Artificial Intelligence

Share18
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and it's application areas
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science which is concerned with programs that solves
and analyze problems intelligently.

Components of AI
 Search: this intelligence is used to search solution of particular problem like possibilities of
moves on chess playing game. Searching is very important and needs to be very fast and must
search with accuracy. So AI based system is useful for particular problem oriented search easily.
 Pattern recognition: it is used to recognize some type of figures, images or audio sounds. Its
application is used for the authentication like face detection, iris detection, voice recognition,
etc.
 Logic generate: as the name suggest, AI is intelligence with creating logic in different
problems. Logic in terms of predicate basis or whatever, this system creates logic for solving the
any kind of related problems as per the AI related system and software.
 Common sense and reasoning: the main goal of AI is to produce good reasoning power and
produce logic. This reasoning power and logic made machines like human.
 Learning from experience: AI programming is built to learn from the experiences like human
being. Although learning are limited with comparison to the human beings and also depends on
the programming language used.
 Genetic programming: AI programs are used to solve relationship between humans. As we see
in genetically there is inheritance properties that can help the future prediction.
 Neural network: AI technique that mimics the operation of the human brain that refers to
nerves and neurons, and comprises of densely interconnected processors working
simultaneously that means parallel.
The applications of AI are as:
 Game playing: Ai emerges and gives new height for dull machines on the field of game playing.
Some intelligence programming is far better than human brain.
 Expert systems: it is computer programming to make decisions in real life situations. AI based
computer system can decide and think itself for desired result what is to be happened.
 Pattern detection: it detects most common patterns for authentication, for example thumb
detection, iris detection, etc. This is most widely used tools for security purpose which once
stored in database.
 Natural Language Processing: NLP is a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with
analyzing understanding and generating the languages that human use naturally in order to
interface with computers in both written and spoken.
 Automated operation: AI is used to automate satellite, space shuttle, airplane without pilot,
etc. Without any technical human being, the system automatically handle a and controls the
systems that are already set in that corresponding instruction with logics and mathematics.
 Robotics: robots are used in many fields like in space, medicine, and research etc. Now a days,
robots are broadly using in surgery for operation micro level surgery for operation micro-level
surgery.

Ethical aspect of AI
AI can be used for good or bad. This is why it's important to think about what AI is, and how we want it
to be used.
Some ethical aspects of AI are:
 AI builders have an obligation not to exploit people's ignorance and make them think. AI is
human.
 Robots are not really your friends. They may be harmful for individuals. So developers should be
ethical.
 Use of AI must obey the social norms and values.
 Use of AI should be under the intellectual property rights.
Contemporary Technology

Share31
E-Commerce and E-business
E-commerce refers to online transactions, buying and selling of goods and/or services over the internet.
E-business covers online transactions, but also extends to all internets based interactions with business
partners, suppliers and customers.

Advantages of e-commerce:
 It makes buying selling procedure faster, as well as easy to find products.
 It makes buying/selling possible 24/7.
 There are no theoretical geographical limitations hence more reach to customers.
 It reduces operational costs and provides better quality of services.
 It does not require physical company set ups.
 It is easy to start and manage a business.

Disadvantages of e-commerce:
 Any one, good or bad can easily start a business. And there are many bad sites which eat up
customer's money.
 There is no guarantee of product quality.
 Mechanical failures can cause unpredictable effects on the total processes.
 As there is minimum chance of direct customer to company interactions, customer loyalty is
always on a check.
 There are many hackers who look for opportunities and thus an ecommerce site, service
payment gateways all are always prone attack.

E-learning
E-learning is a new concept of delivering digital contents in learner oriented environment using
information and communication te4chnology (ICT). Delivery of the digital content is the main
characteristic of e-learning.

Advantages of e-learning:
 It maintains the consistency of content.
 It is easy for customization.
 There is no any geographical limitation for learning.
 It is quite favorable for learner as it can happen at any time and anywhere.
 It reduces or eliminates travel costs to attend learning events.
 It reduces or eliminates need for classroom/instructor infrastructure.

Disadvantages of e-learning:
 Learners with low motivation or bad study habits may fall behind
 Without the routine structures of a traditional class, students may get lost or confused about
course activities and deadlines
 Students may feel isolated from the instructor and classmates
 Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need help
 Slow Internet connections or older computers may make accessing course materials frustrating
 Managing computer files and online learning software can sometimes seem complex for students
with beginner-level computer skills
 Hands-on or lab work is difficult to simulate in a virtual classroom.

