TABLE OF CONTENTS

LESSON 5.1: Routine Site Safety ................................................................. 3

LESSON 5.2: Job Hazard Analysis................................................................. 9

LESSON 5.3: Accident Investigation................................................................12

LESSON 5.4: Roles of Safety Officer .............................................................13

LESSON 5.5: Toolbox Meeting........................................................................16

LESSON 5.6: Workplace Emergency Preparedness ..................................18

LESSON 5.7: Employee’s Compensation Program...........................................27

REFERENCES.............................................................................................. 29

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 Lesson
5.1 ROUTINE SITE SAFETY

WHAT IS ROUTINE SITE SAFETY?

-These inspections are conducted regularly, often on a predetermined schedule. They aim to identify
and address general safety concerns in the workplace. Routine inspections help maintain an ongoing
commitment to safety and ensure that safety standards are consistently met.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INSPECTION AND AUDIT

WHAT IS INSPECTION?

-It is focuses on area/ actual of an activity. The act of looking at something carefully, or an official
visit to a building or organization to check that everything is correct and legal.

⚫ Frequent
⚫ Repeating
⚫ Large number of inspectors, inspections/year
⚫ Focused/specific
⚫ Often Equipment or area based
⚫ More rigid, often checklist based.

WHAT IS AUDIT?

-Audit is a system, a program you can implement in the company. (Ex. ISO Certification)

⚫ Less frequent
⚫ More Formalized
⚫ Large scale/scope
⚫ Often system or program based
⚫ Structured but allows further investigation and why analysis.

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SAFETY AND HEALTH INSPECTION

Tool in the prevention of accident to locate and report existing and potential unsafe conditions
that, if left uncontrolled, have the capacity to cause accident in the workplace.

Safety and Health Inspection is a central part of most safety, health and environmental protection
programs and that it provides a reliable way for identifying and eliminating conditions that could
contribute to accidents, illness or environmental damages.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH INSPECTION

Labour Inspection: A key element in building a preventive culture on OSH

Labour inspection is a key area of the labour administration system of a country. The aims of labour
inspection are:

• Enforcement of legal provisions relating to conditions of work and the protection of workers
while engaged in their work;
• Provision of technical information and advice to employers and workers concerning the most
effective means of complying with the legal provisions; and
• Identification of defects or abuses not specifically covered by available legal provisions.

Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155)

Article 9

1. The enforcement of laws and regulations concerning occupational safety and health and the
working environment shall be secured by an adequate and appropriate system of inspection.

2. The enforcement system shall provide for adequate penalties for violations of the laws and
regulations.

-An effective inspection system is essential to promote and monitor compliance with OSH
legislation. Enforcement and sanctions are indispensable components of any labour inspection
system, but they should be adequately combined with prevention policies, aimed at helping
employers and workers to avoid or eliminate the risk of occupational accidents and diseases.

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Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81)

Article 9

-Each Member shall take the necessary measures to ensure that duly qualified technical experts and
specialists, including specialists in medicine, engineering, electricity and chemistry, are associated in
the work of inspection, in such manner as may be deemed most appropriate under national conditions,
for the purpose of securing the enforcement of the legal provisions relating to the protection of the
health and safety of workers while engaged in their work and of investigating the effects of processes,
materials and methods of work on the health and safety of workers.

Article 13

1. Labour inspectors shall be empowered to take steps with a view to remedying defects observed in
plant, layout or working methods which they may have reasonable cause to believe constitute a threat to
the health or safety of the workers.

2. In order to enable inspectors to take such steps they shall be empowered, subject to any right of
appeal to a judicial or administrative authority which may be provided by law, to make or to have made
orders requiring--
(a) such alterations to the installation or plant, to be carried out within a specified time limit, as may be
necessary to secure compliance with the legal provisions relating to the health or safety of the workers;
or
(b) measures with immediate executory force in the event of imminent danger to the health or safety of
the workers.

3. Where the procedure prescribed in paragraph 2 is not compatible with the administrative or judicial
practice of the Member, inspectors shall have the right to apply to the competent authority for the issue
of orders or for the initiation of measures with immediate executory force.

REQUIREMENTS

⚫ Sound knowledge of the facility

⚫ Knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and codes.
⚫ Systematic Inspection Steps
⚫ Method or Reporting, Evaluating, and using the data.

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 ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE SAFETY AND HEALTH INSPECTION PROGRAMS

Management Leadership
-Are fully committed to eliminating hazards, protecting workers, and continuously improving
workplace safety and health. It Includes business owners, managers, and supervisors which Make
worker safety and health a core organizational value.

Worker Participation
-Worker participation means that workers are involved in establishing, operating, evaluating, and
improving the safety and health program. All workers at a work site should participate, including those
employed by contractors, subcontractors, and temporary staffing agencies

Hazards Identification and Assessment

-One of the "root causes" of workplace injuries, illnesses, and incidents is the failure to identify or
recognize hazards that are present, or that could have been anticipated. A critical element of any
effective safety and health program is a proactive, ongoing process to identify and assess such hazards.

