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Java Data Mining: Strategy,
Standard, and Practice
The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems
Series Editor: Jim Gray, Microsoft Research
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Java Data Mining: Strategy,
Standard, and Practice
A Practical Guide for Architecture,
Design, and Implementation

Mark F. Hornick
Erik Marcadé
Sunil Venkayala

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hornick, Mark F.
Java data mining : strategy, standard, and practice : a practical guide for architecture, design,
and implementation / Mark F. Hornick, Erik Marcadé, Sunil Venkayala.
p. cm.—(The Morgan Kaufmann series in data management systems)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-12-370452-9 (acid-free paper)
1. Data mining. 2. Java (Computer program language) I. Marcadé, Erik.
II. Venkayala, Sunil. III. Title.
QA76.9.D343.H67 2007
005.74—dc22 2006050783
ISBN-10: 0-12-370452-9
ISBN-13: 978-0-12-370452-8
For information on all Morgan Kaufmann publications,
visit our Web site at www.mkp.com or www.books.elsevier.com
Printed in the United States of America
06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Suzanne, Amanda, and Tim for their enthusiasm and support.
– M.H.

To Caroline, Laetitia, and Guillaume.

– E.M.

To my parents, wife Meera, and daughter Shreya.

– S.V.
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
 Contents

Preface xvii
Guide to Readers xxi

Part I – Strategy 1

Chapter 1 Overview of Data Mining 3

1.1 Why Data Mining Is Relevant Today? 4
1.2 Introducing Data Mining 6
1.2.1 Data Mining by Other Names 6
1.2.2 Data Mining Versus Other Forms of Advanced Analytics 7
1.2.3 Process 10
1.2.4 What Is a Data Mining Model? 12
1.2.5 Some Jargon 13
The Mining Metaphor 15
1.3 The Value of Data Mining 20
1.3.1 How Reliable Is Data Mining? 20
1.3.2 How Can Data Mining Increase Profits
and Reduce Costs 21
1.4 Summary 23
References 24

Chapter 2 Solving Problems in Industry 25

2.1 Cross-Industry Data Mining Solutions 26
2.1.1 Customer Acquisition 26
2.1.2 Customer Retention 28
2.1.3 Response Modeling 30
2.1.4 Fraud Detection 32
2.1.5 Cross-Selling 35

vii
viii Contents

2.1.6 New Product Line Development 36

2.1.7 Survey Analysis 37
2.1.8 Credit Scoring 38
2.1.9 Warranty Analysis 39
2.1.10 Defect Analysis 40
2.2 Data Mining in Industries 41
2.2.1 Financial Services 41
2.2.2 Healthcare 42
2.2.3 Higher Education 43
2.2.4 Public Sector 44
2.2.5 Communications 45
2.2.6 Retail 46
2.2.7 Life Sciences 46
2.3 Summary 47
References 48

Chapter 3 Data Mining Process 51

3.1 A Standardized Data Mining Process 52
3.1.1 Business Understanding Phase 53
3.1.2 Data Understanding Phase 55
3.1.3 Data Preparation Phase 56
3.1.4 Modeling Phase 57
3.1.5 Evaluation Phase 58
3.1.6 Deployment Phase 59
3.2 A More Detailed View of Data Analysis and Preparation 60
3.3 Data Mining Modeling, Analysis, and Scoring Processes 70
3.3.1 Model Building 70
3.3.2 Model Apply 71
3.3.3 Model Test 72
3.4 The Role of Databases and Data Warehouses in Data Mining 74
3.5 Data Mining in Enterprise Software Architectures 75
3.5.1 Architectures 76
3.5.2 Incorporating Data Mining into Business Operations 79
3.5.3 Business Workflow 80
3.6 Advances in Automated Data Mining 81
3.7 Summary 82
References 83

Chapter 4 Mining Functions and Algorithms 85

4.1 Data Mining Functions 86
4.2 Classification 88
 Contents ix

4.3 Regression 89
4.4 Attribute Importance 91
4.5 Association 93
4.6 Clustering 97
4.7 Summary 100
References 101

Chapter 5 JDM Strategy 103

5.1 What Is the JDM Strategy? 104
5.2 Role of Standards 110
5.2.1 Why Create a Standard? 110
5.2.2 What Do Data Mining Standards Enable? 112
5.3 Summary 114
References 114

Chapter 6 Getting Started 117

6.1 Business Understanding 118
6.2 Data Understanding 119
6.3 Data Preparation 121
6.4 Modeling 123
6.4.1 Build 124
6.4.2 Test 126
6.5 Evaluation 127
6.6 Deployment 127
6.7 Summary 129
References 129

Part II – Standards 131

Chapter 7 Java Data Mining Concepts 133

7.1 Classification Problem 134
7.1.1 Problem Definition: How to Reduce Customer Attrition? 134
7.1.2 Solution Approach: Predict Customers Who Are
Likely to Attrite 134
7.1.3 Data Specification: CUSTOMERS Dataset 135
7.1.4 Specify Settings: Fine-Tune the Solution to the Problem 139
7.1.5 Select Algorithm: Find the Best Fit Algorithm 141
7.1.6 Evaluate Model Quality: Compute Classification
Test Metrics 150
7.1.7 Apply Model: Obtain Prediction Results 155
x Contents

7.2 Regression Problem 157

7.2.1 Problem Definition: How to Reduce Processing Time
of Residential Real-Estate Appraisals? 157
7.2.2 Solution Approach: Property Value Prediction
Using Regression 157
7.2.3 Data Specification: REAL_ESTATE_APPRAISALS Dataset 157
7.2.4 Select Algorithm: Find the Best Fit Algorithm 158
7.2.5 Evaluate Model Quality: Compute Regression Test Metrics 159
7.2.6 Apply Model: Obtain Prediction Results 159
7.3 Attribute Importance 160
7.3.1 Problem Definition: How to Find Important
Customer Attributes? 160
7.3.2 Solution Approach: Rank Attributes According
to Predictive Value 160
7.3.3 Data Specification, Fine-Tune Settings, and Algorithm
Selection 160
7.3.4 Use Model Details: Explore Attribute Importance Values 161
7.4 Association Rules Problem 162
7.4.1 Problem Definition: How to Identify Cross-Sell
Products for Customers? 162
7.4.2 Solution Approach: Discover Product Associations
From Customer Data 162
7.4.3 Data Specification: CUSTOMERS and Their Product
Purchase Data 163
7.4.4 Fine-Tune Settings: Filter Rules Based on Rule
Quality Metrics 163
7.4.5 Use Model Content: Explore Rules From the Model 165
7.5 Clustering Problem 165
7.5.1 Problem Definition: How to Understand Customer
Behavior and Needs? 165
7.5.2 Solution Approach: Find Clusters of Similar Customers 166
7.5.3 Data Specification and Settings 166
7.5.4 Use Model Details: Explore Clusters 168
7.5.5 Apply Clustering Model: Assign New Cases to the Clusters 169
7.6 Summary 170
References 170

Chapter 8 Design of the JDM API 173

8.1 Object Modeling of Data Mining Concepts 174
8.1.1 Data Specification Objects 175
 Contents xi

8.1.2 Settings Objects 178

8.1.3 Models 183
8.1.4 Test Metrics 184
8.1.5 Tasks 185
8.2 Modular Packages 187
8.3 Connection Architecture 188
8.4 Object Factories 190
8.5 Uniform Resource Identifiers for Datasets 192
8.6 Enumerated Types 192
8.7 Exceptions 194
8.8 Discovering DME Capabilities 196
8.9 Summary 197
References 197

Chapter 9 Using the JDM API 199

9.1 Connection Interfaces 200
9.1.1 Using the ConnectionFactory Interface 201
9.1.2 Using the Connection Interface 203
9.1.3 Executing Mining Operations 209
9.1.4 Exploring Mining Capabilities 211
9.1.5 Finding DME and JDM Version Information 212
9.1.6 Object List Methods 213
9.1.7 Model and Data Load Methods 213
9.2 Using JDM Enumerations 213
9.3 Using Data Specification Interfaces 214
9.4 Using Classification Interfaces 218
9.4.1 Classification Settings 218
9.4.2 Algorithm Settings 220
9.4.3 Model Contents 222
9.4.4 Test Metrics for Model Evaluation 227
9.4.5 Applying a Model to Data in Batch 229
9.4.6 Applying a Model
to a Single Record – Real-Time Scoring 234
9.5 Using Regression Interfaces 235
9.6 Using Attribute Importance Interfaces 240
9.7 Using Association Interfaces 243
9.8 Using Clustering Interfaces 249
9.9 Summary 256
References 257
xii Contents

Chapter 10 XML Schema 259

10.1 Overview 260
10.2 Schema Elements 260
10.3 Schema Types 262
10.4 Using PMML with the JDM Schema 267
10.5 Use Cases for JDM XML Schema and Documents 270
10.6 Summary 271
References 271

