.

◦ Srinivas Pullogi
◦ M. Arch 1 St Semester
Roll No. 24251NE008
◦ Auroras Design Academy
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
CONCENTRIC ZONE THEOREY
CHICAGO AS CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY
LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS OF CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
SECTOR MODEL
COMPONENTS OF SECTOR MODEL
CHICAGO AS SECTOR MODEL
ADVANTAGES OF THE SECTOR MODEL
LIMITATIONS OF SECTOR MODEL
INTRODUCTION - MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
LOS ANGELS MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
• With time, a number of models have been created based on studies to identify patterns of land use to overcome the
• complexity of land uses found throughout a city. Land use models are theories which attempt to explain the
layout of urban areas.
• The forces underlying the pattern of land use, process of urban growth and accessibility within and
outward of a city can be generalized by means of a number of theories.
The commonly referred models of city structure or theories explaining urban morphology are
✓ CONCENTRIC
✓ SECTORAL
• THE MULTIPLE NUCLEI:
Multiple nuclei model of 1945 by C.D. Harris and Edward L. Ullman is based on the argument that
the cities have multiple growth points or “nuclei” around which growth take place.
CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY (1925)
Ernest Burgess

• Ernest Burgess gave a model to define how different social groups are located in a
metropolitan area.
• Social groups based on the socio-economic status of households and distance
from central area or downtown. This model is known as the concentric zone model.

EARNEST W BURGESS

Ernest Watson Burgess (May 16, 1886 – December 27, 1966) was a Canadian-
• American urban sociologist born in Tilbury, Ontario.
Educated at Kingfisher College in Oklahoma and continued
•
graduate studies in sociology at the University of Chicago.
In 1916, he returned to the University of Chicago, as a faculty
•
member. Burgess was hired as an urban sociologist at the
University of Chicago.
Burgess also served as the 24th President of the American
•
Sociological Association (ASA).
This model is based on the concept that land values are highest in the centre of a city
or town.
This is because competition is greater in the central parts of the settlement. This leads to high-
density buildings, high-rise being found near the Central Business District (CBD), with
sparse, low-density developments on the edge of the town or city. Eg. Old set up of Chicago
• Social structures extend outward from one central business area.
• Population density decreases towards outward zones
• Shows correlation between socioeconomic status and the distance from the central
business district i.e better the economic status more the distance from the
central area.
• Also known as the Burgess Model, the Bull’s Eye Model, the Concentric Ring Model, or
the Concentric Circles Model.
ZONE 1: CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT ZONE 5: COMMUTERS
• Non-residential center for business. • Mostly upper class
• “Downtown” area •Low rise development
• Emphasis on business and commerce •large gardens,
• Commuted to by residents of other zones •less population density
• Can afford to commute into
ZONE 2: ZONE OF TRANSITION city for work or entertainment
• “Least desirable place to live in the city”
• Dilapidated housing and infrastructure
• Large percentage rent
• Highest crime rate
• High rate of people moving in and out

ZONE 3: WORKING CLASS

• Modest older homes
• Stable, working class families
• Can afford to move out of Zone 2
• Second generation immigrants

ZONE 4: MIDDLE CLASS or

Zone of better residences
• Newer, more spacious homes
• Less likely to be rented
• Well educated
CASE STUDY
CHICAGO
•Many of the original and innovative
contributions to the field of urban
sociology came out of the University of
Chicago in the early 20th Century. Two of
the major proponents of urban ecology
were
•Ernest Burgess and
•Robert E. Park,
professors at the University of Chicago,
they proposed a model for the spatial
organization of cities called concentric
zone theory which along with
Hoyt’s sector model and Harris and
Ullman’s multiple nuclei model is
considered a classic model of urban land
use.
•Chicago, a city in the U.S. state of
Illinois, is the third most populous city in
the United States and the most populous
city in the American Midwest with
approximately 2.7 million residents. Its
metropolitan area is very large
The principle structural regions of Burgess’ Chicago are:

1. Loop (CBD), the business centre and the region of greatest mobility. Hotels are located
here and the residents are primarily transients. This area empties at night and fills in the
morning.

2. Transition zone: occupied by slums. This was the former suburbs of the old city and was
taken over by businesses expanding from the CBD. Apartments here are flats, furnished
rooms and are deteriorated and occupied primarily by childless people.

3. Workingmen’s homes: roomers (on the edge of the slums) where factory workers and
shop workers with families dwell and unsettled young people – the ‘respectable’ working
class.

4. Zone of better residences: apartments, small families and shops. Here the middle
class
residents dwell and this area is served by local subsidiary shopping centres.

