Format for a proper paper 1:

Introduction (150-200 words)

●​ Generic statement (theme/purpose/quote) → 20 WORDS
●​ Specific to text – title, type, author, time, source
●​ Theme/message
●​ Purpose
●​ Audience
●​ Guiding question almost as it is
●​ Thesis statement- key words from the guiding question
Body (3*200=600 words)
●​ Structure and layout aligning with the purpose
●​ Language, vocab, tone based on the theme (effectiveness of the text)
●​ Points depending upon the guiding question (impact of image, visual
features, uniqueness of the text)
Tip:
please repeat the guiding question with synonymous words to show the
focus of the answer
Add 3-4 literary techniques each
The transition of one body paragraph to another should be coherent and
subtle
Conclusion
●​ Closing the circle with the guiding question and justification of the same.
●​ Showing the relevance of text and how you can associate with the text
Tip: the essay should be persuasive by the use of ethos, pathos, logos

Literary Devices:

1)​ Extended Metaphor – A metaphor that continues over several lines or

sentences, deepening the comparison to reveal more complex meaning.​
Example: "Life is a river—twisting, unpredictable, calm in moments, raging
in others."
2)​ Emotive Language - Words that evoke emotion
3)​ Loaded Language - strongly positive or negative connotation
4)​ Inclusive Language – “We,” “us,” creates unity with audience
5)​ Imperative Language - “Buy now!” “Act fast!”
6)​ Metaphor – A direct comparison between two unrelated things to highlight
a shared quality.​
Example: "Time is a thief."
7)​ Simile – A figure of speech comparing two different things using “like” or
“as.”​
Example: "He was as cold as ice."
8)​ Hyperbole – An exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally,
used for emphasis.​
Example: "This bag weighs a ton!"
9)​ Paradox – A contradictory statement that reveals a truth upon reflection.​
Example: "The more you know, the more you realize you don’t know."
10)​ Juxtaposition – Placing two contrasting elements side by side to
emphasize their differences.​
Example: "A beggar and a millionaire sharing a bench."
11)​Metonymy – Replacing the name of something with something closely
associated with it.​
Example: "The White House issued a statement today."
12)​ Synecdoche – A figure of speech where a part stands for the whole or
vice versa.​
Example: "Nice wheels!" (referring to a car)
13)​ Anaphora – Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of
successive clauses.​
Example: "We will fight. We will win. We will survive."
14)​ Antithesis – A rhetorical contrast of ideas using parallel structures.​
Example: "It was a time of joy, it was a time of sorrow."
15)​ Hypophora – Asking a question and then immediately answering it.​
Example: "Why learn this? Because knowledge is power."
16)​ Epiphora – Repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive
lines.​
Example: "See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil."
17)​ Parallelism – Using similar grammatical structures for rhythm and
clarity.​
Example: "She enjoys singing, dancing, and acting."
18)​ Pathetic Fallacy – Giving human emotions to nature or objects, often
reflecting mood.​
Example: "The storm screamed in rage."
19)​ Mood – The overall emotional atmosphere a writer creates for the
reader.​
Example: A tense mood in a murder mystery keeps readers on edge.
20)​ Tone – The writer’s attitude toward the subject, shown through style and
word choice.​
Example: "What a surprise," she muttered sarcastically.
21)​ Personification – Assigning human qualities to non-human things.​
Example: "The stars danced in the sky."
22)​ Anthropomorphism – When non-human things literally act like humans.​
Example: "The teapot walked and talked like a person."
23)​ Alliteration – Repetition of the same initial consonant sounds in words.​
Example: "Whispering winds whirled wildly."
24)​ Analogy – A comparison to explain or clarify by showing similarities.​
Example: "Reading without understanding is like eating without
swallowing."
25)​ Narrative Voice – The perspective or personality that tells the story (1st,
2nd, or 3rd person).​
Example: "I wandered through the dark woods..." (First-person)
26)​ Foreshadowing – Hints or clues about events that will happen later in
the story.​
Example: "He didn’t know this would be his last day at home."