Hazard Prevention and Control

-Effective controls protect workers from workplace hazards; help avoid injuries, illnesses, and
incidents; minimize or eliminate safety and health risks; and help employers provide workers with safe
and healthful working conditions.

Management Education and Training Program

-Education and training are important tools for informing workers and managers about workplace
hazards and controls so they can work more safely and be more productive.

Evaluation and Improvement

-Once a safety and health program is established, it should be evaluated initially to verify that it is being
implemented as intended. After that, employers should periodically, and at least annually, step back and
assess what is working and what is not, and whether the program is on track to achieve its goals.

Management of Contractors/Staffed Employees.

-In today's economy, an increasing number of workers are assigned by staffing agencies to work at
specific host work-sites under the direction and control of the host employer.

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PURPOSE

1. Enforcement of legal provisions relating to conditions of work and the protection of workers while
engaged in their work.

2. Provision of the technical information and advice to employers and workers concerning the most
effective means of complying with the legal provisions; and

3. Identification of defects or abuses.

TYPES OF INSPECTIONS

⚫ Unplanned inspection- is conducted by employees, supervisors, and maintenance personnel as part

of their job responsibilities.

⚫ Planned inspection – a “real safety & health inspection”

WHO WILL CONDUCT THE SAFETY AND HEALTH INSPECTIONS?

Safety Professionals - are individuals who typically work in the manufacturing, warehousing, or
industrial settings. Their job is to analyze the workplace environment for potential risks, and based on
that information, come up with ways to improve the safety in the facility.

Company or Facility Management- helps ensure the functionality, comfort, safety and efficiency of
buildings and grounds, infrastructure and real estate. Facilities management includes: Lease
management, including lease administration and accounting. Capital project planning and management.
Maintenance and operations.

First-line Supervisors or Foreman- a foreman is usually the front line supervisor of a work group. A
general foreman often supervises a group of foremen. Larger projects might have superintendents and
so on.

Employee- a person who is paid to work for someone else.

Maintenance Personnel- an employee who performs maintenance work incidental to and in connection
with other duties including the repair, maintenance and replacement of existing building systems and
components.

Joint Safety and Health Committees- A joint health and safety committee ( JHSC ) is composed of
worker and employer representatives. Together, they should be mutually committed to improving health
and safety conditions in the workplace.

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QUALIFICATIONS OF A GOOD INSPECTOR

⚫ Knowledge of the organization’s accident experience.

⚫ Familiarity with accident potentials and with the standards that apply to his/her area.
⚫ Ability to make intelligent decisions for corrective actions
⚫ Diplomacy in handling personnel and situations
⚫ Knowledge of the organization’s operations – its work-flow, systems and products.

WHAT TO LOOK FOR?

GENERAL CONDITIONS
⚫ Lighting
⚫ Housekeeping
⚫ Ventilation
⚫ Storage

SPECIFIC HAZARDS
⚫ Tools
⚫ Machinery
⚫ Equipment
⚫ Materials

WORK PRACTICES
⚫ Work Method and Procedures

INSPECTION TOOLS
⚫ Clipboard
⚫ Inspection Forms
⚫ Pencils
⚫ Lock-out, Tag-out Supplies
⚫ Measuring Tape, Ruler
⚫ Flashlight
⚫ Camera
⚫ Tape recorder
⚫ Electrical Testing Equipment
⚫ Sampling Devices (Air, Noise, Light, Temperature)
⚫ Sample Containers
⚫ Calipers, Micrometers
⚫ Special PPE
⚫ Stopwatch

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 Lesson
5.2 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

WHAT IS JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS?

-.The Job Hazard Analysis tool is used to identify how to perform task step-by-step, any hazards
associated with the task and controls to mitigate the hazards. A process that focus on job task as a way
to identify hazards before they result in injury. It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the
task, the tools and equipment, and the environment and identifies control to reduce or eliminate the
hazard.
STEPS IN JHA
Step 1: identify basic steps of a job.
Step 2: Determine Associated Hazards
Step 3: Make recommendations to control the hazards.
Step 4: Monitor, supervise, and evaluate.

USES OF JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

⚫ Create/ improve standard operating procedures.
⚫ Guide in observing employee performance.
⚫ Accident Investigation.
⚫ Safety Inspection.

PRIORITIZING JHA
Job Hazard Analysis should be prioritized when:
⚫ There are high Frequency of accidents.
⚫ The is increase occurrence of near-misses.
⚫ There is history of serious accidents/ fatalities.
⚫ Potential of serious harm.
⚫ New Jobs.
⚫ Changes in Procedure or standards.

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WHO INVOLVED IN JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS?
⚫ Supervisor.
⚫ Employee most familiar with the job.
⚫ Other employees who perform the job.
⚫ Experts or Specialist (Maintenance, occupational, hygienist, ergonomist, engineers).

(Madelo n.d.) JHA STEPS

1. Identify the basic job steps.
-Watch as worker perform the entire job at least once.
-list the individual’s steps.
-Using simple action phrases that are short and to the point.
-Steps should always be numbered to indicate the order.
PROBLEM: Most Common error: describing the Job too much or little detail.
SOLUTION: list the steps in a way that you would instruct someone to do the task.