5. The commuter’s zone: duplex apartments (houses converted into double flats), single
dwellings, house owners and families.

Further out we can identify two more concentric zones:

6: the agricultural district and zone 7: the hinterland.
LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS OF CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

Concentric zone model is one of the simplest model available. This model accounts for the
economic forces which drive development and the study of patterns present at the time of the
study. But with the evolution and passage of time urban areas grew more complex and this
model cannot define the development of existing cities. Some of the limitations and criticism
include:

•Although widely appreciated in the United States Burgess model is not applicable outside
the US. This is so, as the pattern of growth is different because of various circumstances.

•The relevance of this model decreased over time. With the advancement in the mode of
transportation, mass transit vehicles, motor vehicles, cars changed the way people commute.
Accordingly, their preference for living in a particular zone changed.

•It does not take into account the effect of political forces and the restrictions imposed by
the government for the improvement of living conditions.
•In reality, no distinct zones and boundaries exist as overlapping of areas is possible in
every town. The preference of people changes over time depending on the importance they
associate for a particular benefit.

•This model is not applicable to polycentric cities as many CDB exists in such towns.
Moreover, every city is different, and the factors influencing the growth of a city are diverse.
 HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL

Homer Hoyt (1895–1984) was a land economist, a real estate

appraiser, and a real estate consultant.
In his long and accomplished life,
•he conducted path-breaking research on land economics,
•developed an influential approach to the analysis of neighborhoods and
housing markets,
•refined local area economic analysis, and
• was a major figure in the development of suburban shopping centers in the
decades after World War II.
•His sector model of land use remains one of his most well-known contributions
to urban scholarship.

• The sector model is an updated version of the concentric zone

model.
•As the city grows, activities within it grow outward in a wedge
shape from the Central Business District (CBD).
•Hoyt modified the concentric zone model to account for major
transportation routes.
•Most major cities evolved around the nexus of several important
transport facilities such as sea ports, railroads, and trolley lines that
radiated from the city’s centre.
•It is a mono centric representation of urban areas.
COMPONE N TS OF HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL

The Central Business District (CBD)

is the area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered, and is the centre of the city,
economically and geographically.
Low Class Residential
•The low income residential tend to be close to railroad lines, and commercial foundations
along the business areas.
•mainly occupied by the poorer people who usually work in the factories, so they have to live close
to the industry to save transportation costs.
•less desirable for living, due to traffic, noise, and smells and pollution emitted from the
industries,
Industry and Transportation
•The industry sectors are predominantly set up along transportation lines such as water
canals and rail lines.
•provides an income for the low income people of the society and the needs for the
people.

Middle Income Residential

•The middle income residential are further away from manufacturing and industrial sectors
•more desirable to live in than low income residential.
•It joins the CBD for working middle income people for easy access to work.
•These housings have trees and are much more spacious.
High class residential
•The high income residential are the most expensive housing and have the greatest distance from industrial
sectors,
•cleaner environment with less traffic jams, cleaner air and sounds.
Chicago today is closer to this model than the original concentric zone model. Calgary in
Canada is also another example of a sector model city.
With the 20th century public transport became
an important part of city planning. Now along
with private vehicles , and also increasing
demography public transport was important to
include in the model. Now places with transport
and accessibility the land value started
increasing . So now roads were planned and the
expansion was along the road and the sectors
such formed took a wedge shape.

Legend-Loop- CBD
Lakeview centre, lincoln park old town-
Highly populated residential area
Hayde park(green area)- Ports of chiacgo
Uptown- Commercial area, high rise
Advantages of the Sector Model:

•It looks at the effect of transport and communication links.

•Numerous cities do seem to have followed this model. If turned 90 degrees anti-clockwise,
the Hoyt model fits the city of Newcastle upon Tyne reasonably accurately.
•Pie shaped wedges made by Hoyt compensated for the drawbacks of the Ring model.
•Though not perfect it takes into account the lines of growth.
•It allows for an outward progression of growth.

Limitations of sector model:

•There is no reference to the physical environment.

•The theory is based on nineteenth century transport and does not make allowances for private
cars which allow commuting from outside city boundaries where land is much cheaper.
•The growth of a sector can be stopped with land use radiating out of the inner city.
•It does not consider the new concepts of edge cities and boom burbs, which came up in
the 1980s, after the creation of the model. Since its creation, the traditional CBD has diminished
in importance as numerous office and retail buildings have moved into the suburbs.
•Like all models of urban form its validity is limited.
INTRODUCTION - MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
This Multiple Nuclei model was given by C D Harris and Edward L.Ullman in the year 1945.
It is an economic model and written in the article named “ The Nature of Cities “.
This model is based on the structure and the layout of Chicago.
This model wanted to better describe the economic functions and subsequent land use.