27)​ Allegory – A story where characters or events symbolically represent
abstract ideas.​
Example: "Animal Farm is an allegory for the Russian Revolution."
28)​ Allusion – A brief reference to a well-known person, place, event, or
text.​
Example: "He’s a real Romeo with the ladies."
29)​ Imagery – Language that appeals to the senses (visual, auditory, tactile,
olfactory, kinesthetic).​
Example: "The fresh scent of pine lingered as the cold wind bit at his skin."​
(Visual: 'fresh scent of pine', Tactile: 'cold wind bit', Olfactory: 'scent',
Kinesthetic: 'wind bit')
30)​ Irony – When the opposite of what is expected occurs.​
Example: "A plumber’s house has the worst leaks."
31)​ Anecdote – A short personal story used to illustrate a point.​
Example: "When I was five, I tried to microwave a fork. That’s how I
learned about metal and electricity."
32)​ Oxymoron – Two contradictory words placed together.​
Example: "Bittersweet."
33)​ Assonance – Repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words.​
Example: "The early bird catches the worm."
34)​ Euphemism – A polite or less harsh way to say something unpleasant.​
Example: "He passed away." (Instead of "He died")
35)​ Satire – The use of humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize or expose
flaws in society.​
Example: The Daily Show or The Onion.
36)​ Diction – The author’s specific word choice that shapes tone, meaning,
and style.​
Example: Using “child” vs. “brat” reveals different attitudes.
37)​ nachronism – Something out of its proper historical time.​
Example: "A character in ancient Rome checking his wristwatch."
38)​ Marked Modality – A statement that clearly expresses a high degree of
certainty or obligation.​
Example: "You must attend the meeting."
39)​ Unmarked Modality – A softer or more neutral expression of possibility
or obligation.​
Example: "You might want to attend the meeting."
40)​ Anastrophe – Inverted word order to create emphasis or rhythm.​
Example: "Powerful you have become." (Yoda-style)
41)​ Cumulative Sentences – A sentence that starts with the main clause
and adds details after.​
Example: "He ran through the field, dodging branches, soaking in the rain,
laughing."
42)​ Epistrophe – Repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive
clauses.​
Example: "See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil."
43)​ Tautology – Unnecessary repetition or saying the same thing twice in
different words.​
Example: "Free gift" or "I personally believe..."
44)​ Flashback – A scene that interrupts the present action to show
something from the past.​
Example: "As she walked into the school, memories of her first day flooded
back."
45)​ In Media Res – Starting a story in the middle of the action rather than
the beginning.​
Example: "Gunshots echoed. He ducked behind the car, heart pounding."
46)​ Frame Sentences / Narrative – A story within a story, often with an outer
frame leading into the main narrative.​
Example: The Canterbury Tales, where pilgrims tell stories within the main
story.
47)​ Zoomorphism – Assigning animal qualities to humans or objects.​
Example: "He barked orders at his team."
48)​ Polyptoton – Repetition of words from the same root.​
Example: "The strong survive by being stronger than the strongest."
49)​ Ellipsis – The deliberate omission of words for effect or because they
are understood.​
Example: "I went to the mall on Monday, and she on Sunday."
50)​ Asyndeton – The omission of conjunctions between words or phrases
for a punchy effect.​
Example: "I came, I saw, I conquered."
51)​ Connotation – The emotional or cultural meaning associated with a
word.​
Example: "Home" = warmth, safety (vs. "house" = just a building)
52)​ Dysphemism – A harsh or offensive term used instead of a more neutral
one.​
Example: "Lunatic" instead of "person with a mental illness."
53)​ Dysphemism – A harsh or offensive term used instead of a more neutral
one.​
Example: "Lunatic" instead of "person with a mental illness."
54)​ Pun – A play on words that exploits multiple meanings for humorous or
rhetorical effect.​
Example: "I used to be a banker, but I lost interest."
55)​ Aphorism
56)​ Archetype
57)​ Assonance
58)​ Consonance
59)​ Bildungsroman
60)​ Ballad – A narrative poem with regular rhythm and rhyme; often tells a
story. Example: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor
Coleridge.
61)​ Bathos – A sudden drop in tone from serious to trivial or ridiculous,
