Chapter 6

Force and Motion-II

6.2 Friction

Examples:
1. If you send a book sliding down a horizontal surface, the
book will finally slow down and stop.
2. If you push a heavy crate and the crate does not move,
then the applied force must be counteracted by frictional
forces.
6.2 Frictional Force: motion of a crate with applied forces
There is no attempt at Finally, the applied force
sliding. Thus, no friction has overwhelmed the
and no motion. static frictional force.
NO FRICTION Block slides and
accelerates.
WEAK KINETIC
Force F attempts FRICTION
sliding but is balanced
by the frictional force.
No motion. To maintain the speed,
STATIC FRICTION weaken force F to match
the weak frictional force.
Force F is now SAME WEAK KINETIC
stronger but is still FRICTION
balanced by the
frictional force.
No motion.
LARGER STATIC Static frictional force
FRICTION can only match growing
applied force.
Force F is now even
stronger but is still
balanced by the Kinetic frictional force
frictional force. has only one value
No motion. (no matching).
EVEN LARGER
fs is the static frictional force
STATIC FRICTION
fk is the kinetic frictional force
6.2 Friction
ØStatic frictional force acts when there is
no relative motion between the body and
the contact surface
ØThe magnitude of the static frictional
force increases as the applied force to
the body is increased
ØFinally when the there is relative motion
between the body and the contact surface,
kinetic friction starts to act.

ØUsually, the magnitude of the kinetic frictional force,

which acts when there is motion, is less than the
maximum magnitude of the static frictional force,
which acts when there is no motion.
6.2 Frictional Force

Often, the sliding motion of one surface over

another is “jerky” because the two surfaces
alternately stick together and then slip.

Examples:
•Tires skid on dry pavement
•Fingernails scratch on a chalkboard
•A rusty hinge is forced to open
•A bow is drawn on a violin string
6.3 Properties of friction
Property 1. If the body does not move, then the static frictional force and
the component of F that is parallel to the surface balance each other. They
are equal in magnitude, and is fs directed opposite that component of F.

Property 2. The magnitude of has a maximum value fs,max that is given by

where µs is the coefficient of static friction and FN is the magnitude of the

normal force on the body from the surface. If the magnitude of the component
of F that is parallel to the surface exceeds fs,max, then the body begins to
slide along the surface.

Property 3. If the body begins to slide along the surface, the magnitude of the
frictional force rapidly decreases to a value fk given by

where µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction. Thereafter, during the sliding, a

kinetic frictional force fk opposes the motion.
Sample Problem Assume that the constant acceleration a was due only to a
kinetic frictional force on the car from the road, directed
opposite the direction of the car’s motion. This results in:

where m is the car’s mass. The minus sign indicates the

direction of the kinetic frictional force.
Calculations: The frictional force has the magnitude
fk = µkFN,
where FN is the magnitude of the normal force on the car
from the road. Because the car is not accelerating vertically,
FN= mg.

Thus, fk =µkFN = µkmg

a =- fk/m= -µkmg/m= -µkg,

where the minus sign indicates that the acceleration is in

the negative direction. Use
v 2 = v 2 o + 2 a( x - xo )
where (x-xo) = 290 m, and the final speed is 0.
Solving for vo,
vo = 2 µ k g ( x - xo ) = 58 m / s
We assumed that v = 0 at the far end of the skid marks.
Actually, the marks ended only because the Jaguar left
the road after 290 m. So v0 was at least 210 km/h.
Sample Problem, friction applied at an angle
6.4: The drag force and terminal speed

When there is a relative velocity between a fluid and a body (either because the body
moves through the fluid or because the fluid moves past the body), the body
experiences a drag force, D, that opposes the relative motion and points in the
direction in which the fluid flows relative to the body.
6.4: Drag force and terminal speed

When a blunt body falls from rest through air, the

For cases in which air is the fluid, drag force is directed upward; its magnitude
and the body is blunt (like a gradually increases from zero as the speed of the
baseball) rather than slender (like a body increases. From Newton’s second law along y
javelin), and the relative motion is axis
fast enough so that the air becomes
turbulent (breaks up into swirls)
behind the body, (dimensional where m is the mass of the body. Eventually, a = 0,
analysis) and the body then falls at a constant speed, called
the terminal speed vt .

where r is the air density (mass per

volume), A is the effective cross-
sectional area of the body (the area
of a cross section taken
perpendicular to the velocity), and
C is the drag coefficient .
6.4: Drag force and terminal speed

Some typical values of terminal speed

Sample problem, terminal speed
6.5: Uniform circular motion

Examples:
Uniform circular motion: 1.When a car moves in the circular arc,
it has an acceleration that is directed
A body moving with speed v in toward the center of the circle. The
uniform circular motion feels a frictional force on the tires from the
centripetal acceleration directed road provide the centripetal force
responsible for that.
towards the center of the circle of
radius R.
2.In a space shuttle around the earth,
both the rider and the shuttle are in
uniform circular motion and have
accelerations directed toward the
center of the circle. Centripetal forces,
causing these accelerations, are
gravitational pulls exerted by Earth
and directed radially inward, toward
the center of Earth.
6.5: Uniform circular motion

Example of a hockey puck:

Fig. 6-8 An overhead view of a hockey puck moving

with constant speed v in a circular path of radius R
on a horizontal frictionless surface. The centripetal
force on the puck is T, the pull from the string,
directed inward along the radial axis r extending
through the puck.
6.5: Uniform circular motion

A centripetal force accelerates a body by changing the

direction of the body’s
velocity without changing the body’s speed.

From Newton’s 2nd Law:

Since the speed v here is constant, the magnitudes of the

acceleration and the force are also constant.
Sample problem: Vertical circular loop
Sample problem, car in flat circular turn
Sample problem, car in flat circular turn, cont.

(b) The magnitude FL of the negative lift on a car

depends on the square of the car’s speed v2, just
Using FL =663.7 N ,
as the drag force does .Thus, the negative lift on
the car here is greater when the car travels faster,
as it does on a straight section of track. What is
the magnitude of the negative lift
for a speed of 90 m/s?
Calculations: Thus we can write a ratio of the Upside-down racing: The gravitational force is, of
negative lift FL,90 at v =90 m/s to our result for the course, the force to beat if there is a chance of racing
negative lift FL at v =28.6 m/s as upside down:
 Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Hooke’s Law: To a good approximation for many springs, the
force from a spring is proportional to the displacement of the free
end from its position when the spring is in the relaxed state.
SHO