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Reference and Citation Examples

Basic guidelines for formatting citations in the text

1. Place the complete citation within parentheses.

2. Use the author’s last name and year for the citation: (Smith, 2008).
3. Place the year in the citation, but do not include the month and a day.
4. Use only the last name of the author, and never include the first name or initials.
5. Place the name of a group author (corporations, associations, and government agencies)
first when no individual author is listed in the source.
6. Use the first two or three words of the title of the work when no author is listed: (Writing
Executive Summaries, 2007). Capitalize all major words of the title.
7. Include the page or paragraph number for a direct quotation: p. or pp. for page numbers,
para. or ¶ for paragraph numbers.
8. Place any necessary punctuation after the final parenthesis of the citation unless it is a
block quote.
9. Never use a URL address in the citation.

Basic guidelines for formatting the References page

1. Place the references in alphabetical order. (Do not number references.)

2. Use periods to separate each major element in the reference: Name, A. (Year). Article
title. Journal Title, 24(4), 13-16.
3. Include the author’s last name and first and middle initials: Smith, G. Q. (Always use
initials instead of authors’ first/middle names.)
4. Place the year in parentheses after the author’s name: Smith, G. Q. (2008). If no year is
available, put (n.d.) in parentheses.
5. Place the title of a book or article first when no author is listed in the source.
6. Place the name of a group author (corporations, associations, and government agencies)
first when no individual author is listed in the source.
7. Capitalize the following elements of the first title (e.g., article titles, chapters from a
book) listed in the reference: first word, proper nouns, and the first word after a colon or
a dash.
8. Capitalize all major words of the second title (e.g., journal titles, newspaper titles, book
titles) listed.
9. Use italics instead of quotation marks for titles of books, journals, newspapers, and
movies.
10. Never use quotation marks or italics for article titles.
11. Include the retrieval date and location information for Internet sources: Retrieved May
10, 2008, from ProQuest database.
12. Never use the URL address for a source retrieved from a database.
13. Never include a source that is not mentioned in the paper.

Updated: January 2009

Center for Writing Excellence

© 2009 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
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Table of Contents

The following examples provide information about how to format citations in text and how to
format the corresponding source on the reference page. Note: The American Psychological
Association has added a supplement to the 2001 APA Manual called APA Style Guide to
Electronic References. The supplement is for purchase through http://apastyle.apa.org and
provides example reference entries for a variety of Web sources.

A book with one author................................................................................................................... 3

A book with two or more authors ................................................................................................... 4
A book with a group author ............................................................................................................ 5
An online dictionary (New Entry!) ................................................................................................. 5
A journal article .............................................................................................................................. 6
A journal article from an online database ....................................................................................... 6
A journal article from an online database—anonymous author ..................................................... 7
A journal article from an online database with an assigned DOI® (New Entry!)........................... 7
A newspaper article......................................................................................................................... 8
An online newspaper article (New Entry!) ..................................................................................... 8
A Web site with no identifiable author ........................................................................................... 9
A Web site with an author ............................................................................................................ 10
Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations......................................................................................... 11
Personal communication............................................................................................................... 12
Electronic text (e-text) authored by individuals specifically for an Apollo Group subsidiary..... 13
E-text that is a compilation of pieces of other works edited by an Apollo Group subsidiary as a
completely new book .................................................................................................................... 13
E-text from an electronic database (New Entry!) ......................................................................... 14
Online course materials................................................................................................................. 15
Online forum messages, discussion groups, and newsgroups (New Entry!)................................ 15
Podcasts (New Entry!) .................................................................................................................. 16
Video weblog posts (New Entry!) ................................................................................................ 16
Simulations ................................................................................................................................... 17
Software ........................................................................................................................................ 17
Television series............................................................................................................................ 18
Team Toolkit................................................................................................................................. 18
Virtual Organizations.................................................................................................................... 19
Referencing Figures (e.g., graphs, photographs) (New Entry!).................................................... 19
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A book with one author

A book with one author could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 According to Venes (2001), three types of influenza are spreading throughout the
country.

Sample 2 Three types of influenza are spreading throughout the country (Venes, 2001).

Sample 3 Venes (2001) stated, “The types of influenza doctors must prepare for fall into
three categories” (p. 106).

