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NLM

The document discusses fundamental concepts in physics, including systems, internal and external forces, and frames of reference. It explains Newton's First Law of Motion, the concept of impulse, and how impulse is measured graphically. Additionally, it provides examples illustrating the application of these principles in real-life scenarios.

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DEBASISH SAHOO
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12 views

NLM

The document discusses fundamental concepts in physics, including systems, internal and external forces, and frames of reference. It explains Newton's First Law of Motion, the concept of impulse, and how impulse is measured graphically. Additionally, it provides examples illustrating the application of these principles in real-life scenarios.

Uploaded by

DEBASISH SAHOO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamental Forces of Nature

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System
System is a body or combination of bodies which are being observed.

System is just a matter of


choice i.e. what actually is
to be observed becomes
our system

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• If the force acting on a • If the force acting on a
body/particle is applied by body/particle is applied by some
some other body which is other body which is not a part of
included in the system, then the system & acts as an external
such a force is termed as agent.
Internal force.

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Frame of Reference
The frame of reference is an abstraction that represents the location and orientation of an object in
space and time.

Frame of Reference

NON INERTIAL
INERTIAL FRAME
FRAME

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Newton’s First Law of Motion
• It states that a body continues to be in state of rest or of uniform velocity until and unless
an external unbalanced force is acted on the body
• This law defines the force and states that "force is a factor which can change the state of
object."
• Force as an agent which is the cause of change in state of rest or motion of a body. So the
first law gives “qualitative definition of force”

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Impulse
• Impulse is the total effect of a larger force which acts for a very short interval of time.
• Impulse produces finite change in the momentum of a body.
• It is measured as the product of the force and time for which it acts. It is equal to the
change in momentum.
Impulse = Force × time
= Total change in momentum.
• Impulse is a vector quantity and its direction is same as that of the force or the change
in momentum

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MEASUREMENT OF IMPULSE FROM GRAPHS
When a constant force acts on body
• Let a constant force F acts on a body for time
t1 to t2, graph is a straight line AB parallel to the
time axis, as shown in Fig.
• Impulse of the constant force,
I = area of rectangle ABCD
= AD × AB = F(t2 – t1)
When a variable force acts on the body:

• The force-time graph is a curve ABC as shown in


Fig.
• Impulse of force F in time interval t,
𝑡
𝐼 = ‫׬‬0 𝐹𝑑𝑡= area under the curve ABC.
• Thus, the area under the force-time graph gives the
magnitude of the impulse of the given force in the
given time interval.

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Examples
• While catching a ball, a cricket player lowers his hands to save himself from getting hurt. By lowering his
hands, the cricket player increases the time interval in which the catch is completed. As the total change in
momentum takes place in a large time interval, the time rate of change of momentum of the ball
decreases. So, according to Newton’s second law of motion, lesser force acts on the hands of the player
which saves him from getting hurt.

• A person falling from a certain height receives more injuries if he lands on a cemented floor than on soft
ground (or loose earth, soft snow, cotton or net). On the cemented floor, the momentum is reduced to zero
in comparatively lesser time. Due to this, the rate of change of momentum is large. So, greater force acts
on the person resulting in more injuries.

• Automobiles (buses, cars, etc) are provided with shockers. When a vehicle moves on an uneven road, it
experiences jerks. The shocker increases the time of jerk and hence reduces the force.

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Derivation of Law of Conservation of momentum from Newton’s Laws

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RECOIL VELOCITY OF GUN

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A. 6 B.2 C.3 D.5

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