Chapter 11 Web Services 273

11.1 What is a Web Service? 274
11.2 Service-Oriented Architecture 277
11.3 JDM Web Service 278
11.3.1 Overview of JDMWS Operations 279
11.3.2 JDMWS Use Case 282
11.3.3 JDM WSDL 288
11.3.4 Data Exchange and Security in JDMWS 292
11.4 Enabling JDM Web Services Using JAX-RPC 293
11.4.1 Overview of JAX-RPC 293
11.4.2 Build JDMWS Using JAX-RPC 294
11.5 Summary 296
References 297

Part III – Practice 299

Chapter 12 Practical Problem Solving 301

12.1 Business Scenario 1: Targeted Marketing Campaign 302
12.1.1 Campaign Specifications 302
12.1.2 Design of the “Campaign Optimization” Object 305
12.1.3 Code Examples 306
12.1.4 Scenario 1 Conclusion 320
12.2 Business Scenario 2: Understanding Key Factors 321
12.2.1 Code Example 321
12.2.2 Scenario 2 Conclusion 324
12.3 Business Scenario 3: Using Customer Segmentation 325
12.3.1 Customer Segmentation Specifications 325
12.3.2 Design of the CustomerSegmenter Object 327
12.3.3 Code Examples 328
12.3.4 Scenario 3 Conclusion 338
 Contents xiii

12.4 Summary 338

References 339

Chapter 13 Building Data Mining Tools Using JDM 341

13.1 Data Mining Tools 342
13.1.1 Architecture of the Demonstration Interfaces 343
13.1.2 Managing JDM Exceptions 345
13.2 Administrative Console 346
13.2.1 Creating the Connection 347
13.2.2 Retrieving the List of Classes That Can
Be Saved 350
13.2.3 Retrieving the List of Saved Objects 352
13.2.4 Rename a Saved Object 355
13.2.5 Delete a Saved Object from the MOR 356
13.3 User Interface to Build and Save a Model 356
13.3.1 General Introduction 357
13.3.2 Getting the Metadata 359
13.3.3 Computing Statistics 361
13.3.4 Retrieving the Statistics Information 364
13.3.5 Saving the Physical Dataset, Build Settings,
and Tasks 370
13.4 User Interface to Test Model Quality 376
13.4.1 Getting the List of Saved Models 378
13.4.2 Computing the Test Metrics 378
13.5 Summary 385

Chapter 14 Getting Started with JDM Web Services 387

14.1 A Web Service Client in PhP 387
14.1.1 Filling the Input Values Using Javascript 390
14.1.2 Saving the ApplySettings Object 391
14.1.3 Retrieving the List of Models 394
14.1.4 Executing RecordApplyTask on Models 395
14.2 A Web Service Client in Java 397
14.2.1 How to Generate Java Classes with Axis 398
14.2.2 Opening the Connection to a JDMWS
Live Server 400
14.2.3 Creating BuildSettings 401
14.2.4 Creating a PhysicalDataSet 403
14.2.5 Creating a BuildTask 404
14.2.6 Executing a BuildTask 404
xiv Contents

14.3 Summary 406

References 406

Chapter 15 Impacts on IT Infrastructure 407

15.1 What Does Data Mining Require from IT? 408
15.2 Impacts on Computing Hardware 409
15.3 Impacts on Data Storage Hardware 411
15.4 Data Access 414
15.4.1 Data Access for Model Building 415
15.4.2 Data Access for Apply and Test 416
15.5 Backup and Recovery 416
15.6 Scheduling 416
15.7 Workflow 417
15.8 Summary 419
References 419

Chapter 16 Vendor Implementations 421

16.1 Oracle Data Mining 421
16.1.1 Oracle Position on JDM 422
16.1.2 Oracle JDM Implementation Architecture 422
16.1.3 Oracle JDM Capabilities 424
16.1.4 Oracle JDM Extensions 425
16.1.5 DME URI and Data URI 427
16.1.6 Getting Started with OJDM 428
16.1.7 Other Oracle Data Mining APIs 428
16.1.8 Data Mining Graphical Interface Using OJDM 430
16.2 KXEN (Knowledge Extraction Engines) 431
16.2.1 KXEN Data Mining Activity 431
16.2.2 KXEN Position on JDM 431
16.2.3 KXEN JDM Implementation Architecture 432
16.2.4 KXEN JDM Capabilities 433
16.2.5 DME URI and Data URI Specifications 435
16.2.6 KXEN Extensions 438
16.2.7 KXEN Web Services Implementation 439
16.3 Guidelines for New Implementers 440
16.3.1 Standards Conformance 440
16.3.2 Using the TCK 442
16.4 Process for New JDM Users 446
16.5 Summary 446
References 446
 Contents xv

Part IV – Wrapping Up 449

Chapter 17 Evolution of Data Mining Standards 451

17.1 Data Mining Standards 452
17.1.1 Predictive Model Markup Language 452
17.1.2 Common Warehouse Metadata
for Data Mining 454
17.1.3 SQL/MM Part 6 Data Mining 455
17.2 Java Community Process 456
17.3 Why So Many Standards? 457
17.4 Directions for Data Mining Standards 461
17.5 Summary 464
References 464

Chapter 18 Preview of Java Data Mining 2.0 465

18.1 Transformations 466
18.2 Time Series 469
18.3 Apply for Association 471
18.4 Feature Extraction 472
18.5 Statistics 473
18.6 Multi-target Models 474
18.7 Text Mining 475
18.8 Summary 476
References 477

Chapter 19 Summary 479

Further Reading 483
Glossary 485
Index 499
About the Authors 519
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
 Preface

The birth of a standard is an amazing event, highlighting the ability

of individuals from vastly different and often competing companies
to come together to design an interface for a domain such as data
mining. For JSR-73, we drew on experts from data mining tool and
application vendors, as well as users of data mining technology. Data
mining, as a field, is remarkably diverse in scope, encompassing
capabilities from a broad range of disciplines: artificial intelligence,
machine learning, statistics, data analysis, and visualization. Producing
a standard in such a space is a challenging and fascinating adventure.
Within a year or so of embarking on the JDM 1.0 standard, various
expert group members suggested that we’d have to write a book
about Java Data Mining (JDM) someday. And indeed, here we are.
Our main motivation for writing this book is to introduce data min-
ing to a much broader audience, one that may have never used or
encountered data mining before. As such, we focus less on the techni-
cal and scholarly details of data mining than on its practical under-
standing and application. We have tried to include a reasonably
broad set of references for individuals who want to dive down to the
next level of detail. However, we have strived to make data mining
concepts, process, and use through JDM more accessible to Java devel-
opers, who usually do not encounter data mining, and the colleagues
they will work with to develop advanced analytic applications.

xvii
xviii Preface

Advanced analytic applications—those augmented with advanced

and predictive analytics such as data mining—provide greater business
intelligence, yielding insight into business problems and guidance for
improved decision making. Such applications are becoming most valu-
able to businesses, and hence can increase revenue and profits—both
for the vendors who sell them and for the businesses that use them.
Readers of this book will find a somewhat unconventional
approach to data mining. Other books on data mining provide much
detail on algorithms and techniques. Although this information is
important to those studying machine learning or wanting to become a
data analyst, other potential users of data mining are left wondering
how these algorithms or techniques will be applied to solve problems.
As vendors of data mining technology strive to make data mining
more accessible to a broader range of users, such as business analysts,
information technology (IT) specialists, and database administrators
(DBAs), it is no longer the details that users require, but the big pic-
ture. Users ask, “How can I use this powerful technology to provide
value within my business?” In this book, we strive to approach this
and other questions from several perspectives: the software devel-
oper, the software and systems architect, and the business and data
analyst. We explore these perspectives in the following section,
“Guide to Readers.”
In this book, we provide insight into three key aspects of the Java
Data Mining standard. The first aspect, covered in Part I, focuses on
strategies for solving data mining–related business and scientific
problems, and on the strategy the JDM Expert Group pursued in the
design of the JDM standard. After an introduction to the data min-
ing field, we discuss solving problems in various industries using
data mining technology.
Although every industry has unique problems to solve, requiring
custom and innovative solutions, each industry also shares many
problems that can benefit from cross-industry solutions. For exam-
ple, industries such as retail, financial services, and healthcare, as
well as the public sector, all have customers. The cross-industry
solution spaces include customer acquisition, customer retention,
customer lifetime value, and targeted marketing.
Because data mining solutions typically do not take form or produce
value in a vacuum, we then discuss the overall process, based on the
industry standard data mining process CRISP-DM. Because users of
data mining technology need to be minimally conversant in the
terminology and concepts to problem solve with their colleagues,
 Preface xix

we introduce the mining functions and algorithms defined in JDM.