E-governance
E-governance is the application of electronic means to improve the interaction between government
and citizens; and to increase the administrative effectiveness and efficiency in the internal government
operations.
Despite the government of Nepal has positively giving attention towards the development of ICTs and
subsequent implementing e-governance, a number of issues has yet addressed. Some of the
challenges for successful implementation of e-governance are presented as:
 Information transparency
  Legal issues
 Resources availability
 Infrastructure including connectivity in rural area
 Capacity and awareness
 Political will and government action
 Accountancy of work

Advantages of E-governance
 E-Governance offers many benefits and advantages for the government, corporate sector and
society.
 E-Governance facilitates better delivery of government services to citizens, improved
interactions with business and industry, citizen empowerment through access to information, or
more efficient government management.
 It simplifies internal operations and improves performance of government departments while
helping all sections of society to avail government services at lower cost with maximum ease of
use.
 Helps to keep account of governmental works
 Reduces corruption
 Increases the revenue for government using online method for transactions/funds transfer.

Virtual reality
Virtual reality is a new computational paradigm that redefines the interface between human and
computer becomes a significant and universal technology and subsequently penetrates applications for
education and learning.
Advantages of VR:
 Helps to create frictional character and world
 Helps to treat different phobia.
 Help user to experience world without going out
 Helps to create interactive education system
 Helps to provide ultimate experience in gaming
Disadvantages of VR:
 Expensive hardware and software are needed
 Overtime use make lead to eye problem
 View are realistic but the effect cannot be experience
 Unwise use can make user to stay in the virtual world
 Experiencing it can nausea, sea sickness, heart attack in extreme use.

Application fields of Virtual reality

 Virtual Reality in the Military: A virtual reality simulation enables them to do so but without
the risk of death or a serious injury. They can re-enact a particular scenario, for example
engagement with an enemy in an environment in which they experience this but without the real
world risks.
 Virtual Reality in Education: Education is another area which has adopted virtual reality for
teaching and learning situations. The advantage of this is that it enables large groups of students
to interact with each other as well as within a three dimensional environment.
 Virtual Reality in Healthcare: Healthcare is one of the biggest adopters of virtual reality which
encompasses surgery simulation, phobia treatment, robotic surgery and skills training.
 Virtual Reality in Business: Many businesses have embraced virtual reality as a cost effective
way of developing a product or service. For example it enables them to test a prototype without
having to develop several versions of this which can be time consuming and expensive.
 Virtual Reality in Engineering: Virtual reality engineering includes the use of 3D modelling
tools and visualization techniques as part of the design process. This technology enables
engineers to view their project in 3D and gain a greater understanding of how it works. Plus they
can spot any flaws or potential risks before implementation.
 Virtual Reality and Scientific Visualization: Virtual reality is being increasingly used in the
field of scientific visualization. This field is based upon using computer graphics to express
complex ideas and scientific concepts, for example molecular models or statistical results.
  Virtual Reality Programming Languages: For virtual reality to be truly effective, it must have
a good sense of realism. Just on its own this is a technical challenge and, as such, virtual reality
is highly demanding on many resources. From hardware performance to the intellectual ability of
the implementer of the system, how these are managed are a massive issue.

E-medicine
E-medicine refers to an approach that provides medical services whenever and wherever required
using information and communication technology. With the help of this approach, even small number of
doctors can provide medical service to large number of people scattered in different locations. The
people of rural areas who are unable to get service of doctors can be benefitted from this approach.
The patients share his/her medical problems to the doctors. This approach is now getting more
popularity among the doctors too. They can post their experiences and issues in the online discussion
forum. Without good facility of information and communication technology, e-medicine cannot be
effective. This is the problem facing in the developing countries like Nepal.

Robotics: The branch of technology that deals with design, development, operation and application of
robots. Robots are mostly used to replace human resources as they don’t have soul or feeling. Robots
can perform faster than human because of their durability. It will be more useful in military as it can
replace human who fight for their country and dies but it will be totally changed if robots will be
implemented no life will be down.
Impact of Robotics in human life
Positive Impacts:
Robots can provide a wide variety of benefits to society. The most prominent benefit of robots is that
they allow physical tasks to be performed at a greater speed than humans could reasonably achieve,
and that tasks can be performed by robots that are beyond the reasonable physical capabilities of
humans. For example, in manufacturing, mechanized processes allow production to take place at a
great speed, with little human effort required. This allows for the low-cost mass-production of goods.
These manufacturing processes allow for great precision, and can allow products of a very high quality
to be produced.