[Note: Page or paragraph numbers are always included with the in-text citation
when direct quotations are used.]

Reference Page Citation

Venes, D. (2001). Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary (19th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis

Company.

In-Text Citation

Sample 4 Cleckley (1997) noted that diversity in the classroom prepared young Americans
for work in a global society.

Sample 5 Diversity in the classroom prepared young Americans for work in a global society
was the idea presented by well-known scholar Bernard Cleckley (1997).

Sample 6 Checkley (1997) stated, “Because youth have had experience working and
playing with children of other races and cultures while growing up, they will be
better able to interact with those of other cultures when working within
intercultural corporations” (p. 37).

Reference Page Citation

Cleckley, B. (1997). Strategies for promoting pluralism in education and the workplace.

Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

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A book with two or more authors

A book with two or more authors could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 Often, people compare Caldwell and Thomason’s book (2004) to The DaVinci
Code because of the brilliant writing and historical context.

Sample 2 The Rule of Four (Caldwell & Thomason, 2004) has been compared to Dan
Brown’s The DaVinci Code.

Sample 3 The novel is described as “an encyclopedia masquerading as a novel” and as “a

dissertation on everything from architecture to zoology” (Caldwell & Thomason,
2004, p. 136).

Reference Page Citation

Caldwell, I., & Thomason, D. (2004). The rule of four. New York: Dial Press.

In-Text Citation

Sample 4 Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004) have combined Mandelbrot’s mathematical

framework with Hudson’s knowledge of Wall Street to produce a must-read for
any serious investor.

Sample 5 For the individual who manages money for a living, one of the best books on the
market is The Misbehavior of Markets by Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004).

Sample 6 Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004) stated, “This equilibrium market clearing price is
automatically interpreted as being the mean of a normal probability distribution”
(p. 46).

Reference Page Citation

Mandelbrot, B., & Hudson, R. L. (2004). The misbehavior of markets. New York: Basic Books.
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A book with a group author

A book with a group author could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 The 9/11 Commission Report (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004)
is one of the most important documents of this century.

Sample 2 A very clear mandate was expressed by The National Commission on Terrorist
Attacks (2004).

Sample 3 The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks report stated, “Investigate the
facts and circumstance relating to the terrorist attacks of 9/11 . . . and other areas
as determined by the Commission” (2004, p. 14).

Reference Page Citation

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks. (2004). The 9/11 commission report: Final report of

the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. New York: W.W.

Norton.

An online dictionary (New Entry!)

An online dictionary entry could be formatted in the any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 According to the Oxford English Dictionary (n.d.), a caucus is a political party
meeting that occurs prior to an election and is used to further the party’s interests.

Sample 2 A caucus is usually a “private meeting of the leaders or representatives of a

political party” (Oxford English Dictionary, n.d.).

Reference Page Citation

Caucus. (n.d.). In Oxford English dictionary online. Retrieved July 17, 2008, from

http://www.oed.com/
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A journal article

A journal article could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 Walker and Schutte (2002) believed that the five areas of team building were not
inclusive of all the areas needing attention.

Sample 2 Not everyone agrees with the five areas of team building (Walker & Schutte,
2002).

Sample 3 According to Walker and Schutte (2002), “Given sufficient time, a team should be
able to surmount any and all challenges to productive activity” (p. 52).

Reference Page Citation

Walker, J., & Schutte, K. (2002, January). Practice and process in wraparound

teamwork. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12(3), 182.

A journal article from an online database

A journal article from an online database could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 Daniels (2004) included Garden Restaurants on his list of the 50 best companies
for minorities.

Sample 2 A list of companies has been singled out as best for minority employees (Daniels,
2004).

Sample 3 According to Daniels (2004), “At the Olive Garden and Red Lobster chains,
diversity efforts are encouraged from ‘boardroom to dining room’” (¶ 5).

[Note: No page number was listed in this particular article because of the way the
article is written. When no page number is available, count the paragraphs and use
the paragraph number, as above. In long documents, you can count the paragraphs
of a particular section and indicate that within the citation: (Daniels, 2004,
Methods section, ¶ 3).]
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Reference Page Citation

Daniels, C. (2004, July 28). 50 best companies for minorities. Fortune, 149(13), 136-141.