With this foundation, we explore the JDM strategy, answering ques-
tions such as: What drove the design of JDM? What is the role of
standards? Lastly, before embarking on details of the Java Data
Mining standard, we provide a “getting started” code example that
follows the CRISP-DM process.
The second aspect, covered in Part II, focuses on the standard
itself. This part introduces various concepts defined by or assimilated
into the standard using examples based on business problems. After
this, we explore the design of the JDM API and more detailed code
examples to give readers a better understanding of how to use JDM to
build applications and solve problems. Although JDM is foremost
dedicated to being a standard Java language API, Java Data Mining
also defines an XML schema representation for JDM objects, as well
as a web services interface to enable the use of JDM functionality in a
Services Oriented Architecture (SOA) environment. Part II also dis-
cusses these with specific examples of their use.
The third aspect, covered in Part III, focuses on using JDM in
practice, building applications and tools that use the Java Data Mining
API. We begin this part with several business scenarios (e.g., targeted
marketing, key factor analysis, and customer segmentation). Because
JDM is designed to be used by both application designers and data
mining tool designers, we introduce code for building a simple tool
graphical user interface (GUI), which manipulates JDM-persistent
objects as well as enables the building and testing of a model. Having
introduced web services in Part II, we give an example of a web ser-
vices based application. Since data mining can impact the Information
Technology (IT) infrastructure of most companies, we explore the
impact of data mining along several dimensions, including hardware,
software, data access, performance, and administration tools. Since
the practice of using data mining often involves the use of commercial
implementations, we introduce two such JDM implementations,
from Oracle and KXEN. We also provide some guidelines or insights
for implementers new to JDM.
Wrapping up in Part IV, we explore the evolution of data mining
standards, which puts JDM in the broader context of other data min-
ing standards. We also contrast the approaches taken by various data
mining standards bodies. Since we note that no standard is ever com-
plete, and JDM 1.1 itself covers only a subset of the possible data
mining functions and algorithms, we highlight directions for JDM 2.0.
We introduce features under consideration such as transformations,
time series, and apply for association models, among others.
xx Preface

Acknowledgments
We first want to acknowledge the Java Data Mining expert group
members who participated in the long process required to produce
the JSR-73 standard. Their unwavering support through weekly con-
ference calls and face-to-face meetings over the 4 years of the stan-
dards development is greatly appreciated. We also acknowledge the
additional contributions of Hankil Yoon, Ka Kit Chan, Jim Dadashev,
and Somesh Marepalli to the Technology Compatibility Kit (TCK)
implementation, and Marwane Jai Lamimi to the Reference Imple-
mentation (RI).
We are very grateful for the general and specialist input provided
by Frank Byrum, Jim Melton, and Osmar Zaiane on the developing
manuscript. Over the past year, their detailed comments on both
structure and content were a tremendous asset. We thank Jacek
Myczkowski and Don Deutsch for their valuable comments on the
final manuscript, as well as their support of the standards efforts for
JSR-73 and JSR-247 at Oracle. We thank the JDM expert group mem-
bers Michal Prussak, Alex Russakovsky, and Michael Smith who also
provided valuable comments on the final manuscript, and David
Urena and Samy Mechiri who contributed to the source code used in
Part III of this book.
Of course, all remaining errors (which we expect exist despite care-
ful review) are entirely our responsibility.
We offer our appreciation and gratitude to the wonderful people at
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers as they guided us through the process
of book writing and publishing. We thank Jim Melton, one of our
reviewers, for putting us in contact with Diane Cerra, our talented
and patient publisher, to begin this journey. We thank Diane, Asma
Palmeiro, Misty Bergeron, Marilyn Rash, and Bruce Siebert who
worked to make this book possible.
 Guide to Readers

Data mining is becoming a mainstream technology used in business

intelligence applications supporting industries such as financial
services, retail, healthcare, telecommunications, and higher educa-
tion, and lines of business such as marketing, manufacturing, cus-
tomer experiences, customer service, and sales. Many of the business
problems that data mining can solve cut across industries such as
customer retention and acquisition, cross-sell, and response model-
ing. Due to the cost, skillsets, and complexity required to bring data
mining results into an established business process, early adopters
were typically big companies and research labs with correspondingly
large budgets and access to statisticians and machine learning
experts. In recent years, however, data mining products have simpli-
fied data mining considerably by automating the process—making
the fruits of the technology more widely accessible. New algorithms
and heuristics have evolved to provide good results with little or no
experimentation or data preparation. In addition, the availability of
data mining has increased with in-database data mining capabilities.
Java Data Mining (JDM) furthers the adoption of data mining by
providing a standard Java and web services Application Program-
ming Interface (API) for data mining. This book introduces data mining
to software developers and application architects who may have
heard of the benefits of data mining but are unsure how to realize
these benefits. This book is also targeted at business and data analysts

xxi
xxii Guide to Readers

who want to learn how JDM helps in developing vendor-neutral

data mining solutions. It does not require a reader to be familiar with
data mining, statistics, or machine learning technologies.
We have organized this book into three main parts: strategy, stan-
dard, and practice. In Part I, JDM Strategy, we introduce data mining
in general, uses of data mining in solving industry problems, data
mining processes and techniques, the role of data mining standards,
and a high-level introduction to the JDM Application Programming
Interface (API). Most of this part doesn’t require the reader to know
the Java language.
In Part II, JDM Standard, we explain the concepts used in JDM by
example, explore the JDM API design and its usage, and introduce
the Java Data Mining XML schema and web services. This part
requires readers to know the Java language, XML, and XML schema.
It gives a brief introduction to web services in Chapter 11 before dis-
cussing the JDM web services.
In Part III, JDM Practice, we illustrate practical problem solving
using the JDM API. We begin by developing a sample data mining
tool using JDM and a sample data mining web service using JDM.
We then introduce two JDM vendor implementations, exploring their
functionality, architecture, and design tradeoffs before giving some
guidance to others interested in implementing a JDM-compliant
system.
In Part IV, Wrapping Up, we discuss the evolution of data mining
standards, where they have been and where they might go. We give a
preview of some of the features proposed for JDM 2.0.

For the Software Developer

For software developers, and in particular Java and
web services developers, this book introduces data
mining and how to use JDM to develop data mining
solutions. Part I introduces data mining and various
types of business problems that can be solved using
data mining, illustrates a standard process used to conduct a data
mining project, describes data mining techniques used to solve busi-
ness problems, explains the JDM standard strategy and why the JDM
standard is necessary, and provides an overview of the JDM API.
Even though software developers are not typically involved in the
initial solving of a data mining problem, it is important to know
 Guide to Readers xxiii

about concepts to understand the JDM API and how to develop data
mining solutions.
Part II will familiarize developers with JDM concepts and the API.
Readers of this part are required to know the Java language, Object
Oriented Programming, the Unified Modeling Language and XML to
understand the Java examples, API design concepts, JDM XML
schema, and web services. This part introduces JDM concepts using
examples, describes the design and usage of the Java API, and illus-
trates the Java Data Mining XML schema and web services interfaces.
Part III describes the use of the JDM API in practice with sample
applications and detailed code examples both for the Java and web
services API. It also provides JDM vendor implementation details
and explains the process for other data mining vendors in adopting
the JDM standard.
After reading this book, we expect the data mining knowledge
gap between developers and data analysts will be greatly reduced to
help them communicate more effectively when developing a data
mining solution.

For the Software Architect

Data mining is often integrated with existing soft-

ware applications and business processes. Under-
standing of data mining processes provides greater
insight for architects to enable this technology in
existing or new applications. For example, an archi-
tect needs to understand how data mining works to add intelligent
customer offers using data mining to an existing call center application.
For architects who want to be hands-on with the JDM API (e.g., to
develop prototypes), all parts of this book are useful. Part I and
Part III are particularly useful for architects. Part I introduces data
mining in general and provides examples of how it is currently being
applied to solve business problems. Most important, it introduces the
data mining process and the role of the information technology
department in implementing a data mining project.
Part II will be useful to understand the API-level concepts for the
architects who want to be hands-on with the API, to develop proto-
types, or to mentor the developers about the use of the API.
In Part III, we provide deeper insight into how JDM can be used
in practice. Chapter 16, which discusses vendor implementations, is
xxiv Guide to Readers

particularly useful for data mining software architects who are

interested in developing JDM compatible API’s and extensions.
After reading this book, architects should be comfortable in inte-
grating JDM-based data mining solutions with their applications and
be able to develop a strategy to operationalize data mining results
with their existing applications.

