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material known as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA
o DNA is needed for building proteins
o DNA is necessary for cell reproduction
Three regions:
1. Nuclear envelope (membrane)
2. Nucleolus
3. Chromatin

Nuclear envelope (membrane)


•Consists of a double membrane that bounds the nucleus
•Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
•Encloses the jellylike fluid called the nucleoplasm

Nucleolus
 Nucleus contains one or more dark-staining nucleoli
 Sites of ribosome assembly
o Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores to serve as the site of protein synthesis

Chromatin
o Composed of DNA wound around histones (proteins)
o Scattered throughout the nucleus and present when the cell is not dividing
o Condenses to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes when the cell divides

The Plasma Membrane


o Transparent barrier for cell contents
o Contains cell contents
o Separates cell contents from surrounding environment
o Fluid mosaic model is constructed of:
o Two layers of phospholipids arranged "tail to tail"
 Cholesterol and proteins scattered among the phospholipids
 Sugar groups may be attached to the phospholipids, forming glycolipids

o Phospholipid arrangement in the plasma membrane


o Hydrophilic ("water loving") polar "heads" are oriented on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane
o Hydrophobic ("water fearing") nopolar "tails" form the center (interior) of the membrane
o This interior makes the plasma membrane relatively impermeable to most water-soluble molecules

Role of proteins
Responsible for specialized membrane functions:
o Enzymes
o Receptors for hormones or other chemical messengers
o Transport as channels or carriers

Role of sugars
o Glycoproteins are branched sugars attached to proteins that abut the extracellular space
o Glycocalyx is the fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on t cell's surface

Cell membrane junctions


 Cells are bound together in three ways:
1. Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an adhesive or cellular glue
2. Wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells fit together in a tongue-and-groove fashion
3. Special cell membrane junctions are formed, which vary structurally depending on their roles

Main types of cell junctions


Tight junctions
•Impermeable junctions
•Bind cells together into leakproof sheets
•Plasma membranes fuse like a zipper to prevent substances from passing through extracellular space between
cells
o Main types of cell junctions (continued)
Desmosomes
 Anchoring junctions, like rivets, that prevent cells from being pulled apart as a result of mechanical stress
o Created by buttonlike thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes
 Main types of cell junctions (continued)
Gap junctions (communicating junctions)
o Allow communication between cells
o Hollow cylinders of proteins (connexons) span the width of the abutting membranes
o Molecules can travel directly from one cell to the next through these channels

The Cytoplasm
o The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
o Site of most cellular activities
o Includes cytosol, inclusions, and organelles
• Three major component of the cytoplasm
1. Cytosol: Fluid that suspends other elements and contains nutrients and electrolytes
2. Inclusions: Chemical substances, such as stored nutrients or cell products, that float in the cytosol
3. Organelles: Metabolic machinery of the cell that perform functions for the cell
Many are membrane-bound, allowing for compartmentalization of their functions

Mitochondria
o "Powerhouses" of the cell
 Mitochondrial wall consists of a double membrane with cristae on the inner membrane
 Carry out reactions in which oxygen is used to breal down food into ATP molecules

Ribosomes
o Made of protein and ribosomal RNA
o Sites of protein synthesis in the cell
o Found at two locations:
 Free in the cytoplasm
o As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER))


o Fluid-filled tunnels (or canals) that carry substandes within the cell
o Continuous with the nuclear membrane
Two types:
o Rough ER
o Smooth ER

o Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (continued)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum


o Studded with ribosomes
o Synthesizes proteins
o Transport vesicles move proteins within cell
o Abundant in cells that make and export proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum


o Lacks ribosomes
o Functions in lipid metabolism
o Detoxification of drugs and pesticides

Golgi Apparatus
o Appears as a stack of flattened membranes associated with tiny vesicles
o Modifies and packages proteins arriving from the rough ER via transport vesicles
Produces different types of packages
o Secretory vesicles (pathway 1)
o In-house proteins and lipids (pathway 2)
o Lysosomes (pathway 3)

Lysosomes
•Membranous "bags" that contain digestive enzymes
•Enzymes can digest worn-out or nonusable cell structures
•House phagocytes that dispose of bacteria and cell debris

Peroxisomes
o Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
o Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde
 Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
o Free radicals are converted to hydrogen peroxide ánd then to water
Replicate by pinching in half or budding from-the ER

Cytoskeleton
 Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
 Provides the cell with an internal framework that determines cell shape, supports organelles, and provides
the machinery for intracellular transport
o Three different types of elements form the /toskeleton:
-Microfilaments (smallest)
-Intermediate filaments
-Vicrotubules (largest)

Centrioles
o Rod-shaped bodies made of nine triplets of microtubules
o Generate microtubules
o Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Cell Extensions
 Surface extensions found in some cells
o Cilia move materials across the cell surface
o Located in the respiratory system to move mucus
o Flagella propel the cell
 The only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm
o Microvilli are tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
o Increase surface area for absorption

Cell Diversity
o The human body houses over 200 different cell types
o Cells vary in size, shape, and function
o Cells vary in length from 1/12,000 of an inch to over
1 yard (nerve cells)
o Cell shape reflects its specialized function

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