EXPOSURE,

HAZARDS, AND
VULNERABILITY
Prepared by: Ms. Alaissa Maximo
 VULNERABILITY
Diminished capacity of
an individual or group to
anticipate, cope with,
resist, and recover from
the impacts of a natural
or man-made hazard.
 VULNERABILITY

Vulnerability is Vulnerability is also

situation specific. hazard specific.
If earthquakes are frequent in a This means that a community
particular region, it does not that is vulnerable to earthquakes
mean that all the provinces in does not necessarily mean that it
that region are vulnerable. is also vulnerable to typhoons.
Factors that must be considered to assess
the level of vulnerability of an area or
community.
Proximity to a Capacity and
hazard event. efficiency to reduce
disaster risk.

Population Building codes

density near a and disaster
hazard event. policies.
Factors that must be considered to assess
the level of vulnerability of an area or
community.
Proximity to a
hazard event. An earthquake, as an
example, is more likely
means how close to happen in the
you are to where a Philippines than other
dangerous event. countries outside the
Pacific Ring of Fire
where frequent seismic
activities occur.
 Factors that must be considered to assess the level of
vulnerability of an area or community.

Population density refers to

the number of individuals
living in an area in relation to
the size of that area.

Population density
near a hazard event.
Thus, crowded communities have
high vulnerability to hazards.
 Factors that must be considered to assess the level of
vulnerability of an area or community.

Capacity and
efficiency to reduce
disaster risk.

The capacity of a community

to reduce disaster risk
includes the accessibility
The immediate response of
and availability of services
rescue equipment during and facilities that help in
disasters makes a preparing for or during
community less vulnerable. disasters.
Factors that must be considered to assess the level of
vulnerability of an area or community.

rules and guidelines that help

keep people and structures
safe during disasters.

Building codes and

disaster policies.
 Factors that must be considered to assess the level of
vulnerability of an area or community.

Building codes Disaster policies.

plans and rules created by the
These are standards for how
government or organizations
houses, schools, and other
to manage and reduce disaster
buildings should be built.
risks.
EXPOSURE
It is defined as the elements at risk
from natural or man-made hazard
event.

The more a community is exposed

to hazard factors, the higher the
disaster risk.

A community can be exposed but is

not necessarily vulnerable.
 ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

Physical Socioeconomic Environmental

Elements Elements Elements
 ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

Physical
Elements
These are the
elements that are
tangible or can be
visually seen.
ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

Socioeconomic
Elements
These comprise the
institutional and
government systems
that dictate the lifestyle
conditions that affect how people of communities.
experience and handle disasters.
 ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

Environmental
Elements
Human activities strip the environment of its These include the
natural abilities to protect itself from any hazard. ecosystems and natural
processes that are
exposed to hazard events.
 HAZARD
Hazards are events that pose
threat, danger, or risk to any
element exposed to them.
Hazards are possibilities.

Hazards result in disasters if a

community is left both exposed
and vulnerable to that hazard.
 Classification of Hazards
Natural Human-induced
• Geological Hazards occur on • Biological Hazards refer to the threat
Earth’s crust. These hazards pose a from viruses or bacteria, medical
threat to life and property. waste, and microbiological samples.

• Technological Hazards can be

• Hydro-meteorological Hazards industrial in origin. They may be
could be atmospheric, hydrological, results from accidents, nuclear
or oceanographic in nature. radiation, toxic wastes, dam failures,
chemical spills and industrial pollution.

• Socio-natural Hazards are result of

the interaction of natural hazard with
overexploited land or other
environmental resources.
RELATIONSHIP OF HAZARDS,
EXPOSURE AND
VULNERABILITIES

For example a coastal community that

is frequented by typhoons. This would
probably mean that the community is
located within the typhoon belt or that
compared with other communities, it
receives more rain and typhoons in a
year.
 Physical Socio-economic Environmental
Elements Elements Elements
✓How many people are ✓Does the community ✓Are the community
living in the community? interact with other members’
communities? dependent solely on
✓What bodies of water ✓How will this interaction be
the natural resource
and/or landforms can be affected if a typhoon hits the
they get from their
found near the community? community?
✓What products and services surroundings?
✓Are there structures like may be affected? ✓What would happen
breakwater or seawall ✓What is the major livelihood to plants and
found in the community of the community? animals when a
that may collapse or fall ✓How will this be affected? typhoon destroys
due to typhoon? their habitats?
Given the coastal community’s high exposure to typhoons,
let us now assess its level of vulnerability.