Retrieved October 19, 2004, from ProQuest database.

A journal article from an online database—anonymous author

An anonymous journal article from an online database could be formatted in any of the
following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 In its “Corrections” section (2004), Fortune magazine did name the CEO of Rite-
Aid who is currently in prison for fraud.

Sample 2 Fortune magazine did name the CEO of Rite-Aid who is currently in prison for
fraud (“Corrections,” 2004).

Reference Page Citation

Corrections. (2004, November 1). Fortune, 150(9), 32. Retrieved November 3, 2004,

from ProQuest database.

A journal article from an online database with an assigned DOI® (New Entry!)

DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier and is an identification record provided by the
publisher. If the journal article has a DOI, use the DOI in lieu of the retrieval date, the
online database name, and the URL. A journal article from an online database with an
assigned DOI is not formatted any differently in the in-text citation but is formatted
differently on the reference page.

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 Tzschenteke, Kirk, and Lynch (2004) studied the motivations behind why lodging
owners in Scotland made the move to green their properties.

Sample 2 Operational cost reduction was one reason some hotel owners opted to green their
properties (Tzschenteke, Kirk, & Lynch, 2004).

Sample 3 This paper “discusses the preliminary findings of a wider study on environmental
decision making in the context of owner-managed lodging operations”
(Tzschenteke, Kirk, & Lynch, 2004, p.116).
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Reference Page Citation

Tzschentke, N., Kirk, D., & Lynch, P. A. (2004). Reasons for going green in serviced

accommodation establishments. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality

Management, 16(2), 116-124. doi: 10.1108/09596110410520007

A newspaper article

A newspaper article could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 Herron and Miles (1987) addressed the recent Supreme Court decision
regarding promotions based on race.

Sample 2 Efforts have been made regarding racial parity (Herron & Miles, 1987).

Sample 3 The Supreme Court declared, “A company may decide to promote an employee
on the basis of race under certain circumstances” (Herron & Miles, 1987, p. 32).

Reference Page Citation

Herron, C. R., & Miles, M. A. (1987, March 1). Promotion based on race is upheld by

Supreme Court. The New York Times, p. e4.

An online newspaper article (New Entry!)

An online newspaper article could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 McGrath (2007) interviewed some Oxford English Dictionary employees about
the deletion of hyphens from 16,000 dictionary entries.

Sample 2 The recent article about the deletion of 16,000 hyphens from the Oxford English
Dictionary explored how hyphens have become unnecessary with many words in
modern usage (McGrath, 2007).

Sample 3 McGrath (2007) stated, “The greatest hyphenator ever was Shakespeare (or Shak-
speare in some contemporary spellings) because he was so busy adding new
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words, many of them compounds, to English: ‘sea-change,’ ‘leap-frog,’ ‘bare-

faced,’ ‘fancy-free’” (¶ 8).

Reference Page Citation

McGrath, C. (2007, October 7). Death-knell. Or death knell. The New York Times. Retrieved

from http:www.nytimes.com

A Web site with no identifiable author

When the content on a Web site has no identifiable author, use the name for the
organization, corporation, or government agency as the group author and begin the entry
with the group author. Place the title of the Web page in italics and include a Web address
that leads directly to the content. If the Web site has no identifiable author, including no
identifiable group author, you should use caution in selecting the source for your paper, as
the source may not be a reliable reference. A Web site with no identifiable author could be
formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 The Web site for the National Osteoporosis Foundation (2004) has many
interesting facts about this debilitating disease.

Sample 2 Osteoporosis is a highly preventable disease (National Osteoporosis Foundation,

2004).

Sample 3 The National Osteoporosis Foundation (2004) stated, “Eighty persons of those
affected by osteoporosis are women” (¶ 1).

Reference Page Citation

National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2004). Fast facts. Retrieved October 15, 2004,

from http://www.nof.org

In-Text Citation

Sample 4 Subaru of America (2004) makes it easy to compare its Outback with similar cars.

Sample 5 Subaru currently has five models in its lineup (Subaru of America, 2004).

