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BEE 4223 Lecture 10 - Load Flow Analysis

The document covers Load Flow Analysis in power systems, focusing on steady-state analysis during normal operations. It emphasizes the importance of generation meeting demand, maintaining bus voltage, and ensuring equipment operates within limits, while introducing the power-flow computer program as a key tool for analysis. Additionally, it discusses the formulation of the bus admittance matrix and its significance in solving node-voltage equations.

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elie.mukongo
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3 views

BEE 4223 Lecture 10 - Load Flow Analysis

The document covers Load Flow Analysis in power systems, focusing on steady-state analysis during normal operations. It emphasizes the importance of generation meeting demand, maintaining bus voltage, and ensuring equipment operates within limits, while introducing the power-flow computer program as a key tool for analysis. Additionally, it discusses the formulation of the bus admittance matrix and its significance in solving node-voltage equations.

Uploaded by

elie.mukongo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING II

BEE 4223
BSc. EEE 4TH YEAR SEM 2

LECTURE 10: LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS


Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 1
1. INTRODUCTION

• This topic deals with the steady-state analysis of an


interconnected power system during normal operations.
• Successful power system operation under normal
balanced three-phase steady-state conditions requires the
following:

Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 2


I. Generation supplies the demand (load) plus losses.
II. Bus voltage magnitudes remain close to rated values.
III.Generators operate within specified real and reactive power
limits.
IV.Transmission lines and transformers are not overloaded.
Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 3
Assumptions

• The system/network is;


I. operating under a balanced condition.
II. represented by a single-phase network.
III.Contains hundreds of nodes and branches with impedances
specified in per unit on a common MVA base.
Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 4
The power-flow computer program
• The power-flow computer program (sometimes called load flow) is the basic tool for
investigating these requirements.
• This program computes the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in a power
system under balanced three-phase steady-state conditions.
• It also computes real and reactive power flows for all equipment interconnecting the
buses, as well as equipment losses.
• Both existing power systems and proposed changes including new generation and
transmission to meet projected load growth are of interest.
Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 5
Recall in Circuit and Network Theory
• Network equations can be formulated in a variety of forms.
• However, the node voltage method, is commonly used for power systems analyses.
• Conventional nodal or loop analysis is not suitable for power-flow studies because:
i. the input data for loads are normally given in terms of power, not impedance.
ii. Also, generators are considered as power sources, not voltage or current sources.
• The power-flow problem is therefore formulated as a set of nonlinear algebraic
equations suitable for computer solution or must be solved by iterative techniques.
Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 6
Importance of power flow Studies
a) They form the backbone of power system analyses and design.
b) Necessary for planning, operation, economic scheduling and
exchange of power between utilities.
c) Required for other analyses such as transient stability and
contingency analyses.

Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 7


2. FORMULATION OF BUS
ADMITTANCE MATRIX
• To obtain the node-voltage equations, consider the simple power system
shown in Fig. 1 where impedances are given in p.u and for simplicity,
resistances are neglected.
• Since the nodal solution is based upon Kirchoff ’s current law,
impedances are converted to admittance, i.e.,

Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 8


Figure 1: Impedance diagram of a simple Power System

Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 9


Figure 2: Admittance diagram for Fig. 1

• The circuit has been


redrawn as shown in Fig 2
in terms of admittances
and transformation to
current sources. Node 0
(normally the ground) is
taken as the reference.
Lecture Notes by H. Zurua
10
Therefore, applying KCL to the independent nodes 1 to 4
yields;

Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 11


Rearranging the above equations yields;

Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 12


We introduce the following admittances;

Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 13


The node Equation therefore reduces to;

• In the above network, there is no connection between buses 1 &


4, hence Y14 = Y41 = 0; Similarly, Y24 = Y42 = 0.
Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 14
Extending the above relation to an n bus system, the
node-voltage equation in matrix form is;

…Eq. (5)

…Eq. (6)

Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 15


Where;
• Ibus - is the vector of the injected bus currents (i.e., external current
sources). The current is positive when flowing towards the bus, and it is
negative if flowing away from the bus.
• Vbus - is the vector of bus voltages measured from the reference node
(i.e., node voltages).
• Ybus - is the bus admittance matrix.
Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 16
• The diagonal element of each node is the sum of admittances
connected to it and it is referred to as Self-
admittance or driving point admittance, i.e.,

• The off-diagonal element is equal to the negative of the admittance


between the nodes and it is referred to as Mutual-admittance or
transfer admittance, i.e.,

Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 17


• When the bus currents are known, Eq. (6) can be solved for the n
bus voltages.

Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 18


• The inverse of the bus admittance matrix is known as the bus
impedance matrix, Zbus.
• Based on Eq. 3 & 4, bus admittance matrix for the network in Fig.
2 is obtained by inspection as follows;

…Eq. (10)

Lecture Notes by H. Zurua 19

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