2. Determine the Hazards- identify all the existing or potential actions or conditions that could lead to
an injury or illness, or harm to the environment.
HAZARD GUIDE
⚫ The physical actions required for that specific step.
⚫ The materials used.
⚫ The equipment used.
⚫ The conditions under which the step is normally performed.

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3. Determine the control measures- Check if there are existing control measures in place, or if there is
need to add more control.

(Madelo n.d) FOUR FACTORS TO IDENTIFY AND CONTROL HAZARDS

⚫ Physical Action
⚫ Material
⚫ Equipment
⚫ Condition

4. Monitor, Supervise, and Evaluate- The need to monitor, supervise, and evaluate the existing JHA is
very important to ensure that all hazards are properly identified and control measures are implemented
accordingly.

EMPLOYEE OBSERVATIONS
⚫ Guide in employee performance observations.
⚫ Allow supervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps.
⚫ Ensures employee is performing steps according to SOP.

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 Lesson
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
5.3

What is an Accident?
- It is an unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned, and unwanted occurrence or event that causes
damages or loss of materials or properties, injury, or death.
INVESTIGATING A WORKSITE INCIDENT

- Investigating a worksite occurrence, such as a fatality, injury, illness, or near call, allows employers
and employees to uncover hazards in their operations as well as deficiencies in their safety and health
programs. Most importantly, it allows employers and employees to identify and take the necessary
corrective actions to avoid future occurrences.

TYPES OF ACCIDENTS / INCIDENTS THAT NEED TO BE INVESTIGATED AND

REPORTED:
1. Fatal Accidents: means an accident that resulted in the death of a person.
2. Accident-causing injury or illness: Any injury that causes minor or first-aid treatment.
3. Dangerous Occurrences: Dangerous occurrences are certain incidents with a high potential to cause
death or serious injury. Those incidents which must be reported by the employer to DOLE Regional
Office.
What is the purpose of accident investigation?
1. To establish all facts
2. To draw a conclusion
3. To make recommendations
4. To prevent recurrence
5. Comply with policies and regulatory requirements
6. Maintain employee awareness

WHO SHOULD CONDUCT AN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Incident investigations are often conducted by a supervisor, but to be most effective, these
investigations should include managers and employees working together, since each brings different
knowledge, understanding, and perspectives to the investigation.

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 Lesson
ROLES OF SAFETY OFFICER
5.4

Roles and Responsibilities of a Safety Officer

A hundred things happen at once in an organization. And each of these activities needs to take place in a
safe environment.
So, it’s crucial to have a person in your company who can recognize what could go wrong, act when
something goes wrong, and be willing to take ownership of the situation.
This is where the role of a safety officer comes in.

Who is a Safety Officer?

The safety officer is an internal employee who is assigned to prevent accidents, respond to emergencies
and evaluate the effectiveness of the company’s safety programs. A safety officer identifies safety
hazards, investigates them thoroughly, and controls them before someone gets hurt.
The safety officer is the ‘head’ of the safety department and, in most organizations, reports to the Chief
Operations Officer. The safety officer also checks if the safety program is working effectively and
efficiently to meet all requirements of the OSHA standards.

What Are the Roles of a Safety Officer in an Organization?

The role of a safety officer can vary from company to company, but they all have one thing in common
— ensuring the safety of everyone in the workplace. They verify that everyone on the site is following
safe work practices and doing their jobs safely.
In general, safety officers have three main roles:
1. PLANNING
Safety officers must create a safe environment by making sure they have all the necessary equipment for
their team. They also have to ensure that they have all the required things for their team.
An example of this would be ensuring they have shoring equipment at hand that they can use to shore
up an unstable wall. Making sure that the employees have all the necessary tools to finish their work
safely is also a part of the responsibility.

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2. ORGANIZING
Safety officers are also responsible for organizing their workload so that no harm will come to them or
anyone else during their work activities. They have to make sure that employees can complete the tasks
without causing any damage to the workplace or anyone else.

3. SUPERVISING
Finally, safety officers are responsible for supervising everyone who works under them to ensure that
they are doing their work safely. When supervising, they need to make sure that each person knows
their role in the process and where they fit in.

Safety officers handle a broad range of tasks, including various first-aid procedures and safety checks
on equipment. They also help set up and operate emergency equipment correctly. In some companies,
they may be the only person on-site with first-aid training. In some other companies, they will oversee a
group of first-aid trainers or safety managers who do not have their own training as first-aid responders.
Irrespective of their specific role or position in the organization, all safety officers should follow a set of
responsibilities.

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 What Are the Responsibilities of a Safety Officer?

The safety officer is responsible for ensuring the safe and effective operation of any and all areas and
facilities in the organization. Here are some of the specific responsibilities that every safety officer has.

