Math202

Linear Algebra
Dr. Muhammad Saad
 Chapter 3

Vector Spaces
Lecture 5
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EUCLIDIAN VECTOR SPACES
Vectors in the 𝒙𝒚-plane ℝ𝟐
𝑥1
The vector 𝒙 = 𝑥 ∈ ℝ2 is represented
2

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graphically by drawing an arrow from
the point (0,0) to 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 .

Vectors in the 𝒙𝒚𝒛-Space ℝ𝟑

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𝑥3
graphically by drawing an arrow from
the point (0,0,0) to 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 .
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EUCLIDIAN VECTOR SPACES
Now, we can extend the pervious idea and we can define
the 𝑛-dimentional Euclidean space ℝ𝑛 as follows.
Vectors in the Space ℝ𝒏

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𝑥1
𝑥2
ℝ is the set of all vectors of the form
𝑛 , where 𝑥1 ,
⋮
𝑥𝑛
𝑥2 ,…, 𝑥𝑛 are real numbers called the components of the
vector. I.e.
𝑥1

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𝑛 𝑥2
ℝ = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 ∈ ℝ
⋮
𝑥𝑛
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EUCLIDIAN VECTOR SPACES
Vector Operations
There are two vector operations called addition and
scalar multiplication.

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𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Consider two vectors 𝐴 = ⋮ and 𝐵 = in ℝ𝑛 . The
⋮
𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛
addition of 𝐴 and 𝐵 is defined as:
𝑎1 + 𝑏1

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𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝐴+𝐵 = .
⋮
𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛
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EUCLIDIAN VECTOR SPACES
Vector Operations
If 𝑘 is a scalar, we define the scaler multiplication of 𝐴
by 𝑘 is defined as:

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𝑘𝑎1
𝑘𝑎2
𝑘𝐴 =
⋮
𝑘𝑎𝑛
The vector 𝑘𝐴 represents a vector
in the same direction as 𝐴,
but its length is 𝑘 times

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the length of 𝐴.
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EUCLIDIAN VECTOR SPACES
𝟏 𝟒
𝟑 𝟓
Problem 01: Consider the vectors 𝑨 = and 𝑩 = in
𝟓 −𝟏
𝟎 𝟑

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ℝ . Evaluate 𝑨 + 𝑩, 𝟓𝑨 , – 𝑩 , and 𝟐𝑨 − 𝟑𝑩.
𝟒

Solution
5 5 −4
8 15 −5
𝐴+𝐵 = , 5𝐴 = , −𝐵 =
4 25 1
3 0 −3

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4 −12 −8
6 −15 −9
2𝐴 − 3𝐵 = + =
10 3 13
0 −9 −9
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VECTOR SPACES
A vector space (or linear space) 𝑉 is a nonempty set of
objects, called vectors defined on it two operations,
called addition and scalar multiplication such that for

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every 𝐮, 𝐯, 𝐰 ∈ 𝑉 and scalars 𝛼 and 𝛽, the following
axioms are satisfied:
1. 𝐮 + 𝐯 ∈ 𝑉 (Closed Addition)
2. 𝛼𝐮 ∈ 𝑉 (Closed Multiplication)
3. 𝐮 + 𝐯 = 𝐯 + 𝐮. (Commutative Law)
4. 𝐮 + 𝐯 + 𝐰 = 𝐮 + 𝐯 + 𝐰 (Associative Law)

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5. There exists a vector in 𝑉, denoted by 𝐎 and called
the zero vector, such that 𝐮 + 𝐎 = 𝐎 + 𝐮 = 𝐮.
(Additive identity)
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6. For every 𝐮 in 𝑉, there is a vector in 𝑉, denoted by
− 𝐮, such that 𝐮 + −𝐮 = −𝐮 + 𝐮 = 𝐎.
(Additive Inverse)

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7. 𝛼 𝐮 + 𝐯 = 𝛼𝐮 + 𝛼𝐯. (Distributive Addition)
8. 8. 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝐮 = 𝛼𝐮 + 𝛽𝐮.
(Distributive Scalar Multiplication)
9. 𝛼 𝛽𝐮 = 𝛼𝛽 𝐮.
(Associative Law of scalar multiplication)
(Scalar Identity)

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10. 1𝐮 = 𝐮.

Note: The subtraction operations on any vector space is

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addition and scalar multiplication of vectors forms a
vector space.
2. The set ℝ𝑚×𝑛 of all 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices, for some 𝑚 and
𝑛, with the usual addition and scalar multiplication of
matrices forms a vector space..

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3. The set ℙ𝑛 (𝑥) of all polynomials of degree less than
or equal to 𝑛, for some 𝑛, with the standard addition
and scalar multiplication of polynomials forms a
vector space.
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Problem 02: Let 𝐕 = ℝ+ , the set of positive real
numbers. Define the addition of two elements 𝐱 and 𝐲
in 𝐕 to be their product 𝐱𝐲, and define the scalar
multiplication of the element 𝐱 in 𝐕 by a scalar 𝒄 to be
𝐱 𝒄 . Prove that 𝑽 is a linear space.
Solution
Let 𝐱, 𝐲, 𝐳 ∈ 𝑉 and 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ. To avoid confusion, denote
the defined addition by ⨁ and the defined scalar
multiplication by ⊙.
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VECTOR SPACES
Therefore
Axiom 1: 𝐱⨁𝐲 = 𝐱𝐲 ∈ 𝑉