Sample 6 According to Subaru of America (2004), “All Subaru Outback models blend the
rugged versatility of an SUV with the driving performance and comfort of a
passenger car” (¶ 1).
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Reference Page Citation

Subaru of America, Inc. (2004). Subaru previews all-new. Retrieved November 4, 2004, from

http://www.subaru.com

A Web site with an author

A Web site with an author could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 According to Copeland (2003), the adaptation required when minorities enter the
workplace is a two-way street.

Sample 2 Diversity is a positive thing in the workforce (Copeland, 2003).

Sample 3 Copeland (2003) stated, “Diversity is emerging as one of the most serious issues
in the workplace today, yet most employers are not prepared to deal with it”
(Managing a Multicultural Workforce, ¶ 1).

[In a long online document with no page numbers, you can list the title of the
section and the paragraph number within that section.]

Reference Page Citation

Copeland, L. (2003). Managing a multicultural workforce. California Job Journal. Retrieved

October 16, 2004, from http://www.jobjournal.com

In-Text Citation

Sample 4 According to Nix (2004), no definitive national Christmas tree exists.

Sample 5 Apparently, four trees could be the national Christmas tree in the United States
(Nix, 2004).

Sample 6 Nix (2004) mentioned that “four trees touted to be the nation’s Christmas tree” (¶
1).

Reference Page Citation

Nix, S. (2004). The Amazon and neotropical rainforest. Retrieved November 6, 2004, from

http://forestry.about.com
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Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations

References to Microsoft PowerPoint presentations can take two forms:

PowerPoint as a presentation
PowerPoint as an online presentation

PowerPoint as a presentation

Sometimes it is necessary to reference a PowerPoint presentation you have seen, either by

itself or as part of a longer presentation. If the presentation cannot be retrieved by the
general reader, cite the PowerPoint as a personal communication only within the text.

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 According to a PowerPoint presentation in the GEN 380 class (2006), the
streets in Toronto are cleaner than the streets in New York.

Sample 2 The streets in Toronto are cleaner than the streets in New York (GEN 380,
personal communication, September 3, 2006.)

[Note: If the name of the presenter is known, use the first initial and last
name of the presenter instead of the name of the class, as follows:
(G. Smith, personal communication, September 3, 2006).]

Sample 3 According to a PowerPoint presentation in the GEN 380 class, “Compared

to New York City, Toronto’s streets are free of litter, graffiti, and
garbage” (personal communication, September 3, 2006).

[Note: In a personal communication that is not written, do not use page or

paragraph numbers with a direct quotation.]

Reference Page Citation

A personal communication is not listed in the references.

PowerPoint as an online presentation (New Entry!)

An online PowerPoint presentation can be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 According to a PowerPoint presentation from the National Security

Council (2007), the United States has succeeded in reaching many of the
objectives outlined at the start of the war with Iraq, including the capture
of Saddam Hussein.
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Sample 2 The United States has succeeded in reaching many of the objectives
outlined at the start of the war with Iraq, including the capture of Saddam
Hussein (National Security Council, 2007).

Sample 3 According to a PowerPoint presentation from the National Security

Council (2007), “Winning in Iraq will not end the War on Terror, but it
will make success in the War on Terror much easier” (slide 3).

Reference Page Citation

National Security Council. (2007, January). Highlights of the Iraq strategy review

[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from

http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/iraq/2007/iraq-strategy011007.pdf

Personal communication

Sources that the general reader cannot access should be cited as a personal communication. This
can include information from interviews, emails, newsgroups, letters, memos, lectures, and
Microsoft® PowerPoint presentations.

A personal communication is cited only within the text because items in the reference list at the
end of the essay are reserved for sources that can be retrieved by the reader.

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 According to Smith (personal communication, September 3, 2006), pit bulls are
no more dangerous than German shepherds.

Sample 2 Pit bulls are no more dangerous than German shepherds (G. R. Smith, personal
communication, September 3, 2006.)

Sample 3 Smith stated, “Pit bulls are no more dangerous than German shepherds” (personal
communication, September 3, 2006).

[Note: In a personal communication that is not written, such as an interview, do

not use page or paragraph numbers with a direct quotation.]

Reference Page Citation

A personal communication is not listed in the references.