• Identify and assess hazards, risks and control measures for a specific operation or process.
• Conduct ongoing review of operations and processes to identify potential hazards, risks and
control measures that should be implemented to reduce these risks, including all costs involved
in implementing such measures.
• Assess and document hazards, risks and controls in a manner consistent with established
procedures and practices.
• Set up and supervising temporary work areas.
• Supervise the safe handling, storage & disposal of hazardous materials.
• Supervise the operation of any potential hazards in the workplace.
• Improve workplace safety and employee productivity by transitioning from manual safety
procedures to digital safety management systems.
• Ensure that all company employees meet all OSHA requirements.
• Provide OSHA training if necessary.
• Ensure that health, safety, and environmental policies are followed.
• Investigate workplace accidents and injuries and refer them to the proper authorities.

Ideally, a safety officer will have a degree in a technical field, such as mechanical engineering or
structural engineering, and a certification in safety practices.

What Are the Safety Officer Qualifications?

A safety officer should have at least a bachelor’s degree. And some organizations may require a
master’s degree. If you have a degree in health and safety-related courses, then it’s an added advantage.
It also helps if you have related job experience or internships in security and safety roles.
You can get certified as a safety professional from the Board of Certified Safety Professionals (BCSP).
Or you can get certified as an EHS professional. Either of these certifications will make the profile
stronger

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 Lesson
5.5 TOOLBOX MEETING

WHAT IS TOOLBOX MEETING?

Employee consultation in the workplace is necessary due to technicalities. A toolbox talk simplifies
technical details and improves communication. A toolbox meeting, also known as a toolbox talk, is a
brief and routine consultation intended to raise knowledge of workplace safety precautions and risks.

A toolbox meeting is a safety briefing for supervisors, workers, and the safety team held every morning
before they begin their various jobs. Unlike other meetings, toolbox tool meetings are informal,
engaging, and mutually beneficial gatherings designed to communicate workplace dread and anxiety.

BENEFITS OF TOOLBOX MEETING

Upholds part of the employer's responsibility: Since April 28, 1971, OSHA has made it plain that
businesses must "provide a workplace free from serious recognized hazards" for all employees. Training
is an important component of our safety commitment.
Gets everyone focused on the job: Toolbox briefings are frequently presented in the morning to assist
employees in focusing and being attentive to potential safety dangers. These seminars assist in
promoting health and safety awareness, ensuring that everyone is aware of their surroundings and puts
safety first at work.
Quickly gets workers up to speed: Whatever business you are in, it is likely that parts of your
procedures have evolved over time. Sometimes this is due to changes at the workplace necessitating a
new method, while other times an official regulation was revised, necessitating a shift in the way you
conduct business.
Raises awareness on “lower priority” topics: Toolbox talks are an excellent way to address non-core
safety topics, such as horseplay or messing around on construction sites, which may not require a full
training course but can be addressed in a 5-minute talk.

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 Makes health and safety a regular focus: Toolbox talks can enhance safety awareness by providing a
short, engaging presentation regularly. These talks can have lasting effects, sparking conversations
within management, and providing new opportunities to review and implement procedures, similar to
safety training courses.

Makes it easy to discuss recent incidents: Learning from mistakes is crucial for safety, as accidents,
such as fatalities or sprains, can provide valuable lessons for any work site.
A toolbox talk can serve as a training tool for discussing safety measures, even in the face of a near
miss, providing an easy opportunity to learn from past mistakes.

Creates a culture of safety: Regular toolbox talks demonstrate a company-wide commitment to safety,
fostering a culture of proper procedures and ensuring a seamless connection between official training
and actual workday activities, preventing a disconnect.

HOW TO PROCEED WITH THE TOOLBOX MEETING

1. 1. First Stage – Introduction

– This is a stage to prepare a good mood for the meeting.

- Topics to be discussed are given to the participants to draw interest in their topic.

2. Second Stage – Draw Attendees’ Opinion

- At this stage, drawing participant’s opinions and ideas on the topic is necessary to urge utterances of as
many participants as possible.
- Leaders should take control of the discussions and should focus on the topic.
3. Third Stage – Summarizing
- This is the stage to conclude by looking back at all the discussions made during the meeting.
- If no conclusion has been made available, methods for putting it into practice must be decided.

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 Lesson
5.6 WORKPLACE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

WORKPLACE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

-Nobody expects an emergency or disaster -- especially one that affects them, their
employees, and their business personally. Yet the simple truth is that emergencies and
disasters can strike anyone, anytime, and anywhere. You and your employees could be forced
to evacuate your company when you least expect it

What is a workplace emergency?

A workplace emergency is an unforeseen situation that threatens your employees, customers,
or the public; disrupts or shuts down your operations; or causes physical or environmental
damage.
Emergencies may be natural or man-made and include the following:

⚫ ƒ Floods,
⚫ ƒ Hurricanes,
⚫ ƒ Tornadoes,
⚫ ƒ Fires,
⚫ ƒ Toxic gas releases,
⚫ ƒ Chemical spills,
⚫ ƒ Radiological accidents,
⚫ ƒ Explosions,
⚫ ƒ Civil disturbances, and
⚫ ƒ Workplace violence resulting
in bodily harm and trauma.