For the Business/Data Analyst

For business and data analysts who want to extract

actionable information from corporate data, this book
provides an introduction to data mining and how it is
used to solve various business problems across indus-
tries. In Part I, the data mining usage scenarios and
process of implementing a data mining project will be
particularly useful for the analyst unfamiliar with data
mining. Chapter 5, JDM Strategy, enables analysts to understand
why the JDM standard is important in implementing a data mining
solution. Typically, analysts are not involved in the software implemen-
tation of the solution, yet Part II may be useful for understanding the
data mining concepts used by JDM to facilitate communication with
developers and data mining experts, and for using tools based on JDM.
For an analyst who is already familiar with data mining and who
has expertise in data mining and statistics, this book gives details of
Java Data Mining and its usage in developing data mining solutions.
Data mining tools can often generate JDM-compatible code to easily
deploy a solution to a JDM-compatible Data Mining Engine (DME).
After reading this book, an analyst previously unfamiliar with
data mining should be able to better understand how data mining
can help in solving business problems. A data mining expert analyst
will be able to understand the supported data mining features in
JDM and be able to communicate easily with the software architects/
developers to implement a data mining solution.
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
evening was spent in more than even her usual cheerfulness, and
she laid her head down upon the pillow with repeated resolutions of
attention the following day. When the little girl opened her eyes the
next morning, it looked so gloomy and dark that she very willingly
persuaded herself it was too soon to rise, and had just turned over
to compose herself for another nap when the clock struck eight. In
an instant she was out of bed. She had only a single hour in which
to dress herself, to eat her breakfast, and go to school; she had not,
therefore, a single moment to lose. Yet a strong temptation assailed
her, for on a chair by her bed-side lay a small paper parcel, directed
to her, which on opening she found to contain a cap, that her friend
Julia had made for her baby, and which had been sent to her after
she was in bed the night before, and placed by the servant near her
bed-side, that she might see it as soon as she rose in the morning.
"Oh! what a beautiful little cap," exclaimed Emily. "How sweet my
baby will look in it. I must try it on directly. But no," added she,
recollecting herself, "I must not stay to try it on now or I shall be too
late for school, and then away goes my ticket for good conduct at
once." And with an effort of self denial that would have done credit
to a much older mind, Emily put the tempting cap into a drawer and
hastened to finish her dressing. Her breakfast was soon swallowed,
and she was in the school-room before the school bell rang. "I think
now I am safe for to-day," said she, "only I hope Julia will not be in
one of her funny humours and try to make me laugh." To the credit
of our little heroine, however, though Julia was in a funny humour
and did frequently try to make her laugh, and though Emily's gay
and even volatile temper was ever ready to receive a lively
impression, yet still she succeeded in keeping herself so far within
bounds as to escape reproof, and she returned home in the evening
with the wished-for ticket. "Here it is, mamma! here it is!" cried she,
running to her mother, and holding out the testimony of her good
behaviour. Her mother took the ticket, and congratulated her upon
having got over half the time successfully. "More than half, mamma,"
returned Emma, "for to-morrow will be only half a day, and I have
very few lessons to learn to-night."
"I am not sure that you are any more safe on that account, Emma,"
replied her mother, "for you know I have often remarked to you, that
you generally prepare your lessons the worst when you consider
them the easiest; as then you are apt, from the idea that they can
be learnt in so very short a time, to put them off until you have no
time for them at all, instead of learning them first and amusing
yourself afterward." "But I will not do so to-night," said the little girl,
and away she went directly to study them. And fortunate it was for
her that she did so, for she had scarcely finished the last thing that
she had to learn before her friend Julia came to play with her. She
could now, however, play with safety, and the rest of the evening
was passed in amusement. The new cap was tried on and found to
fit beautifully, and the baby was dressed and undressed, put to bed
and taken up again; declared to be very sick and obliged to take
medicine; taken out to visit; sent to bed for being naughty; and, in
short, passed through all the vicissitudes of a moderate life-time
before the friends parted for the night.
"It is eight o'clock," cried Emily, capering about the room, half
dancing and half jumping as she spoke; "I am safe for to-day, and I
have only till twelve o'clock to-morrow, and then I shall get my
ticket, and then I shall be safe; and then I shall go to Mrs. Cassy's."
"And then," rejoined her mother, "I hope you will have learned how
much better it is to work first and play after, than to play first and
run the risk of the work being neglected altogether."
"Oh! yes, mamma! I intend to remember that in future," said the
little girl, and away she went to bed, singing as she went, to a tune
of her own making,

"How pleasant it is at the end of the day,

Of no follies to have to repent."