often for comedic effect. Example: “He spent his final hour of life doing
what he loved most: arguing with his wife.”
62)​ Cacophony – Harsh, jarring sounds used deliberately for effect.
*Example: “With throats unslaked, with black lips baked, / Agape they
heard me call.” – Coleridge
63)​ Caesura – A pause within a line of poetry, often marked by punctuation.
Example: “To err is human; || to forgive, divine.”
64)​ Caricature – Exaggerated portrayal of a character, often for comic or
critical effect. Example: A political cartoon showing a leader with an
oversized ego and tiny hands.
65)​ Catharsis – Emotional release felt by the audience, especially in
tragedy. Example: The end of Romeo and Juliet evokes catharsis through
their tragic deaths.
66)​ Consonance – Repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of
words. Example: “The lumpy, bumpy road.”
67)​ Dissonance – Use of clashing, unsettling sounds to create tension or
discomfort. Example: “Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw.” –
Milton
68)​ Dramatic Irony – When the audience knows something the characters
do not. Example: In Oedipus Rex, the audience knows he has killed his
father, but he does not.
69)​ Elegy – A mournful poem, often written to lament someone’s death.
Example: “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman, mourning Abraham
Lincoln.
70)​ End Rhyme – Rhyming words at the ends of lines. Example: “The
woods are lovely, dark and deep, / But I have promises to keep.”
71)​ Eye Rhyme – Words that look like they should rhyme but don’t when
spoken. Example: “Love” and “move.”
72)​ Iambic Metre – A metrical foot with one unstressed syllable followed by
a stressed one. Example: “The cúrfew tólls the knéll of párting dáy.”
73)​ Iambic Pentameter – A line of five iambs (10 syllables:
unstressed-stressed pattern). Example: “Shall I compare thee to a
summer’s day?”
74)​ Internal Rhyme – Rhyme that occurs within a single line of poetry.
Example: “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and
weary.”
75)​ Monologue – A long speech by one character, often revealing inner
thoughts. Example: Macbeth’s “Is this a dagger which I see before me…”
76)​ Narrative Verse – Poetry that tells a story. Example: The Canterbury
Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.
77)​ Parody – A humorous imitation of a style or genre, often exaggerating
features. Example: A spoof of a Shakespearean sonnet with modern slang.
78)​ Quatrain – A stanza of four lines, often with a specific rhyme scheme.
Example: “Hope is the thing with feathers / That perches in the soul…” –
Dickinson
79)​ Refrain – A repeated line or phrase, often in song or poetry. *Example:
“Nevermore” in Poe’s The Raven.
80)​ Rhyming Couplet – Two lines that rhyme and are often of the same
length. Example: “Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow /
That I shall say good night till it be morrow.”
81)​ Rhythm – The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Example:
The steady beat in “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star.”
82)​ Sensationalise – Exaggerating content to create excitement or shock.
Example: “Alien Invasion Feared After Strange Lights in Sky!”
83)​ Soliloquy – A solo speech in which a character reveals inner thoughts.
Example: Hamlet’s “To be or not to be…”
84)​ Sonnet – A 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme and meter, often
iambic pentameter. Example: Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare
thee to a summer’s day?”
85)​ Stereotype – Oversimplified or fixed image of a group or individual.
Example: “All teenagers are lazy” is a harmful stereotype.
86)​ Symbol – An object or image that represents a deeper meaning.
Example: The green light in The Great Gatsby symbolizes hope and the
American Dream.
87)​ Syntax – The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed
sentences. Example: “What light through yonder window breaks?” –
unusual syntax for emphasis.
88)​ Tone – The writer’s attitude toward the subject or audience. Example: A
sarcastic tone in a political article.
89)​ Tricolon – A series of three parallel elements (words or phrases) for
emphasis. Example: “Veni, vidi, vici.” (I came, I saw, I conquered.)
90)​ Zoomorphism – Giving animal characteristics to humans or objects.
Example: “He barked commands at the team.”
 Propaganda:

1)​ Bandwagon – Encouraging people to do something because "everyone is

doing it."​
Example: "Join the millions who’ve switched to our brand!"
2)​ Glittering Generalities – Using vague but positive-sounding phrases.​
Example: "A better future for all!"
3)​ Plain Folks – Making the speaker appear as an average, relatable person.​
Example: "I’m just a farmer like you, and I know what’s right."
4)​ Fear Mongering / Fear Appeals – Instilling fear to influence actions.​
Example: "If you don’t vote for this law, your safety is at risk!"
5)​ Name Calling – Attaching negative labels to opponents.​
Example: "Only a fool would believe that."
6)​ Card Stacking – Presenting only positive information and omitting
negatives.​
Example: An ad only showing product benefits while hiding side effects.
7)​ Appeal to Authority – Using endorsements from experts or celebrities.​
Example: "9 out of 10 dentists recommend this toothpaste."
8)​ Ad Nauseam – Repeating an idea so frequently that it is accepted as truth.​
Example: "Buy now! Buy now! Buy now!"
9)​ Transfer – Linking positive or negative feelings from one thing to another.​
Example: A happy family used to sell life insurance.

Types of Imagery:

1)​ Auditory imagery: "The leaves rustled softly in the wind."

2)​ Olfactory imagery (smell): “The stench of burning rubber filled the air."
3)​ Visual imagery: "A golden glow spread across the sky."
4)​ Gustatory Imagery (taste): "The chocolate melted on her tongue, rich and
bittersweet."
5)​ Tactile imagery (touch): "The icy wind stung her cheeks."
6)​ Kinaesthetic Imagery (bodily movement): "Her legs trembled with each
step up the steep hill."
 Visual rhetorics:

How visuals persuade or shape meaning

1)​ Visual metaphor – One image represents another (e.g., phone as racecar
= speed)
2)​ Juxtaposition – Contrasts (e.g., rich vs. poor) to provoke thought
3)​ Symbolism – Objects/colors represent ideas (e.g., dove = peace)
4)​ Analogy – Comparison to explain (e.g., brain = lightbulb)
5)​ Intertextuality – References to other texts or pop culture

Visual techniques:

1)​ Colours – Colours evoke emotion and carry symbolic meanings. (warm,
pastel, cool, monochromatic)​
Example: Red = passion or danger, Blue = calm or trust.
2)​ Composition – How elements are arranged in a visual; guides the viewer’s
focus.​
Example: Central placement makes a character seem important.
Foreground, background, middle ground.
3)​ Lighting – Use of light and shadows to convey mood or highlight elements.​
Example: Harsh lighting may suggest tension or conflict.
4)​ Rule of Thirds – Dividing the image into a 3x3 grid to create balance and
interest.​
Example: Placing the subject off-centre makes visuals more engaging.
5)​ Gaze – Where the subject is looking, guiding the viewer's attention or
creating emotional connection.​
Example: A child staring at the camera invites empathy.
6)​ Framing – What’s included (or excluded) in the shot influences meaning.​
Example: A soldier framed alone may imply isolation.
7)​ Position – The placement of objects or people to show importance or
relationships.​
Example: A character shown larger or higher may seem more powerful.
8)​ Symbolism – Using symbols to represent ideas or themes.​
Example: A dove symbolizes peace.
9)​ Text and Typography – Font style, size, lettering, and colour affect tone
and message. ​
Example: Bold, red font may convey urgency or danger. Cursive lettering,
elegance.
10)​ Camera angle
●​ Point-of-view shot – helps us to see the action from a character's
viewpoint and thus empathise with them.
●​ High angle shot – camera looks down on person/object, making
them look vulnerable.
●​ Low angle shot – camera looks up at someone/thing, making them
appear powerful.
11)​Body Language & Expressions – Posture, gestures, and facial
expressions to communicate mood/attitude.
12)​ Juxtaposition (Visual) – Placing two opposing images or elements
together for effect.​
Rich vs. poor, peace vs. war
13)​ Vectors (lines that lead the eye)

Word-Level Devices

1)​ Diction – Word choice (formal, informal, emotive, colloquial, technical)

2)​ Connotation – Implied meaning or associations of a word
3)​ Register – Level of formality in language

Structural/Grammatical Devices

1)​ Juxtaposition – Contrasting ideas placed close together​

Syntax – Sentence structure; long, short, fragmented, inverted?
2)​ Anaphora – Repetition of words at the beginning of clauses (e.g. “We shall
fight… We shall defend…”)​
Parallelism – Repetition of grammatical structure (e.g. “easy come, easy
go”)

Symbolic techniques

Using images as symbols or metaphors.

1)​ Symbolism – Visual symbols (dove = peace, chain = oppression)

2)​ Visual Metaphor – An image that represents an idea (e.g., brain as a
maze)
3)​ Visual Allegory – A whole image stands for an abstract idea (e.g., justice
as a blindfolded woman with scales)​