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How do you protect yourself, your employees, and your business?
The best way is to prepare to respond to an emergency before it happens. Few people can think clearly
and logically in a crisis, so it is important to do so in advance, when you have time to be thorough.
Brainstorm the worst-case scenarios. Ask yourself what you would do if the worst happened. What if
a fire broke out in your boiler room? Or a hurricane hit your building head-on? Or a train carrying
hazardous waste derailed while passing your loading dock? Once you have identified potential
emergencies, consider how they would affect you and your workers and how you would respond.

What is an emergency action plan?

An emergency action plan covers designated actions employers and employees must take to
ensure employee safety from fire and other emergencies. Not all employers are required to establish an
emergency action plan. Even if you are not specifically required to do so, compiling an emergency
action plan is a good way to protect yourself, your employees, and your business during an emergency.
Putting together a comprehensive emergency action plan that deals with all types of issues specific to
your worksite is not difficult. You may find it beneficial to include your management team and
employees in the process. Explain your goal of protecting lives and property in the event of an
emergency and ask for their help in establishing and implementing your emergency action plan. Their
commitment and support are critical to the plan’s success

What should your emergency action plan include?

When developing your emergency action plan, it’s a good idea to look at a wide variety of potential
emergencies that could occur in your workplace. It should be tailored to your worksite and include
information about all potential sources of emergencies. Developing an emergency action plan means
you should do a hazard assessment to determine what, if any, physical or chemical hazards in your
workplaces could cause an emergency. If you have more than one worksite, each site should have an
emergency action plan.

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At a minimum, your emergency action plan must include the following:
⚫ ƒ A preferred method for reporting fires and other emergencies;
⚫ ƒ An evacuation policy and procedure;
⚫ ƒ Emergency escape procedures and route assignments, such as
floor plans, workplace maps, and safe or refuge areas.

⚫ ƒ Names, titles, departments, and telephone numbers of individuals both within and outside your company
to contact for additional information or explanation of duties and responsibilities under the emergency plan;
⚫ ƒ Procedures for employees who remain to perform or shut down critical plant operations, operate fire
extinguishers, or perform other essential services that cannot be shut down for every emergency alarm
before evacuating; and
⚫ ƒ Rescue and medical duties for any workers designated to perform them.

How do you alert employees to an emergency?

-Your plan must include a way to alert employees, including disabled workers, to evacuate or take other action,
and how to report emergencies, as required. Among the steps you must take are the following:
⚫ ƒ Make sure alarms are distinctive and recognized by all employees as a signal to evacuate the work area or
perform actions identified in your plan;
⚫ ƒ Make available an emergency communications system such as a public address system, portable radio
unit, or other means to notify employees of the emergency and to contact local law enforcement, the fire
department, and others; and
⚫ ƒ Stipulate that alarms must be able to be heard, seen, or otherwise perceived by everyone in the workplace.
Although it is not specifically required by OSHA, you also may want to consider the following:

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⚫ ƒ Using tactile devices to alert employees who would not otherwise be able to recognize an audible or
visual alarm; and
⚫ ƒ Providing an updated list of key personnel such as the plant manager or physician, in order of priority, to
notify in the event of an emergency during off-duty hours.

How do you develop an evacuation policy and procedures?

A disorganized evacuation can result in confusion, injury, and property damage. That is why when developing
your emergency action plan, it is important to determine the following:
⚫ ƒ Conditions under which an evacuation would be necessary;
⚫ ƒ A clear chain of command and designation of the person in your business authorized to order an
evacuation or shutdown. You may want to designate an “evacuation warden” to assist others in an
evacuation and to account for personnel;
⚫ ƒ Specific evacuation procedures, including routes and exits. Post these procedures where they are easily
accessible to all employees;
⚫ ƒ Procedures for assisting people with disabilities or who do not speak English;
⚫ ƒ Designation of what, if any, employees will continue or shut down critical operations during an
evacuation. These people must be capable of recognizing when to abandon the operation and evacuate
themselves; and
⚫ ƒ A system for accounting for personnel following an evacuation. Consider employees’ transportation
needs for community-wide evacuations.

Under what conditions should you call for an evacuation?

In the event of an emergency, local emergency officials may order you to evacuate your premises. In some cases,
they may instruct you to shut off the water, gas, and electricity. If you have access to radio or television, listen to
newscasts to keep informed and follow whatever official orders you receive.
In other cases, a designated person within your business should be responsible for making the decision to
evacuate or shut down operations. Protecting the health and safety of everyone in the facility should be the first
priority. In the event of a fire, an immediate evacuation to a predetermined area away from the facility is the best
way to protect employees. On the other hand, evacuating employees may not be the best response to an
emergency such as a toxic gas release at a facility across town from your business.
The type of building you work in may be a factor in your decision. Most buildings are vulnerable to the effects
of disasters such as tornadoes, earthquakes, floods, or explosions. The extent of the damage depends on the type
of emergency and the building’s construction. Modern factories and office buildings, for example, are framed in
steel and are structurally more sound than neighborhood business premises may be. In a disaster such as a major

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earthquake or explosion, however, nearly every type of structure will be affected. Some buildings will collapse,
and others will be left with weakened floors and walls.