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Electronic text (e-text) authored by individuals specifically for an Apollo Group subsidiary
(e.g., University of Phoenix, Axia College, Meritus University)

An e-text authored by individuals could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 If we create our experience (Paul & Elder, 2002), then we are responsible for our
lives.

Sample 2 We can control our experience (Paul & Elder, 2002).

Sample 3 Paul and Elder (2002) stated, “For most people, experience is understood as
something that ‘happens to them,’ not something they create for themselves”
(chap. 8, p. 131).

[Note: In the e-text, you may need to include the chapter to clarify the source.]

Reference Page Citation

Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2002). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your professional and

personal life [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Prentice Hall. Retrieved November 24, 2004, from University of Phoenix, GEN480—

Interdisciplinary Capstone Course Web site.

E-text that is a compilation of pieces of other works edited by an Apollo Group subsidiary
(e.g., University of Phoenix, Axia College, Meritus University) as a completely new book

An e-text that is a compilation of other works could be formatted in any of the following
ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 According to the University of Phoenix textbook (2002), educators need to pay
attention to the environment in which learning takes place.

Sample 2 Environment can be an important factor in the learning process (University of

Phoenix, 2002).
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Sample 3 As stated in the textbook, “Social learning theorists stress the role of
environmental factors in learning, but they acknowledge the importance of
cognitive factors as well” (University of Phoenix, 2002, section 3, p. 358).

Reference Page Citation

University of Phoenix (Ed.). (2002). Lifespan development and learning [University of Phoenix

Custom Edition e-text]. Boston: Pearson Custom Publishing. Retrieved November 26,

2003, from University of Phoenix, PSYCH/538—Lifespan Development and Learning

Course Web site.

E-text from an electronic database (New Entry!)

An e-text could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 According to Hlebowitsch (2005), macrocurriculum and microcurriculum are two

levels of curriculum design.

Sample 2 Curriculum design has two levels, macrocurriculum and microcurriculum

(Hlebowitsch, 2005).

Sample 3 Macrocurriculum embraces “the design of the all-school experience and concerns
itself with building-level design factors, including the organization of courses
across and within grade levels, school-wide mission features, and school-wide
(extra-classroom) experiences” (Hlebowitsch 2005, p. 9).

Reference Page Citation (Note: A retrieval date is not needed. If the e-text is accessible from a
site in its entirety, use “Retrieved from” and include the Web address to the book’s location. If
the e-text is accessible via download, then use “Available from” and include the name of the
database or the source location.)

Hlebowitsh, P. S. (2005). Designing the school curriculum. Available from the University of

Phoenix eBook Collection database.

 15

Online course materials

Documents listed in online course materials could be formatted in any of the following
ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 According to Axia College Week Three Supplement (2006), three major steps for
analyzing sources exist.

Sample 2 A key question to ask is “Which source is strongest?” (Axia College, 2006, Week
Three Supplement).

Reference Page Citation

Axia College. (2006). Week Three supplement: Appendix B. Retrieved March 13, 2008, from

Axia College, Week Three, CRT/205—Critical Thinking Course Web site.

Online forum messages, discussion groups, and newsgroups (New Entry!)

An online forum message, discussion group message, or a newsgroup message could be

formatted in any of the following ways (Note: Use caution when citing these sources in your
academic work as these sources are not available to everyone, are not usually archived, and
are not always academic. If a message is accessible for a limited time, then you should not
consider it a reliable source.):

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 In Boardman’s (2008) Week Two forum message, he asked the students to
answer, “Why do good people do bad things?” (para. 3).

Sample 2 As a follow-up question in the Week Two forum message, students were asked to
explore the difference between effective and efficient communication for a
scenario involving two scientists and their non-technical audience (Boardman,
2008).

Reference Page Citation

Boardman, B. (2008, April 15). Week two class notes [Msg. 3]. Message posted to University of

Phoenix class forum, MGT/344—Organizational Behavior and Ethical Responsibility

course Web site.

 16

Podcasts (New Entry!)

Podcasts could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 In Fogarty’s (2007) podcast about the differences between who versus whom, she
provided tips to determine which one should be used in a question.

Sample 2 This podcast explores the confusion of who versus whom, and the speaker
reminds the listeners to use who when a person is the subject of the sentence
(Fogarty, 2007).