"Emily!" said her mother, rousing her little girl from a sound sleep, as
she spoke; "Emily! Do you know it is nearly eight o'clock?"
"Oh! it is time enough, mamma," said Emily, starting up as she
spoke; "it struck eight o'clock before I was out of bed yesterday
morning; and yet I was in the school-room some minutes before the
bell rang."
"But if you trifle in that way, it will be nine o'clock before you are out
of this room," continued her mother; as Emily, taking hold of her
little night-gown, instead of a frock, began to practice her dancing
steps. "You see, my dear, you have yet only got your stockings and
shoes on; so, at this rate, it will certainly take you more than an
hour to finish your dressing."
"Oh! indeed you are mistaken, mamma, you will see how soon I
shall be out of the room," and roused to recollection by this
remonstrance, the rest of her dressing was very quickly finished. Her
breakfast too was despatched with equal rapidity. "Now I am ready,"
said she, starting from her chair, and putting on her little brown
beaver hat as she spoke; "and now for my coat; but stop," she
continued, throwing her coat carelessly over her arm; "I have not
my bag: Where is it, I wonder? Oh! I remember! I left it in the
piazza when I went to look what sort of a morning it was;" and off
she went, dragging her coat, which still hung over her arm, after
her; and on the piazza she found her bag, mittens, one of her
books, and slate, all lying as she had thrown them out of her hand,
to run after some trifle that had at the moment attracted her
attention; but as she took up her bag with the intention of putting
her book and slate into it, her favourite kitten, which had followed
her to the piazza, running after her coat as it dragged after her
along the floor, now caught at the bag, and tugged and scratched at
it, as if it had been intended entirely for its amusement. This was too
congenial with Emily's own frolicsome disposition to be resisted, and
there she stood, at one moment drawing the bag away, and the next
throwing it back again to the sportive little animal. And we must be
permitted here to pause and describe our little friend, as she looked
while thus engaged. It was one of those fine mild mornings, which
of late years we have so often witnessed in the very depth of winter,
and the sun, which had just risen, sent forth his beams to gild the
landscape behind her, defining her figure more clearly by the
contrast. To the eye of fancy and affection, that rising sun might
have been thought to represent her whose orb like his own was just
rising; and though a few mists yet obscured the bright rays of mind
which had already begun to beam, yet no one could look at the face,
which, though not formed according to any of the acknowledged
rules of beauty, was bright with innocence, animation, and
happiness, without feeling assured, that as it gained its meridian
heights, it would shine forth with pure, unclouded lustre, and
prepare the way for a clear and glorious evening. Though Emily, as
she thus stood, presented a picture that a painter might study, it
was but of short duration, for whilst she yet played with her
favourite, the clock struck nine, and at once recalled the little girl to
a recollection of her folly. "Oh! what shall I do?" she exclaimed. "It is
nine o'clock, and I am not ready. Get away, kitty! do not come near
me again," she continued, as the kitten, which had received no
warning from the stroke of the clock, still tried to catch at the strings
of the bag whilst she was putting in its usual contents; "get away!
for if you had not come near me, I should not have staid so long. I
should not have been tempted with any thing else. Oh! how hard my
coat is to get on this morning. I cannot tell what is the matter with
this hook and eye! it will not fasten. Yes! now it is fastened and I
must run." But though poor Emily did run, and put herself into a
most violent heat; and though she went into the school-room puffing
and blowing, the words, as she entered, of "Miss Emily Osman—you
are too late," told her at once that all chance of visiting her friend
Mrs. Cassy was over.
A few tears chased each other silently down her cheek, as she took
her seat at her desk, and for the rest of the day it was little effort to
poor Emily to be silent and attentive. Julia tried a thousand ways to
excite a smile, but in vain; for the idea that she had not only
deprived herself of so much pleasure for the morrow, but had
disappointed her mamma and appeared ungrateful to Mrs. Cassy for
her kindness, weighed on her mind, and every now and then filled
her eyes with tears. "Do not cry, Emily, I beg of you," said Julia, as
they returned home together, after the school hours were over, "I
am quite sure your mamma will let you go to Mrs. Cassy's, after all. I
feel quite certain of it, for you know this is almost the last day we
have to be together; and I am sure she could not find in her heart to
deprive you of the pleasure for such a trifle."
"No! my mamma never changes her mind after she has promised me
any thing," said Emily, "and I am glad she does not, because it
always makes me sure that if I am good I shall get the reward I
expect."
"Oh! well, but she may change her mind just about such a little trifle
as that, after all," returned Julia.
"I am quite sure she will not," was Emily's quiet reply, and the
friends parted, as their roads now lay in different directions. As Emily
entered the house, she felt almost ashamed of meeting her mamma,
and she blushed at the idea of the reluctance which she felt; but she
soon found that, for the present at least, she was saved the pain of
seeing her, for she was told that a very short time after she went to
school, her mother had been sent for to a very particular friend, who
was dangerously ill, and that she was not yet returned. Emily always
thought the house very forlorn and dull when her mother was not in
it, but now that she was out of spirits herself, she felt it more so
than ever, and she hung about listless and uneasy, and unable to
enter into any of her usual amusements. She tried to sing, but her
voice was husky and out of tune. She began to practise her steps,
but it was impossible to dance without music, and Emily that day
had no music in her soul. She took out her baby, with the intention
of amusing herself with it, but it brought to her recollection the
pleasure she had expected to enjoy in playing with Mrs. Cassy's
baby the next day; and she put it aside, and forgot that she had
expected entertainment from it. Even her little kitten, which, from its
fondness for play, seemed to be so nearly allied to herself, played
with a ball of cotton, or ran after its own tail, round and round the
room, in vain; for Emily only recollected that it was it that had
tempted her to the neglect of her duty in the morning. "I wonder
when my mamma will come home," said she to herself, as the short
winter's day began to draw to a close. "I wish she would come that I
might see her, and hear her say that she forgives me, and will not
punish me any further than by not letting me go to Mrs. Cassy's. I
hope she will not look grave at me, for that will be worse than all. I
wish she would come that I might know at once what she would say.
Oh! perhaps that is she," added the little girl, starting up and
running to the window at the sound of the door bell; but it was too
dark for her to see who it was, and she was returning to the fireside,
when the room door opened and the servant brought in a letter,
which he said was for her. "For me!" cried Emily, in great surprise;
"who can have written to me? I never received a letter in my life
from any body." A lamp, however, was lighted, and the letter
opened, which proved to be from Julia, and, after spelling and
puzzling over it for a considerable time, Emily at length made out the
following epistle:
"My dear Emily,
"I have just heard that your mamma is not at home; and
I wanted to come round to you, but my aunt would not
let me. But I have sent you the ticket for good conduct,
which I got to-day, and you may call it your own. It will
not be cheating, you know, because you did behave very
well at school, and then we shall meet at Mrs. Cassy's to-
morrow, which will be delightful; for you know it is almost
the last day that we can be together, before I go away.
"Your affectionate friend,
"Julia."
Julia, who was nearly two years older than Emily, had written this
letter with much more ease than her friend could read it. She, at
last, however, succeeded in deciphering it; and, after having made
herself fully acquainted with its contents, she took the ticket which
was enclosed in it, and putting it very carefully by, as deliberately
put the letter into the fire. From that moment Emily's face began
gradually to brighten, her voice became less husky, and though she
did not jump and skip about as she was in the habit of doing, yet
she ceased to stretch and yawn, and wish the evening was over; and
her countenance, though more thoughtful than usual, was
expressive only of composure and satisfaction. The return of her
mamma, which she had sometimes wished for and sometimes
dreaded, now appeared to have become of less importance to her,
so that on finding, by her usual bed-time, that she was not yet come
home, she went very contentedly to bed, and was soon wrapped in
a sound sleep. Her first object, on waking in the morning, was to
ascertain whether her mother was yet returned, but finding that she
was not, she prepared to spend some more hours alone. Emily,
however, though a very little girl was able not only to read, but to
understand what she read; so that she could easily find amusement
from the variety of little books with which her mamma had supplied
her; and this made the morning pass over very comfortably, till
about twelve o'clock, when she began to feel very anxious for her
mother's return. It seemed a long time since she had seen her; she
did not remember, ever in her life having been so long absent from
her before, and she sighed and wondered when she would come. At
length she heard some one open the front door, and come along the
entry; and her little heart began to beat at the idea of meeting her
mother. The door opened, but instead of her mamma, Julia entered,
very prettily dressed, and evidently prepared for her visit.
"Why, Emily!" she exclaimed, as she came forward, "not dressed yet!
I expected to find you ready to go."
"Go where?" asked the little girl.
"Why, to Mrs. Cassy's to be sure. Where else could I mean?"
"You know I am not going to Mrs. Cassy's."
"Why not? has your mamma found out that the ticket was mine?"
"I have not seen my mamma since yesterday morning. She has
never been at home yet."
"Then why are you not going? You have no need to wait for her to
give you leave to go, when you know she said you should go if you
could bring her a ticket for good conduct, each day; and you can
show her one when she comes home."
"Yes! but not one of my own."
"Yes! it is your own, for I have given it to you."
"But it is not gained by my own good behaviour."
"But you deserved to have one, for you never behaved better in
school, in your life, than you did yesterday morning. You only lost
your ticket for being a very few minutes too late, and therefore, it
will not be cheating at all, to tell your mamma that you behaved
well." Happily, however, for Emily, there had been so much pains
taken to impress upon her mind, from her earliest dawn of thought,
a nice distinction between truth and falsehood, that she was not to
be deceived by this false reasoning of her friend, whose mind having
been less carefully guarded, had adopted the error, so common with
young people, that equivocation is not falsehood. Julia imagined that
she would be as unwilling to tell an untruth as Emily herself could
be, but she did not consider that a habit of equivocation is as
obnoxious as falsehood itself, to that nice sense of honour, which
can alone preserve the mind pure and untainted. She had not been
taught, with sufficient care, to know, that, though she told a part of
what was true, she was yet equally guilty of the crime of falsehood,
as long as what she said was dictated by a wish to deceive. Emily,
though so much younger, had, therefore, arrived at much greater
maturity in the art of reasoning, and had imbibed, even at that early
age, an ardent love of truth, and a keen contempt for the meanness
of deceit; and she replied, in a quiet but steady voice: "Though I did
behave well in school, I should still be cheating, if I made my
mamma believe that I got a ticket for good behaviour, and that
would take away all the pleasure of the visit;" and, as she spoke,
she took the ticket from the place in which she had deposited it,
with the intention of giving it to its right owner; but, whilst she held
it in her hand, the parlour door opened, and Mrs. Osman entered
the room. The moment Emily saw her mother, the recollection of her
own fault rose to her mind, and checked the pleasure with which she
would otherwise have welcomed her return, and the constraint of
her manner was immediately observed by her watchful parent.
"What is the matter, Emily, my dear?" asked she anxiously. "I see by
the ticket in your hand, that you have succeeded in gaining your
promised reward, and yet you do not appear to be in your usual
spirits." Emily's countenance became still more agitated, whilst the
colour of her face and neck, the skin of which readily told, by its
varying hue, the different fluctuations of her feelings, proved that a
severe conflict was passing within. To allow her mother to remain in
the error of supposing the ticket to be her own, was impossible: yet
how was she to explain the fact of its being Julia's, without exposing
the fault of her friend? for she knew that her mamma's first question
would be, "what had she to do with Julia's ticket?"
"What is the matter, my dear?" again asked the anxious mother, "is
there any objection, which I am ignorant of, to your going to Mrs.
Cassy's to-day?"
"Mamma, I have no right at all to go," replied Emily, almost
trembling with agitation as she spoke.
"Why not? You got your ticket yesterday I see."
"No, mamma, I did not! This is not my ticket."
"What ticket is it then? for I have all your others." Emily was silent,
and her agitation increased to a degree that was very painful to
observe; but Julia, who possessed a mind, which, though some
noxious weeds had been permitted to spring up in it, was yet
adorned with the rich and beautiful flowers of generosity and
affection, saw and understood her distress, and determined to
relieve her even at the pain of exposing herself; and therefore said,
"I will tell you, ma'am, all about it; for, although it was not very good
in me, it was so very good in Emily, that I know you will reward her
for it." She then related the circumstance of the ticket very simply,
without attempting either to excuse or extenuate her own conduct,
though she did full justice to the integrity and honourable behaviour
of her friend. Whilst Julia was speaking, Emily watched her mother's
countenance with an expression of great anxiety, and the moment
she had ceased, she turned to her and said, in a timid and
supplicating voice, "Mamma, do not be angry with Julia!"
"As Julia is now to be so short a time among us, Emily, I will take no
further notice of her conduct, but will leave it to the animadversions
of her own breast," replied Mrs. Osman, gravely.
"But you will let Emily go to Mrs. Cassy's," said Julia eagerly. "You
will surely, Mrs. Osman, reward her for behaving so well."
"I hope, Julia, that though Emily is so young a child, she yet knows
too well that it is her duty to be honest, to expect any other reward
for being so, than that which she has already secured to herself."
"But it is so trifling a fault that she lost her ticket for," remonstrated
Julia.
"It was indeed a trifle, and her having so very nearly succeeded this
time, gives me hopes that she will be wholly successful the next
time."
"O! yes, I am sure, ma'am, if you will let her go to-day she will be
more careful the next time."
"I am of a different opinion, Julia," replied Mrs. Osman, smiling;
"and believe that this lesson, which I now hope will be of service to
Emily as long as she lives, would be lost entirely, were she not to
suffer the punishment for her fault that she knows it deserves."
"But ought she not to be rewarded for being good too? and if she is
not allowed to go she will have no reward at all."
"Oh! yes, I shall," interrupted Emily, who read, in her mother's
countenance, the approbation which she felt of her conscientious
conduct, "I shall have reward enough."
"Yes, Emily," replied her mother, "you will have the best of all
rewards, a self-approving mind; and I should be sorry to weaken its
effects by seeming to think that any further reward is necessary for
your having done your duty." But Emily showed that she did not
consider any thing more necessary to reward her for the part which
she had acted, and she saw her friend go to pay her visit to Mrs.
Cassy without a sigh; for though exceedingly sorry not to
accompany her, she felt an inward consciousness of having acted
properly, that made every thing appear cheerful and pleasant around
her. The day passed delightfully, therefore, though no particular
pains were taken to amuse her; for her mother was afraid, if she
indulged in any extraordinary expressions of approbation, she might
lead her little girl to imagine that she had performed some wonderful
act of virtue, instead of having merely done her duty. What Emily
had done, however, had been done purely because she knew it to be
right, and not for the sake of admiration or reward. The approbation
of her own conscience was all that she required; and, with such a
companion, she felt no difficulty in spending a delightful Christmas
day. Her voice, when she sung, had never, to her own ear at least,
sounded so well; nor had her feet ever before fallen so lightly on the
floor, as they did when she skipped about; and as to her little kitten,
though it had brought her into trouble, it was now forgiven, and
they ran about the room together, as if trying to show, by their light
and sportive movements, how graceful and beautiful a thing is the
union of childhood and innocence.
M. H.
THE LITTLE GIRL AND HER KITTEN.