What is the role of coordinators and evacuation wardens during an emergency?

When drafting your emergency action plan, you may wish to select a responsible individual to lead and
coordinate your emergency plan and evacuation. It is critical that employees know who the coordinator is and
understand that person has the authority to make decisions during emergencies.
The coordinator should be responsible for the following:
⚫ ƒ Assessing the situation to determine whether an emergency exists requiring activation of your emergency
procedures;
⚫ ƒ Supervising all efforts in the area, including evacuating personnel;
⚫ ƒ Coordinating outside emergency services, such as medical aid and local fire departments, and ensuring
that they are available and notified when necessary; and
⚫ ƒ Directing the shutdown of plant operations when required.

You also may find it beneficial to coordinate the action plan with other employers when several employers share
the worksite, although OSHA standards do not specifically require this.
In addition to a coordinator, you may want to designate evacuation wardens to help move employees from
danger to safe areas during an emergency. Generally, one warden for every 20 employees should be adequate,
and the appropriate number of wardens should always be available during working hours.
Employees designated to assist in emergency evacuation procedures should be trained in the complete
workplace layout and various alternative escape routes. All employees and those designated to assist in
emergencies should be made aware of employees with special needs who may require extra assistance, how to
use the buddy system, and hazardous areas to avoid during an emergency evacuation.

How do you establish evacuation routes and exits?

When preparing your emergency action plan, designate primary and secondary evacuation routes and exits. To
the extent possible under the conditions, ensure that evacuation routes and emergency exits meet the following
conditions:
⚫ ƒ Clearly marked and well lit;
⚫ ƒ Wide enough to accommodate the number of evacuating personnel;
⚫ ƒ Unobstructed and clear of debris at all times; and
⚫ ƒ Unlikely to expose evacuating personnel to additional hazards.

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If you prepare drawings that show evacuation routes and exits, post them prominently for all employees to see.

How do you account for employees after an evacuation?

Accounting for all employees following an evacuation is critical. Confusion in the assembly areas can lead to
delays in rescuing anyone trapped in the building, or unnecessary and dangerous search-and-rescue operations.
To ensure the fastest, most accurate accountability of your employees, you may want to consider including these
steps in your emergency action plan:
⚫ ƒ Designate assembly areas where employees should gather after evacuating;
⚫ ƒ Take a head count after the evacuation. Identify the names and last known locations of anyone not
accounted for and pass them to the official in charge;
⚫ ƒ Establish a method for accounting for non-employees such as suppliers and customers; and
⚫ ƒ Establish procedures for further evacuation in case the incident expands. This may consist of sending
employees home by normal means or providing them with transportation to an offsite location.

How should you plan for rescue operations?

It takes more than just willing hands to save lives. Untrained individuals may endanger themselves and those
they are trying to rescue. For this reason, it is generally wise to leave rescue work to those who are trained,
equipped, and certified to conduct rescues.

What medical assistance should you provide during an emergency?

If your company does not have a formal medical program, you may want to investigate ways to provide medical
and first-aid services. If medical facilities are available near your worksite, you can make arrangements for them
to handle emergency cases. Provide your employees with a written emergency medical procedure to minimize
confusion during an emergency.
If an infirmary, clinic, or hospital is not close to your workplace, ensure that onsite person(s) have adequate
training in first aid. The American Red Cross, some insurance providers, local safety councils, fire departments,
or other resources may be able to provide this training. Treatment of a serious injury should begin within 3 to 4
minutes of the accident.
Consult with a physician to order appropriate first-aid supplies for emergencies. Medical personnel must be
accessible to provide advice and consultation in resolving health problems that occur in the workplace. Establish
a relationship with a local ambulance service so transportation is readily available for emergencies.

What role should employees play in your emergency action plan?

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The best emergency action plans include employees in the planning process, specify what employees should do
during an emergency, and ensure that employees receive proper training for emergencies. When you include
your employees in your planning, encourage them to offer suggestions about potential hazards, worst-case
scenarios, and proper emergency responses. After you develop the plan, review it with your employees to make
sure everyone knows what to do before, during and after an emergency.
Keep a copy of your emergency action plan in a convenient location where employees can get to it, or provide
all employees a copy. If you have 10 or fewer employees, you may communicate your plan orally.

What employee information should your plan include?

In the event of an emergency, it could be important to have ready access to important personal information about
your employees. This includes their home telephone numbers, the names and telephone numbers of their next of
kin, and medical information.

What type of training do your employees need?

Educate your employees about the types of emergencies that may occur and train them in the proper course of
action. The size of your workplace and workforce, processes used, materials handled, and the availability of
onsite or outside resources will determine your training requirements. Be sure all your employees understand the
function and elements of your emergency action plan, including types of potential emergencies, reporting
procedures, alarm systems, evacuation plans, and shutdown procedures. Discuss any special hazards you may
have onsite such as flammable materials, toxic chemicals, radioactive sources, or water-reactive substances.
Clearly communicate to your employees who will be in charge during an emergency to minimize confusion.