Proximity to a
hazard event. The fact that the
community is in a
coastal area makes it
more vulnerable
because it will
experience two
hazards: typhoons
and storm surge.
 Given the coastal community’s high exposure to
typhoons, let us now assess its level of vulnerability.

In a community with a large

population size, most
members would not be well
sheltered, making them
become more vulnerable to
the hazards. The hazards
can also lead to outbreaks
Population density of infectious diseases.
near a hazard event.
 Given the coastal community’s high exposure to
typhoons, let us now assess its level of vulnerability.

If the community does Capacity and efficiency

not have any to reduce disaster risk.
community disaster
preparedness plans in
place, it becomes
more difficult to face
the hazard without
expecting any disaster.
 Given the coastal community’s high exposure to
typhoons, let us now assess its level of vulnerability.

Houses built in coastal

areas are usually made of
light materials. If a typhoon
hits the community, many
houses may be unroofed.

These types of structures

should be built at a certain Building codes and
distance away from the disaster policies.
shore.
HAZARD-PRONE AREAS
A hazard-prone area is a location
where a natural hazard is likely to
happen if preventive measures are not
implemented.

Due mainly to its geography, the

Philippines is considered prone to
natural hazards, and hence natural
disasters as well.

❑ Pacific Ring of Fire

❑ Philippine Fault Zone
❑ Western Pacific Basin
❑ Typhoon Belt
 Earthquake Prone Areas
in the Philippines
The map shows the top 5
provinces which will most likely
hit by an earthquake are the
following:

1. Surigao Del Sur

2. La Union
3. Benguet
4. Pangasinan
5. Pampanga
 Volcanic Eruption Prone
Areas in the Philippines
The map shows the top 5
provinces which will most likely
experience a volcanic eruption:

1. Camiguin
2. Sulu
3. Biliran
4. Albay
5. Bataan
 Landslide Prone Areas in
the Philippines

The top 5 provinces that are risk

to landslides when earthquakes
occur are:

1. Ifugao
2. Lanao Del Sur
3. Sarangani
4. Benguet
5. Mountain Province
 Tsunami Prone Areas in
the Philippines
The Manila Observatory and
DENR identified the top 5
provinces prone to tsunami as
listed below:

1. Sulu
2. Tawi-tawi
3. Basilan
4. Batanes
5. Guimaras
 Typhoon Prone Areas in
the Philippines
Northern Luzon, Southeastern Luzon
and Eastern Visayas are the areas
highly at risk to the occurrence of
tropical depressions, tropical storms,
typhoons, and super typhoons.

The top 5 provinces that are at risk to

typhoons are the following:

1. Cagayan
2. Albay
3. Ifugao
4. Sorsogon
5. Kalinga
Which image shows higher vulnerability of
transmissible infectious disease?
What makes the other image vulnerable to infectious
disease and the other is not?
 PHASES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Disaster Disaster
Prevention Preparedness

Disaster
Response / Disaster Recovery
Relief
 Disaster Prevention

prevent or avoid potential

adverse impacts through
action taken in advance,
activities designed to provide
protection from the
occurrence of disasters.
 Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Preparedness refers
to measures taken to prepare
for and reduce the effects of
disasters, be they natural or
man-made.
 Disaster Response / Relief

It includes rescuing
people, providing food,
water, and medical help,
and ensuring everyone
affected is safe.
 Disaster Recovery

Disaster Recovery refers to

those programs which go
beyond the provision of
immediate relief to assist those
who have suffered the full
impact of a disaster.