Indeed ye are a happy pair,

Thyself and darling treasure—
With little heads unvexed by care,
And hearts brim full of pleasure.

Which spirit knows the least of grief,

'Tis very hard to say,—
The kitten jumping at a leaf,
Or she who joins the play.

Ye both are frisking, giddy things—

A play-ground earth before ye,
Where hours pass by with silken wings,
And fling no shadows o'er ye.

I wish it thus might always be,

My guileless little one:—
It makes me sad to look on thee,
And think what change may come.

Then freely pour thy young heart out,

And take thy fill of joy—
I love to hear thy merry shout,
And see thy blest employ.
Drawn by W. Sharp. Engd. by F. Kearny.

THE KITTEN.
 THE QUILTING.
"Only think, Charlotte," said Marianne Glanvil, on entering the
chamber where her sister was endeavouring to get through a warm
afternoon in August, by lolling on the bed in a loose gown,—"Susan
Davison has just been here with an invitation for us."
Charlotte.—And pray, who is Susan Davison?
Marianne.—The daughter of farmer Davison up the creek. We met
her at Trenchard's the day we were obliged to drink tea there.
Charlotte.—I wonder how you can remember their names, or
theirselves either: I am sure I do not know one of these people from
another, and I never wish to know.
Marianne.—But this Susan Davison is really not so bad. She is
diffident enough, to be sure, but is rather less awkward and uncouth
than the generality of country girls.
Charlotte.—To me they are all alike; I do not profess to understand
the varieties of the species.
Marianne.—Well, I was going to tell you, that after a sitting of half
an hour, Susan Davison, as she rose to depart, uttered an invitation
to her quilting to-morrow.
Charlotte.—And what is a quilting?
Marianne.—Now, I am sure you must have heard of quiltings. It is
an assemblage of all the females in the neighbourhood, for the
purpose of quilting, in one afternoon, a whole patch-work bed-cover.
Charlotte.—I shall certainly not go. I never quilted any thing in my
life, and I hate the sight of a patch-work bed-cover.
Marianne.—But my father and mother were in the parlour, and
promised at once that we should both go.
Charlotte.—How vexatious! Was it not enough, after being educated
at the most genteel boarding school in the city, and accustomed only
to polished society, to be brought to live at this remote place, where
my father has thought proper to purchase an iron-foundry, but we
are required also to be civil to the country people, and interchange
visits with them? I almost think my father intends being a candidate
for the assembly next election, or he never would take the trouble to
make himself agreeable to the farmers and their families.
Marianne.—You know, he thinks it is always desirable to be popular
with our neighbours.
Charlotte.—That is what I shall never be, unless my neighbours are
popular with me.
Marianne.—Now, for my part, I like very well to astonish them by
the elegance of my dress, and by my various accomplishments. I am
going to put my lace sleeves in my new palmyrene frock, purposely
to wear at this quilting.
Charlotte.—It is well worth your while to take that trouble, when the
worst dress you have is too good for such company. I shall do quite
the contrary, to let them see how little I care for them.
Marianne.—Then you will displease my father.
Charlotte.—Is it necessary that he should know it? I am sure my
mother will never tell him, and for her own part, she never opposes
us in any thing. However, if I must be at this quilting, I shall take
care to make the time as short as possible, for I will go late and
come away early.
Marianne.—Susan Davison said, she hoped we would be there by
two o'clock, which I suppose will be the usual hour of assembling.
Charlotte.—Two o'clock! Go to a party at two o'clock! Why the wild
Indians could not be more uncouth on such an occasion!
Marianne.—I doubt whether the wild Indians have any quiltings. But
go we must, as my father and mother at once accepted the
invitation for us.
Charlotte.—How unlucky that they happened to be present!