General training for your employees should address the following:

⚫ ƒ Individual roles and responsibilities;
⚫ ƒ Threats, hazards, and protective actions;
⚫ ƒ Notification, warning, and communications procedures;
⚫ ƒ Means for locating family members in an emergency;
⚫ ƒ Emergency response procedures;
⚫ ƒ Evacuation, shelter, and accountability procedures;
⚫ ƒ Location and use of common emergency equipment; and
⚫ ƒ Emergency shutdown procedures.

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You also may wish to train your employees in first-aid procedures, including protection against bloodborne
pathogens; respiratory protection, including use of an escape-only respirator; and methods for preventing
unauthorized access to the site.
Once you have reviewed your emergency action plan with your employees and everyone has had the proper
training, it is a good idea to hold practice drills as often as necessary to keep employees prepared. Include
outside resources such as fire and police departments when possible. After each drill, gather management and
employees to evaluate the effectiveness of the drill. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of your plan and work
to improve it.
How often do you need to train your employees?
-Review your plan with all your employees and consider requiring annual training in the plan. Also offer
training when you do the following:
⚫ ƒ Develop your initial plan;
⚫ ƒ Hire new employees;
⚫ ƒ Introduce new equipment, materials, or processes into the workplace that affect evacuation routes;
⚫ ƒ Change the layout or design of the facility; and
⚫ ƒ Revise or update your emergency procedures.

What does your plan need to include about hazardous substances?

No matter what kind of business you run, you could potentially face an emergency involving hazardous
materials such as flammable, explosive, toxic, noxious, corrosive, biological, oxidizable, or radioactive
substances.
The source of the hazardous substances could be external, such as a local chemical plant that catches on fire or
an oil truck that overturns on a nearby freeway. The source may be within your physical plant. Regardless of the
source, these events could have a direct impact on your employees and your business and should be addressed
by your emergency action plan.
If you use or store hazardous substances at your worksite, you face an increased risk of an emergency involving
hazardous materials and should address this possibility in your emergency action plan.
OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) requires employers who use hazardous
chemicals to inventory them, keep the manufacturer-supplied Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for them in
a place accessible to workers, label containers of these chemicals with their hazards, and train employees in

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ways to protect themselves against those hazards. A good way to start is to determine from your hazardous
chemical inventory what hazardous chemicals you use and to gather the MSDSs for the chemicals.
MSDSs describe the hazards that a chemical may present, list the precautions to take when handling, storing, or
using the substance, and outline emergency and first-aid procedures. For specific information on how to respond
to emergencies involving hazardous materials and hazardous waste operations, refer to 29 CFR, Part 1910.120(q)
and OSHA Publication 3114, Hazardous Waste and Emergency Response Operations. Both are available online
at www.osha.gov.

What special equipment should you provide for emergencies?

Your employees may need personal protective equipment to evacuate during an emergency. Personal protective
equipment must be based on the potential hazards in the workplace. Assess your workplace to determine
potential hazards and the appropriate controls and protective equipment for those hazards. Personal protective
equipment may include items such as the following:
⚫ ƒ Safety glasses, goggles, or face shields for eye protection;
⚫ ƒ Hard hats and safety shoes for head and foot protection;
⚫ ƒ Proper respirators;
⚫ ƒ Chemical suits, gloves, hoods, and boots for body protection from chemicals;
⚫ ƒ Special body protection for abnormal environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures; and
⚫ ƒ Any other special equipment or warning devices necessary for hazards unique to your worksite.

How do you choose appropriate respirators and other equipment?

-Consult with health and safety professionals before making any purchases. Respirators selected should be
appropriate to the hazards in your workplace, meet OSHA standards criteria, and be certified by the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Respiratory protection may be necessary if your employees must
pass through toxic atmospheres of dust, mists, gases, or vapors, or through oxygen-deficient areas while
evacuating.

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 Lesson
5.7 EMPLOYEE’S COMPENSATION PROGRAM

\
EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION PROGRAM (ECP)
- is a government program designed to provide a compensation package to public and private
employees or their dependents in the event of work-related sickness, injury or death.
OBJECTIVES

1. To provide meaningful and appropriate compensation package to workers in the event of work-
related contingencies.
2. To formulate policies and guidelines for the improvement of the Employees’ Compensation
Program.
3.

WHO ARE COVERED UNDER THE ECP?

1. Private sector workers who are registered members of the Social Security System (SSS) except
self-employed or voluntary members.
2. Government sector employees who are registered member of the GSIS, including members of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP), Bureau of
Fire Protection (BFP), Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), elective government
officials who are receiving regular salary and all casual, emergency, temporary and substitute or
contractual employees.
3.

WHEN IS SICKNESS OR INJURY COMPENSABLE?

For the sickness and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the sickness must be the result of
an occupational disease listed under Annex “A” of the Amended Rules on Employees’ Compensation with
the conditions set therein satisfied; otherwise, proof must be shown that the risk of contracting the disease
is increased by the working conditions.