Negative Impacts:
As they are out to use to do common tasks, Humans are increasingly becoming lazy, and thus their
health is adversely affected. Also, as robots become more and more autonomous, the chances that
they commit a mistake are very high. These mistakes can lead to serious problems if unchecked. Also,
as self-learning Robots evolve, they may make decisions that are harmful to Human beings. From
another perspective, If the robots are not self-learning, they will do jobs only which they are
programmed for. Updating their functions will thus require more expertise.

Cloud computing: It is the process of storing, processing data and using application available at remote computer/cloud
computer. The server or remote computer is powerful system that provides application and memory to store and process data
required for user. The user does not install any application in the physical system. They need to create account and using the
online account they can simply login and use the services or application provided by cloud computer. Examples are Microsoft
azure, Google sheet, Google word, calendar, drive.

Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These resources include tools and applications like
data storage, servers, databases, networkinsg, and software.
Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local storage device, cloud-based storage makes it possible to save them
to a remote database. As long as an electronic device has access to the web, it has access to the data and the software programs
to run it.
Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for a number of reasons including cost savings, increased
productivity, speed and efficiency, performance, and security.

Types of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is not a single piece of technology like a microchip or a cellphone. Rather, it's a system primarily comprised of
three services: software-as-a-service (SaaS), infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), and platform-as-a-service (PaaS).
  Software-as-a-service (SaaS) involves the licensure of a software application to customers. Licenses are typically
provided through a pay-as-you-go model or on-demand. This type of system can be found in Microsoft Office's 365.

 Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) involves a method for delivering everything from operating systems to servers and
storage through IP-based connectivity as part of an on-demand service. Clients can avoid the need to purchase software
or servers, and instead procure these resources in an outsourced, on-demand service. Popular examples of the IaaS
system include IBM Cloud and Microsoft Azure.

 Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) is considered the most complex of the three layers of cloud-based computing. PaaS shares
some similarities with SaaS, the primary difference being that instead of delivering software online, it is actually a
platform for creating software that is delivered via the Internet. This model includes platforms like Salesforce.com and
Heroku.

Advantages:
1. Users can carry their files and settings over to other devices in a completely seamless manner
2. Cloud computing is far more than just accessing files on multiple devices.
3. IT also make it possible for users to back up their music, files, and photos, ensuring those files are immediately available
in the event of a hard drive crash.
4. Company’s employee can work on the files from any location, they don’t have to rely on the physical storage or
computer
5. It provides time to time updates that help to users to download new versions and fixes to their programs easily.
6. Software companies can offer their products via the web rather than through more traditional, tangible methods
involving discs or flash drives.
Disadvantages:
1. Expensive to setup
2. Requires skilled manpower to maintain and fix problems
3. Requires network all the time without it cannot perform any task
4. Sudden shift may lead user to difficulty and pressurized.

Social Media: It refers to the online platform for communication and sharing data, ideas and information using internet
and smart devices. Social media are some website that allow user to talk, share information, chat, video calling and
many more features. Facebook, twitter and instagram are some of the widely and wildly use social media sites. It is
informative in nature but only when it is properly used. Cyber bullying, meme, trolling video and leaking information are
the major problems due to social media. Social media also help to get popular and because of popularity nudity is
content are in extreme numbers. But if we look to the positive side of it, it has made world a smaller place people can
meet and get connected with each other sharing thought and skills and it also can be used for e-commerce. Some of the
posts are informative. It also helps to explore culture and its diversity.

 Big Data: It is the collection of large amount of unprocessed data. It helps to analyze the data of an organization that
create information about various sector of organization. It helps organization in business decision making. Big data are
mostly available in peta byte size which is equal to 1000 Tera byte.
o Sources of Big data:
 Social networking sites: facebook, instagram,linkedin
 E-commerce website: Amazon, daraz, flipkart, alibaba
 Weather station: weather station and satellites store large amount of data.
 Telecom company: Like Namaste, NCELL
 ISP(Internet service provider): Techmind, worldlink,CG
 Online survey: An online platform to collect user’s review.
 Note: Big data character can be explain by 5v’s: Volume, veracity,variety,value,velocity