The next day, between one and two o'clock, the Miss Glanvils saw
numerous young girls ride by on horseback, on their way to Andrew
Davison's which was about two miles from the iron works. "Now,"
remarked Marianne, "these poor girls must have hurried to get their
dinners over before twelve, that they might have time to be drest
and mounted by one o'clock."
"But why," asked Charlotte, "do they all wear striped linen skirts with
silk bodies and sleeves?"
"Oh!" replied Marianne, "you surely know that those are their riding-
skirts; a sort of petticoat made of thick homespun linen, which they
tie on over the skirts of their silk frocks to keep them clean while
riding."
"You seem to be well versed in all their ways," said Charlotte,
contemptuously.
It was five o'clock, however, before the Miss Glanvils were ready to
set out for the quilting, as Charlotte took her usual afternoon's nap,
and Marianne occupied two hours in dressing; arraying herself in her
straw-coloured palmyrene with lace sleeves, and ornamenting her
hair (which was a mass of curls) with a profusion of yellow flowers
and gauze ribbon. She put on all her jewels, and sewed her white
kid gloves to her lace sleeves, which were confined at the wrists with
three bracelets each. She had embroidered silk stockings, and white
satin shoes, and threw over her shoulders a splendid scarf of various
colours. This dress she had worn at a boarding school ball, shortly
before the family removed into the country. Nothing could be a
greater contrast than the appearance of the two sisters as they got
into the carriage; for Charlotte persevered in going to the quilting in
a pink gingham, her hair merely tucked behind her ears with two
side combs.
Their mother slightly disapproved of both their dresses, but as soon
as they were gone thought of something else.
In a short time the Miss Glanvils arrived at Andrew Davison's, and
found the quilting going on in the vast stone barn, which had been
put in order for the purpose. They were conducted to the barn by
young Davison, the farmer's eldest son, who had assisted them out
of the carriage, and were met at the entrance by Susan, who
received them with much respect, as being the two greatest
strangers of the party. The guests were all sitting round the quilting
frame busily at work. They looked with some surprise at the two
sisters so very differently habited, but no remark was made, even in
a whisper.
Charlotte declined taking a chair at the frame, saying, she knew
nothing about quilting, and seated herself in a most inconvenient
place at the head of the quilt, very much in the way of a young girl
that could not draw out her arm in consequence of the vicinity of
Miss Glanvil, who saw that she incommoded her, but made no offer
to move. Marianne, however, advanced to the frame, and dislodging
three or four girls, who rose to make room for her and her immense
frock, which was flounced far above her knees, she took out of her
reticule an elegant little ivory work box, and laying down beside it a
perfumed and embroidered cambric handkerchief, and a tortoise-
shell fan, she most pompously set to work with her gloves on. She
found this way of quilting very inconvenient, and as her gloves could
only be taken off by ripping them from her sleeves, she begged,
with an air of the most condescending affability, to be excused from
the quilting; and then removed to a seat beside her sister. Charlotte
threw herself back in her chair, and putting her feet on the bars of
another, sat drumming with her fingers on the quilt and humming a
French song.
The other guests, though they all had too much civility to stare as
steadily as the Miss Glanvils expected, stole occasional glances of
surprise and curiosity at the sisters; one so overdrest and affecting
so much condescension, the other insulting them by coming in
dishabille, and setting at defiance even the most common rules of
politeness.
There sat at the quilt a very pretty young girl, with her dark hair
curling on her temples in natural ringlets. She wore a white muslin
frock, with a worked cape, and a broad pink ribbon on her neck,
which was beautifully white. Her figure was very good, though
rather plump than otherwise, and her cheeks had the bloom of
roses. She seemed to be acquainted with all the company, and
talked pleasantly and sensibly to every one, without any air of
superiority, or any affectation of graciousness. She quilted
assiduously and neatly, and assisted with great skill in the various
operations of rolling, stretching, and pinning the quilt. The sisters did
not distinguish and did not ask her surname, but they heard every
one call her Fanny.
Shortly after the arrival of the Miss Glanvils, the two younger
daughters of farmer Davison, on a signal from their sister Susan,
went to a table which stood in a corner of the barn, and removing a
cloth which had been lightly thrown over it, disclosed several large
custards and three sorts of fruit pies, peach, plum, and apple. The
pastry being already cut up, was very soon transferred to as many
plates as there were guests, every plate containing a piece of
custard and three slices of pie, one of each sort.
These plates were handed to the company on small waiters, by Jane
and Mary Davison, while Susan remained near the quilt and invited
her guests to eat; every one being expected to taste all the varieties
on their plate. The Glanvils exchanged significant looks.
"Is it puff-paste?" said Charlotte, speaking for the first time, and
touching a piece of pie with the point of her knife.
"I believe not," replied Susan, colouring, "none of our family
understand making puff-paste; but I know mother did her best to
have this as short and crisp as possible. Please to try some of it."
"I thank you," answered Charlotte, coldly, "I am very careful of my
teeth, and I am afraid to risk their coming in contact with hard
substances."
She commenced on a piece of the plum pie, but pointedly avoided
the paste, eating out all the fruit, and conspicuously laying aside the
crust. Marianne, however, found the pastry so palatable, that she
could scarcely refrain from eating the whole that was on her plate,
and she was not surprised to overhear the young girl they called
Fanny, praising it to another who sat next to her.
The presence of the Miss Glanvils evidently threw a restraint on the
whole company, except Fanny, who, to the great surprise of the
sisters, appeared perfectly at her ease all the time, and not in the
least awed by their superiority.
"Who can that girl be?" whispered Marianne to Charlotte.
"Some vulgar thing like the rest," answered Charlotte.
"I do not think her vulgar," said Marianne.
"I know no reason for supposing her otherwise," rejoined Charlotte.
"You know the proverb, 'Birds of a feather flock together.' See how
familiar she is with all of them. She knows every one of their names.
She must have been born and brought up with them. By their talk
she has been here since two o'clock."
About sunset the quilt was completed. The chalk-marks, and the
clippings of thread, were then carefully brushed off; a dozen scissors
were employed in ripping it from the frame, and two dozen hands
afterwards spread it to the full size, and shook it till the lofty roof of
the barn echoed the sound; which sound brought in near twenty
young men who had been lingering about the barn-door for the last
half hour, none of them having courage to venture within, except
Susan Davison's two brothers. They were all clean shaved, and in
their best clothes; some even had their hair curled, and the Miss
Glanvils now found occasion to whisper and titter at the costume of
the country beaux, particularly at their very fine waistcoats.
Soon after, one of the little girls came to announce that supper was
ready, which intelligence was repeated by Susan to the Miss Glanvils;
and her two brothers now came forward, each with a low bow, and
offered their arms to conduct the young ladies to the house, as they
had been previously tutored by their sister. The Miss Glanvils,
however, took no notice of the offered arms, and the young men,
much abashed, walked silently beside them. Fanny, escorted by the
old farmer, who had accosted her at the barn-door with great
cordiality, joined about midway in the procession, and they all
walked to the house, where supper was set out in the largest room.
The table was of immense size, with at each end a waiter, containing
an equipage for tea and coffee; Mrs. Davison presiding at one and
Susan at the other. The centre ornament was a roast pig, flanked by
dishes of stewed fowls, and the rest of the table was covered with
plates of pound cake, gingerbread, short cakes, doughnuts, rusk,
preserves, apple-sauce, fried ham, cream-cheese, and sage-cheese;
there being always four plates of each particular article, that a share
of all the various good things might be within the reach of every one
at table. William and Thomas Davison, assisted by several others of
the least bashful and most alert of the young men, stood behind the
chairs with waiters in their hands, and helped the females; their
father being the only man that took a seat at the table.
The Miss Glanvils sat together in solemn state; Marianne carefully
employed in defending her finery from the expected inroads of the
various things that were handed about in her neighbourhood; but
very much inclined to eat heartily of many of the tempting viands
that were before her, had she not been checked by the disapproving
looks of her sister.
It was with difficulty that Charlotte consented to be helped to any
thing, and uniformly after tasting it laid each article on the side of
her plate, as if unfit to eat. After she had taken a sip of tea she drew
back with a look of horror, and declaring it to be green tea, and that
she would not drink a cup of it for the world, she pushed it away
from her as far as possible.
She then requested some black tea, but unluckily there was none in
the house; and Mrs. Davison, much disconcerted, apologized in
great confusion, saying, that as black tea was not used in the
neighbourhood, she did not believe there was any to be had at the
store, or she would send and get some. She then asked if Miss
Glanvil would take a cup of coffee, but Charlotte replied that though
extravagantly fond of coffee in the morning, (always drinking three
cups,) she could not possibly touch it at night.
"Did you never drink green tea?" asked the farmer. "Certainly," she
replied in a disdainful tone, "I drank it always till black tea became
fashionable."
"Then," said the farmer, smiling, "if you have been drinking it all
your life till very lately, perhaps you might, if you were to try, make
out once more to swallow a cup of it on a pinch, and be none the
worse for it."
Charlotte looked much displeased, and sat back in her chair,
obstinately determined not to touch the green tea. Of course all the
Davison family felt and looked extremely uncomfortable, and they
would have been glad when the Miss Glanvils finally rose from table,
which they did shortly after, only that the rest of the company
thought it necessary to follow their example, and the feast prepared
with so much care and trouble was concluded in half the usual time.
The female guests were conducted to an adjoining room, while the
supper table was cleared away and then re-set exactly as before for
the young men.
Singing being proposed, Fanny was invited "to favour them with a
song." She consented at once, and inquired which of her songs they
would have. The simple and beautiful Scotch air of the Bonnie Boat
was named, and she sung it with a sweet clear voice and excellent
taste, though no attempt at ornament. The Miss Glanvils exchanged
glances and whispers.
The two young ladies were then respectfully requested to sing.
Charlotte refused at once, declaring that it was impossible to sing
without an instrument: but Marianne, eager to display her
knowledge of fashionable music, complied readily, and gave "Una
voce poco fa," with what she considered wonderful execution. As
soon as she had finished, Charlotte perceiving that the company,
though greatly amazed at first, had become much fatigued by this
unseasonable exhibition of Italian singing, and that it had not given
the least pleasure to any one, ill-naturedly proposed to her sister to
try "Di piacer," which she also got through, to the great annoyance
of the young men who had long before come in from the supper
room, and who were certainly not of a class to relish such songs as
are unintelligible to all but the initiated.
A black man now appeared with a fiddle, and took his seat in one of
the windows; there was a reinforcement of beaux, and the Miss
Glanvils found that a dance was to be the next amusement.
Marianne remarked, in a group of young men that had just entered
the room, one of remarkably genteel appearance and extremely
handsome. "Charlotte," said she, "look at that young gentleman in
black, talking to Tom Davison."
"I see no gentleman in the room," replied Charlotte, "and I do not