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 BENEFITS AND SERVICES OF THE PROGRAM:

1. Loss of income benefit or a cash benefit given to a worker to compensate for loss of income due to
inability to work. There are three types of loss of income benefits:

a. Temporary Total Disability (TTD) benefit is given to an employee who is unable to work
for a continuous period not exceeding 120 days.
b. Permanent Total Disability (PTD) benefit is given to an employee who is unable to work
for more than 240 days.
c. Permanent Partial Disability (PPD) benefit is given to a worker who losses a body part
and consequently, the loss of the use of that body part.

2. Medical benefits include reimbursement of the cost of medicine for the illness or injury, payment to
providers of medical care, hospital care, surgical expenses and the costs of appliances and supplies.
The medical services are limited to ward services of an accredited hospital.

3. Rehabilitation Services include physical therapy, vocational training and special assistance to develop
the workers mental, vocational and social potential and to help them remain as productive members of
society

4. Carer’s Allowance is provided to an employee who suffers a permanent total disability arising out of
employment the extent of which is such that he could not on his own attend to his basic personal
needs.

5. Death benefits are granted to beneficiaries of an employee who dies as a result of sickness or injury
arising out of or in the course of employment.

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REFERENCES:

Routine Site Safety

Ossian, M. (2023, November 5) Routine Site Safety Inspection. Retrieved From.
https://datamyte.com/blog/work-site-safety-inspection/

Cambridge dictionary (2024) What is inspection?. Retrieved From.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/inspection

International Labour Organization (n.d). Occupational Safety and Health Inspection. Retrieved from.
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U.S. Department of Labour (n.d.). Occupational and Health Administration. Retrieved From.
https://www.osha.gov/safety-management

Madelo (n.d.). Construction Occupational Safety and Health [pdf]. Retrieved from
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Job Hazard Analysis

Madelo (n.d.). Construction Occupational Safety and Health [pdf]. Retrieved from
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lV5fmR4TgsoGhFLVxDP8WymE69ZI8CKe/view

NC State University (n.d.) Environmental Health and Safety. Retrieved From.

https://ehs.ncsu.edu/occupational-safety/job-hazard-analysis-jha/

Accident Investigation

OSHA (n.d.) Incident Investigation. Retrieved From.

https://www.osha.gov/incident-investigation

OSHA (n.d.) Incident Investigation. Retrieved From.

https://www.osha.gov/incident
investigation#:~:text=Incident%20investigations%20are%20often%20conducted,and%20perspectives%20to%2
0the%20investigation.
Roles of Safety Officer
Safetymint (n.d.) Roles and Responsibility of a Safety Officer. Retrieved From.
https://www.safetymint.com/blog/safety-officer-responsibilities/

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Toolbox Meeting

Incident Report (n.d.) Toolbox Talk Meetings. Retrieved from.

https://www.incidentreport.net/toolbox_talk_meeting/#:~:text=A%20toolbox%20meeting%2C%20also%20kno
wn,before%20commencing%20their%20respective%20duties.

Safety Skills(n.d.) 7 Reasons You Should be Holding Toolbox Talks. Retrieved From.
https://safetyskills.com/7-reasons-you-should-be-holding-toolbox-talks/

Workplace Emergency Preparedness

OSHA (n.d.) Workplace Emergency Preparedness. Retrieved From.
https://www.osha.gov/Fedreg_osha_data/FED19890126.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR3bQGhIr0b
1bimnW47Zp5GPy08C5WVX3wmsVSsFbSQtKrlVwWqJOZohEJo_aem_AT2ZkTFo_SKJSyg2ISlPtNNy_kLur
jL-huRDDdQijzm3cu9YdrhWD9HdUOU8YQMX5Cv1J1AfYMrJcTqAV5ybPNso
OSHA (n.d) Safety and Health Act. Retrieved From.
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/safetyhealthcat/index.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR0W4M9cS1cnRH
w1KOwO0piTVdCU0AZlfU4S3-97urT-
A7tc1bFqz4MkQGI_aem_AT2DO3_U62jUP9z5s2e39E0CmAt80LVTTQDl75BgjtIZ5QcB0cm4p8KRBEQ_7O
SuMNH6HJbBNs4x6G7_sBldh94U

U.S. Department of Labour (n.d.). Occupational and Health Administration.(2001) Revised. How to Plan
Workplace Emergencies and Evacuations. Retrieved From.
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OLEDRRyYhfLhcaylj3y9ds7Ejg6L_PkyFMzULgMFFgoG04SKpgQ_aem_AT2j2bEBwzvA80Z1IBKXA4gp1j
DSVDSDRAcV_kz4lJTwd6tBtxTpEcKdnms_PbWIQIvONpqhpNa0LUa3deK14KD1

Employee’s Compensation Program

Department of Labor and Employment (2016). Employee’s Compensation Commission. Employee’s

Compensation Program. Retrieved From. The_ECP.pdf (ecc.gov.ph)

Department of Labor and Employment (2016). Employee’s Compensation Commission. Employee’s

Compensation Program. Retrieved From. Employers_Guide_on_ECP.pdf (ecc.gov.ph)

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