BASIC CONCEPT
Harris and Ullman argued that a city might start with a single central business district
(CBD) but over the time the activities scatter and gets modified.
This is because if the main city becomes too large and congested some functions may
disperse to form new nuclei.
These scattered activities attract people from the surrounding areas and acts as
smaller nuclei in itself.
Each nuclei acts as a growth center from a particular kind of land use, such as
industry, retail, finance, wholesaling, education or high quality housing.
These small nuclei gain importance and grow in size and starts influencing the growth
of activities around them. Thus, forming multiple nuclei within the city.
FEATURES LAYOUT
Central Business District (CBD) – It is the
economic centre of the urban place.
Wholesale and light manufacturing –
This is the place for wholesale business
and light metal manufactures.
Low class residential area – It is located
closely to the manufacturing unit. Daily
wage laborer's working in the Light
metal manufactures occupy this place
because it is close to their working
place.
Medium class residential area – It is located close to the CBD and outlying business
district. People who go to CBD and outlying business district for their work occupies this
area as it is close to their work place.
High Class residential area – It is located on the peripheral of the city and close to
outlying business district. It is occupied by people who does not want any disturbance
like Industrial noises, pollution etc near their place. This place is deserted in the morning
and occupied only in the evening, as people leave for work in the morning and return
only in the evening.
Heavy manufacturing – This is located outside the residential areas because it requires
regular transportation. It would be difficult for transportation if it was located near the
residential areas.
Outlying Business District – This is the portion of an urban area that is normally
separated from CBD and fringe area but that supports considerable business activity.
Residential Suburb – Residential areas located outside the urban place and close to the
residential areas of urban centre.
Industrial Suburb – Industrial areas located outside the urban place and close to the
industrial areas of urban centre.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE
Certain activities require specialized facilities and concentrate where these facilities are
available. For eg: A manufacturing district would not operate well if access to it required
large trucks to travel through residential areas.
Certain activities group together because they profit from cohesion. For eg: In retail
districts, shoppers can combine several shopping trips into one.
Certain activities are detrimental to each other. For eg: Rail facilities, by interfering with
automobile traffic flow, would make movement by automobiles through an industrial
area difficult.
Certain activities are unable to afford high rents of the most desirable areas. For eg: Bulk
wholesaling and storage require a great deal of room, and could not be located in
exclusive retailing areas.
ASSUMPTIONS
It is difficult to find a flat land for big cities and the terrain features affect the
activities, development and direction of growth of urban area.
Resources are evenly distributed within the city.
People are homogeneously and evenly distributed in a particular area.
Transportation cost is even in the city and not affected by the location.
A particular activity will locate itself where maximum profit can be earned.
 Los angels city – An Example

Los Angeles is a prime example of a city that follows the multiple nuclei model,
characterized by multiple centers or "nuclei" rather than a single core, each with distinct
functions, such as Downtown LA, Hollywood, and Santa Monica.
Los Angeles is reminiscent of the multiple nuclei model because it has multiple
centers or nodes of development, each with its own distinct functions and
activities.
Explanation:
Los Angeles is reminiscent of the multiple nuclei model because like the model
suggests, the city has multiple centers or nodes of development. In the case of
Los Angeles, these nodes are areas like Downtown, Hollywood, Santa Monica,
and Long Beach, each with its own distinct functions and activities.

For example, Downtown is the central business district, Hollywood is known for its
entertainment industry, Santa Monica has a focus on tourism and shopping, and
Long Beach is a major port and industrial area. This reflects the idea of different
economic activities and functions being located in separate areas, which is a key
characteristic of the multiple nuclei model.
The multiple nuclei model describes urban development where cities have
multiple centers of growth and activity rather than a single central business
district. It recognizes that different functions, like residential,
commercial, industrial, and recreational, tend to develop in different areas,
creating a decentralized and diverse urban landscape. Los Angeles, with its
various centers and nodes, aligns with this model.

CONCLUSION

Los Angeles exemplifies the "multiple nuclei" model of urban development,

characterized by a decentralized city structure with multiple centers of activity spread
across the metropolitan area. Key urban hubs, such as Downtown LA, Hollywood, Santa
Monica, and Pasadena, serve as distinct focal points for commerce, culture, and services.
This decentralized growth is influenced by factors like geographic spread, transportation
infrastructure, and a cultural preference for spatial diversity. As a result, Los Angeles
challenges traditional urban planning paradigms, offering a dynamic and complex urban
environment with various specialized districts instead of a singular downtown area.
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Thank you