know Tom Davison from the other clowns."
"Oh! but this, I am certain, is really a gentleman," said Marianne, "I
wish he would ask me to dance."
"What!" exclaimed Charlotte, "would you actually join in a dance
with these people? Could you stand up with them and give them
your hand? And above all things, would you make one in a country-
dance, for of course they know nothing about cotillions?"
"Yes I would," answered Marianne, "with such a partner as that
young gentleman in black. And then, when they see my French
steps, how ashamed they will be of their own shuffling and
prancing."
Just then, Tom Davison, observing Marianne's eyes fixed with
evident approbation on the stranger in black, brought him up and
introduced him to her as Captain Selman; and on his requesting the
pleasure of dancing with her, she immediately consented with great
satisfaction. Tom Davison then, with a low bow and a look of much
embarrassment, ventured to make the same request of Charlotte,
who refused with an air of such unequivocal contempt, that the
youth determined in his own mind to leave her to herself for the
remainder of the evening.
The musician made three scrapes on his fiddle as a signal for every
one to take their places. "Of course," said Marianne, "we go to the
top," and Captain Selman led her to the head of the country dance
that was forming, while she lamented to him the sad necessity of
being obliged to join in such a dance, saying that she must depend
on him to give her some idea of the figure; and adding that he
would find her an apt scholar, as she was always considered very
quick at learning every thing.
The musician gave a loud stamp with his foot, and then struck up
New-Jersey; but observing that Charlotte stopped her ears in horror,
Marianne begged of her partner to go and ask the man if he could
not play something less barbarous. The man replied that New-Jersey
was the dancing tune he was most used to, but that he could play
the Morning Star and Fisher's Hornpipe quite as well. Marianne said
that she had heard her mother speak of dancing these things when
she was a girl, and therefore she was sure they must be abominable.
At last, after much sending of Captain Selman backwards and
forwards, and proposing tunes which she knew the poor fiddler had
never even heard of, it was ascertained that he thought he could
play "The Campbells are coming," having catched it, as he said, the
last time he was in town.
Captain Selman undertook to instruct the company in the figure,
which he did with great good humour, and they actually learnt it with
a quickness that surprised Marianne. She went down the dance
exhibiting all her most difficult steps, and affecting a wonderful
gracefulness in every motion. However, when she got to the bottom,
suspecting that this display had not excited quite as much
admiration as she had expected, she professed great fatigue, and
threw herself into a chair, declaring she could not dance another
step; and knowing that in consequence Captain Selman could do no
less than stand by and converse with her till the set was over.
"I do not see Susan Davison dancing," said Marianne, "she has been
sitting all the time beside my sister. She is rather a pretty girl; I
wonder none of the young men have taken her out."
"I made my bow to her soon after I came in," replied the Captain,
"but she declines dancing this evening, alleging that, being in her
own house, she is unwilling to take a place that might be occupied
by one of her friends."
"I suppose," said Marianne, abruptly, "your next partner will be the
young person they call Fanny, as she is certainly rather well-looking.
There she is, about the middle of the dance, with a broad pink
ribbon round her neck. Indeed, though my sister is of a contrary
opinion, I should be almost inclined to think this Fanny something of
a lady, only that she is so sociable with these people. To be sure, I
have tried myself to be affable this evening, but I find it such an
irksome task that I believe it will be my last attempt. Now it seems
quite natural to this said Fanny, which proves, as my sister Charlotte
says, that she is in reality no better than the rest. We think she must
be the daughter of one of these country store-keepers, and that she
has now and then had the benefit of a fortnight's polishing in the
city, while her father was buying his spring goods."
Captain Selman smiled, and was going to reply, when Charlotte
joined them, saying in a most peevish voice, "Marianne, do you
intend staying here all night? If you do, you must stay by yourself. I
have just heard our carriage drive up, for I charged William to come
for us early, and I am dying to get away."
Marianne, who would willingly have stayed longer, was about to
remonstrate, but finding that the Captain had escaped from her side,
she felt less reluctant to go. Charlotte made her exit without
ceremony, but Marianne purposely loitered till the dance was over,
that she might make her departure the more conspicuous, and
produce a great effect by her elegant manner of taking leave. She
then walked up to Mrs. Davison, and overwhelming the good woman
with curtseyings, bowings, compliments and flourishes, she left the
room, accompanied by Susan, to the chamber in which their shawls
and calashes had been deposited.
They were put into the carriage by Tom Davison, as his last effort of
civility. And it was resolved next day by the family in council, that the
Miss Glanvils should on no future occasion be invited; for, as Mrs.
Davison remarked, they held their heads quite too high, and their
airs were unbearable.
As they drove home, Charlotte, in the most unqualified terms,
expressed her disgust at the quilting-party, and every thing
connected with it. Marianne acknowledged that the whole concern,
as she called it, was very ungenteel, but still not quite so bad as she
had expected. She said that in her opinion Captain Selman would be
presentable even in good society, and expressed her surprise at
finding an officer at a quilting.
"Pho," said Charlotte, "he is only a militia captain, of course."
"No," replied Marianne, "I am very sure he is no such thing. If he
were a militia officer, he would undoubtedly have come to the party
in full uniform, booted and spurred, with epaulette, and chapeau and
feather, his sword at his side, and his sash spread out over his body
as broad as possible, and pinned up in a peak before and behind, as
I have heard my mother describe their costume. No, no; this officer
is in the regular army, and from something he said, I know he was
educated at West Point."
"Well," said Charlotte, "I doubt his being a man of fashion after all. I
observed him, after he left you, speaking familiarly to that Fanny as
if they were well acquainted. However, he did not seem to ask her to
dance, but he paid that compliment to one that sat near the door, a
poor bashful-looking girl, the worst dressed and least attractive in
the room."
The next day but one was Sunday. The church, which was about
three miles off, had been shut up, undergoing repairs ever since Mr.
Glanvil had removed to the iron-works, but it was now again opened
for worship, and the Glanvil family all repaired thither in their
carriage. On this occasion, Charlotte was as elegantly drest as her
sister; for having satisfied her perverseness by going in dishabille to
the quilting, she determined now to astonish the congregation by a
great display of finery at church.
As they passed up the middle aisle, the eyes of the Miss Glanvils
were attracted immediately to a handsome pew near the pulpit; in
which pew they saw Captain Selman, accompanied by Fanny, and an
elderly gentleman and lady, both of remarkably genteel and dignified
appearance. The two sisters, at the same moment, pulled each
other's sleeves significantly. They thought the service very long, and
as soon as church was over, Marianne asked her father if he knew
the occupants of the pew that was lined with blue moreen. He
replied, "They are the governor and his family. They have been
travelling all summer, and only returned last week. I called yesterday
to see them as I passed their house, which is about five miles from
ours." "Is it possible," exclaimed Charlotte, "that Fanny can be the
governor's daughter!" "Is Captain Selman the governor's son?" cried
Marianne.
"No," replied Mr. Glanvil. "The governor's name, you know, is Milford.
Captain Selman is the son of Mrs. Milford's first marriage, and Miss
Fanny Milford is his half-sister."
At the church-gate the governor's carriage was waiting beside Mr.
Glanvil's, and Mr. Milford stopped with his family to introduce them
to Mrs. Glanvil and her daughters. The Miss Glanvils looked much
embarrassed. Charlotte was ashamed that Miss Milford should have
witnessed her unamiable behaviour at the quilting, and Marianne
was shocked at recollecting the freedom with which she had talked
to Captain Selman of his step-sister. Their confusion was so evident,
that the Captain and Fanny, when introduced to the Miss Glanvils,
avoided making any allusion to having met them at farmer
Davison's.
But little was said on either side, and the disconcerted sisters were
glad to take refuge in the carriage.
On their way home, Charlotte expressed her surprise at the
condescension of the governor's family in deigning to be on visiting
terms with the farmer's.
"And why not?" said Mr. Glanvil. "Andrew Davison is a good citizen,
and a respectable, sensible and worthy man; and his children,
though he has wisely forborne to make any attempt at giving them
what is called a fashionable education, are by no means coarse. The
old-fashioned plainness of decent country people is not vulgarity;
and if they are ignorant of the conventional forms of city society,
they generally make amends by having a large share of that natural
civility which springs from good feeling; and it is easy in our
intercourse with them to avoid imitating such of their habits and
expressions as are at variance with our standard of refinement. As
fellow-citizens, their rights are the same as ours, and, like us, they
call no man master. Not one of them would bend his knee to any
monarch upon earth.
"Governor Milford has lived in this part of the country nearly his
whole life, and is, of course, acquainted with all the old settlers, of
whom Andrew Davison is one. And he has very judiciously brought
up his family in the mutual interchange of civilities with all his
respectable neighbours, knowing that nothing is ever lost by
cultivating the good opinion of those among whom our lot is cast."
"I suspect, after all," said Charlotte, ill-naturedly, "that the
governor's affability, and that of his children, originate in the
expectation of securing the votes of farmer Davison and his sons at
the next election."
"You are entirely mistaken," replied Mr. Glanvil. "Governor Milford
and the Davisons, though old friends, are of opposite parties. They
did not vote for him at the last election, and he has declined being a
candidate for the next."
Next day, the Glanvils were visited by the governor, with his wife and
daughter. Captain Selman did not accompany them, having set out
to return to his station. Mr. and Mrs. Glanvil were not at home, but
the young ladies overwhelmed the Milford family with civilities;
Charlotte, in particular, was absolutely obsequious in her attentions.
Upon farther acquaintance, they found that Fanny Milford had been
educated in the city, and was quite as accomplished as either of
themselves, though she had too much good sense to make any
unseasonable display. Her example was not lost upon Marianne, who
improved greatly by occasional intercourse with this amiable girl. We
wish we could say the same of Charlotte; but pride is of all faults
one of the most difficult to conquer, as it is seldom found except in
persons of weak understanding. Sensible people are never
offensively proud.
ELIZA LESLIE.
THE LITTLE RUNAWAY.
Down in the glade, where nibbling sheep
In verdant pasture stray,
A little boy was seen to keep
His weary-footed way.

A faithful dog, his fav'rite guard,

Protects the youth from harm,
A Robin dear his steps retard,
So playful on his arm:

Sweet little boy of rosy smiles,

In health and beauty drest,
A few fond friends their duteous toils
Pursue, to find thy rest:

Thy infant head knows not the care,

That bears them anxious on;
Through meadows wild, and sunny air,
To seek where thou art gone.

The vernal fields are daisied o'er,

With life the hawthorns teem;
The busy bee with flowery store,
Hums in the sultry beam:

But thou—so active in thy play,

From parents absent far;—
Heed'st not the meddling cares of day,
Nor what their sorrows are.

'Tis thus, thought I, in childhood's morn

We think creation ours;
From sport to sport, our night is borne,
Like butterflies on flow'rs:
But when parental cares come round
In manhood's riper years,
The loveliest pleasures most abound
When hope succeeds our fears.
J. W. S.

THE LITTLE RUNAWAY.

Drawn & Engraved by J. W. Steel.
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