Reference Page Citation

Fogarty, M. (Writer/Speaker). (2007, March 9). Who versus whom [Episode 44]. Grammar

Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing. Podcast retrieved from

http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/who-versus-whom.aspx

Video weblog posts (New Entry!)

A video post could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 In an Internet video, Gore (2008) stated that 68% of the American population
believes that human activity is a contributing factor in global warming.

Sample 2 This Internet video about global warming explores the urgency to “organize our
response appropriately” to the climate crisis (Gore, 2008).

Reference Page Citation

Gore, A. (2008, April). TED Talks Al Gore: New thinking on the climate crisis [Video file].

Video posted to http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/243

 17

Simulations

Simulations could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 In the University of Phoenix simulation (2004), students are allowed to apply
theory to practice.

Sample 2 A situation providing a dilemma regarding confidentiality allows us to apply

theory to practice (University of Phoenix, 2004).

Sample 3 This simulation states, “The three possible candidates all have strengths and
weaknesses for this position” (University of Phoenix, 2004, para. 10).

Reference Page Citation

University of Phoenix. (2004). Keeping information confidential [Computer Software].

Retrieved September 26, 2004, from University of Phoenix, Simulation, COM525—

Advanced Communications Management Course Web site.

Software

[Note: Reference entries are not needed for off-the-shelf software and programming languages.
In the text, give the proper name of the software and the version number.]

Do provide reference entries for specialized software or computer programs with limited
distribution.

Software could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 The strength of ACI (2002) as a real estate appraising software program is its ease
of use.

Sample 2 Because it is user friendly, many more real estate appraisers are using ACI
(2002).
 18

Reference Page Citation

ACI—The appraiser’s choice. (2002). (Version 0.0) [Computer software]. Retrieved November

3, 2004, from http://www.aciweb.com/p_aci.asp

Television series

A television series could be formatted in any of the following ways:

In-Text Citation

Sample 1 The Seinfeld series (Ackerman, 1989) presented a major, creative breakthrough in
evening sitcoms.

Sample 2 The four main characters in Seinfeld represent people whom we all know
(Ackerman, 1989).

Sample 3 One of George’s famous sayings to Jerry is, “On some level, I have always been
handicapped” (Ackerman, 1989).

Reference Page Citation

Ackerman, A. (Producer). (1989). Seinfeld. (Television series). New York: NBC.

Team Toolkit

Refer to the Learning Team Toolkit for information about formatting specific toolkit
documents. Access Toolkit Citations from the homepage in the Learning Team Toolkit for
sample reference entries.

Reference Page Citation

University of Phoenix. (2004). Learning team toolkit. Available on the University of Phoenix

student/faculty website: http://ecampus.phoenix.edu (Retrieved May 10, 2008).

 19

Virtual Organizations

Please use the following format to reference information found within the Virtual
Organizations:

Apollo Group, Inc. (Latest copyright date). Virtual Organization Name. Title of Web page.

Retrieval Date. Course Number and Name. URL

Reference Page Citation Example

Apollo Group, Inc. (2006). Riordan Manufacturing. Finance & accounting - overview. Retrieved

March 28, 2007. CIS/319 – Computers and Information Processing.

https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Riordan/Finance/RioFand

A001.htm

Referencing Figures (e.g., graphs, photographs) (New Entry!)

In APA style, the following types of illustrations are considered figures: pictures,
photographs, graphs, art, drawings, or anything that is not a table. The Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association does not provide any specific information on how
to reference a figure. However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2007, p. 16)
contains sample information about representing graphic data which can be used as an
example in referencing any type of figure. You might want to check page 201 in the
Publication Manual for a checklist about using figures in an essay. Here are some general
principles for images retrieved from the Internet:

• For the author, use the photographer’s or image creator’s name if available or use the
name of the organization or corporation.
• If no author information is available, use the title in the author’s place.
• For the publication date, if no photo information is included, the last updated date for the
Web site can be used.
• Place the image title in brackets, if provided; if not, create a short description in place of
the title and include the figure type.

Reference Page Citation Example

Cable News Network. (2009). [Photograph of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe

Biden watching the inaugural parade outside the White House] The 44th President
 20

Inauguration. Retrieved January 20, 2009, from

http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/20/obama.inauguration/index.html