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Axiom 2: 𝑐 ⊙ 𝐱 = 𝐱 𝑐 ∈ 𝑉
Axiom 3: 𝐱⨁𝐲 = 𝐱𝐲 = 𝐲𝐱 = 𝐲⨁𝐱
Axiom 4: We have
𝐱⨁𝐲 ⨁𝐳 = 𝐱𝐲 ⨁𝐳 = 𝐱𝐲𝐳

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and
𝐱⨁ 𝐲⨁𝐳 = 𝐱⨁ 𝐲𝐳 = 𝐱𝐲𝐳.
So, 𝐱⨁𝐲 ⨁𝐳 = 𝐱⨁ 𝐲⨁𝐳 .
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VECTOR SPACES
Axiom 5: Indeed 1 ∈ 𝑉 and 𝐱 ⨁ 𝟏 = 𝐱𝟏 = 𝐱. So that 1 is an
additive identify.
1

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Axiom 6: For every 𝐱 ∈ 𝑉, there is ∈ 𝑉 and
𝐱
𝟏 𝟏
𝐱 ⊕ = 𝐱 = 𝟏 (our zero vector)
𝐱 𝐱
Axiom 7: We have
𝑐 ⊙ 𝐱⨁𝐲 = 𝑐 ⊙ 𝐱𝐲 = 𝐱𝐲 𝑐

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and
𝐱 𝑐 ⨁𝐲 𝑐 = 𝑐 ⊙ 𝐱 ⨁ 𝑐 ⊙ 𝐱 = 𝐱 𝑐 𝐲 𝑐 .
So, 𝑐 ⊙ 𝐱⨁𝐲 = 𝑐 ⊙ 𝐱 ⨁ 𝑐 ⊙ 𝐱 .
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VECTOR SPACES
Axiom 8: We have
𝑐 + 𝑑 ⊙ 𝐱 = 𝐱 𝑐+𝑑

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and
𝑐 ⊙ 𝐱 ⨁ 𝑑 ⊙ 𝐱 = 𝐱 𝑐 ⨁𝐱 𝑑 = 𝐱 𝑐 𝐱 𝑑 .
Hence, 𝑐 + 𝑑 ⊙ 𝐱 = 𝑐 ⊙ 𝐱 ⨁ 𝑑 ⊙ 𝐱 .
Axiom 9: Indeed
𝑐
𝑐⊙ 𝑑⊙𝐱 =𝑐⊙ 𝐱𝑑 = 𝐱 𝑑
= 𝐱 𝑐𝑑 = 𝑐𝑑 ⊙ 𝐱

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Axiom 10: 1⨁𝐱 = 𝐱1 = 𝐱
Therefore V = ℝ+ is a vector space under the defined
addition and scalar multiplication.
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VECTOR SPACES
Problem 03: Let 𝑽 = ℝ𝟐 with the usual scalar
multiplication and addition of vectors defined by
𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒚𝟏
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 .

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Determine whether 𝑽 is a vector space or not
Solution
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1
Let 𝐱 = 𝑥 , 𝐲 = 𝑦 , and 𝐳 = 𝑧 be in 𝑉. The axioms
2 2 2
1,2,9 and 10 are trivially satisfied.

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VECTOR SPACES
Axiom 3: We have
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥1 + 𝑦1
𝐱+𝐲= 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦
2 2 2 2

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and
𝑦1 𝑥1 𝑦1 + 𝑥1 𝑥1 + 𝑦1
𝐲+𝐱= 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦
2 2 2 2 2 2
Therefore 𝐱 + 𝐲 = 𝐲 + 𝐱.
Axiom 4: Indeed,
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 𝑧1 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧
+ 𝑧 = 1 𝑥 𝑦1 𝑧 1

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𝐱+𝐲 +𝐳 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑦
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑥1 + 𝑦1 + 𝑧1
Similarly, 𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝐳 = 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 . Thus,
𝐱+𝐲 +𝐳=𝐱+ 𝐲+𝐳 .
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VECTOR SPACES
0
Axiom 5: We have the zero vector 𝐎 = ∈ 𝑽 since, for
1
𝑥1
every 𝐱 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝑽, we have

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2
𝑥1 0 𝑥1
𝐱+𝐎= 𝑥 + = 𝑥 =𝐱
2 1 2
2
Axiom 6: Let vector 𝐱 = ∈ 𝑉 has no additive inverse.
0
Thus, 𝑉 is not a vector space.

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VECTOR SPACES
Problem 04: Let 𝑽 = ℝ𝟐 with the standard operation of
addition and scalar multiplication defined by
𝒙𝟏 𝜶𝒙𝟏
.

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𝜶 𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎
Determine whether 𝑽 is a vector space or not
Solution
𝑢1
For a vector 𝐮 = 𝑢 ∈ 𝑉, we have
2

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𝑢1 𝑢1
1𝐮 = 1 𝑢 = ≠𝐮
2 0
Therefore, 𝑉 is not a vector space since Axiom 10 does
not hold.
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Problem 05: Let 𝑽 be the set of all symmetric matrices of
order 𝒏 under the usual addition and scalar multiplication
of matrices. Show that 𝑽 is a vector space.

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Solution.
We do not need to verify the last eight axioms. So, we need
to check only the closure axioms. First, let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two
matrices of 𝑉 and 𝑐 is a scalar. We have:
𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵.
So 𝐴 + 𝐵 is symmetric and in V, that is Axiom 1.

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𝑐𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑐𝐴𝑇 = 𝑐𝐴
and 𝑐𝐴 is symmetric and in 𝑉 which means that Axiom 2
holds. Therefore, 𝑉 is a real vector space.
Remember…
Study First!
(Keep Moving Forward)