Part1 - Module 1

NETWORKING
TODAY
PHẠM VĂN TÍNH, Ph.D.
 Module Objectives
Topic Title Topic Objective
Networks Affect our Lives Explain how networks affect our daily lives.
Network Components Explain how host and network devices are
used.
Network Representations Explain network representations and how they
and Topologies are used in network topologies.
Common Types of Compare the characteristics of common types
Networks of networks.
Internet Connections Explain how LANs and WANs interconnect to
the internet.
Reliable Networks Describe the four basic requirements of a
reliable network.
Network Trends Explain how trends such as BYOD, online
collaboration, video, and cloud computing are
changing the way we interact.
Network Security Identify some basic security threats and
solution for all networks.
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rheader_1

1.1 Networks Affect Our Lives

 Networks Affect Our Lives
◼ Networks Connect Us:
◼ Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance

on air, water, food, and shelter. In today’s world, through the

use of networks, we are connected like never before.
◼ No Boundaries:
◼ World without boundaries

◼ Global communities

◼ Human network

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rheader_1

1.2 Network Components

 Network
◼ The Network as a Platform
◼ Data Networking Role: Data or information networks:
used for delivering of the millions of messages; vary in
size and capabilities, but have four basic elements in
common: Rules, Messages, Medium, Devices

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 Data Networking Components
◼ Devices (End devices + Intermediary Network Devices):
these are used to communicate with one another
◼ Medium: this is how the devices are connected together
◼ Messages: information that travels over the medium
◼ Rules: governs how messages flow across network

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 Host Roles
◼ Every computer on a network is called a host or end
device.
◼ Servers are computers that provide information to
end devices:
◼ Email servers
◼ Web servers
◼ File server
◼ Clients are computers that send requests to the
servers to retrieve information:
◼ Web page from a web server
◼ Email from an email server

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 Host Roles

Server Description
Type
Email Email server runs email server software.
Clients use client software to access email.
Web Web server runs web server software.
Clients use browser software to access web
pages.
File File server stores corporate and user files.
The client devices access these files.
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 Peer-to-Peer
◼ It is possible to have a device be a client and a server
in a Peer-to-Peer Network. This type of network
design is only recommended for very small networks.

Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to set up No centralized administration
Less complex Not as secure
Lower cost Not scalable
Used for simple tasks: transferring Slower performance
files and sharing printers
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 End Devices
◼ An end device is where a message originates from or
where it is received. Data originates with an end
device, flows through the network, and arrives at an
end device.

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 Intermediary Network Devices
◼ An intermediary device interconnects end devices.
Examples include switches, wireless access points,
routers, and firewalls.
◼ Management of data as it flows through a network is
also the role of an intermediary device, including:
◼ Regenerate and retransmit data signals.
◼ Maintain information about what pathways exist in the
network.
◼ Notify other devices of errors and communication
failures.

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 Network Media
◼ Communication across a network is carried through a
medium which allows a message to travel from source
to destination.
Media Types Description

Metal wires within Uses electrical

cables impulses

Glass or plastic Uses pulses of light.

fibers within
cables (fiber-optic
cable)
Wireless Uses modulation of
transmission specific frequencies
of electromagnetic
waves.

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Network Media

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 Message and Rule (Protocol)
◼ Human beings often seek to send and receive a
variety of message using computer applications; these
applications require services be provided by the
network.
◼ Protocols are the rules that the networked devices use
to communicate with each other.

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 Network Representations
◼ Network diagrams, often called topology diagrams, use
symbols to represent devices within the network.
◼ Important terms to know include:

◼ Network Interface Card (NIC)

◼ Physical Port
◼ Interface

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rheader_1

1.3 Common Types of Networks

 Common Types of Networks
• Small Home Networks
connect a few computers to
each other and the Internet
• Small Office/Home Office
enables computer within a
home or remote office to
connect to a corporate
network Small Home SOHO

• Medium to Large Networks

many locations with hundreds
or thousands of
interconnected computers
• World Wide Networks
connects hundreds of millions
of computers world-wide –
such as the internet Medium/Large World Wide

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 LANs and WANs
◼ Network infrastructures vary
greatly in terms of:
◼ Size of the area covered

◼ Number of users connected

◼ Number and types of

services available
◼ Area of responsibility

◼ Two most common types

of networks:
◼ Local Area Network (LAN)

◼ Wide Area Network (WAN).

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 LANs and WANs (cont.)
A LAN is a network A WAN is a network
infrastructure that spans a infrastructure that spans a
small geographical area. wide geographical area.

LAN WAN
Interconnect end devices in a limited Interconnect LANs over wide
area. geographical areas.
Administered by a single Typically administered by one or more
organization or individual. service providers.
Provide high-speed bandwidth to Typically provide slower speed links
internal devices. Khoa CNTT – ĐH between
Nông LâmLANs.
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 The Internet
◼ The Internet is a worldwide collection of
interconnected LANs and WANs.
◼ LANs are connected to each other using WANs.
◼ WANs may use copper wires, fiber optic cables, and
wireless transmissions.
The internet is not owned
by any individual or
group. The following
groups were developed
to help maintain structure
on the internet:
• IETF
• ICANN
• IAB
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 Intranets and Extranets
◼ An intranet is a private
collection of LANs and WANs
internal to an organization that
is meant to be accessible only
to the organizations members
or others with authorization.
◼ An organization might use an
extranet to provide secure
access to their network for
individuals who work for a
different organization that need
access to their data on their
network.

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rheader_1

1.4 Internet Connections

 Internet Access Technologies
◼ There are many ways to connect users and
organizations to the internet:
◼ Popular services for home users and small offices include
broadband cable, broadband digital subscriber line
(DSL), wireless WANs, and mobile services.
◼ Organizations need faster connections to support IP
phones, video conferencing and data center storage.
◼ Business-class interconnections are
usually provided by service
providers (SP) and may include:
business DSL, leased lines,
and Metro Ethernet.

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Home/SOHO Internet Connections

Connection Description

Cable high bandwidth, always

on, internet offered by
cable television service
providers.
DSL high bandwidth, always
on, internet connection
that runs over a telephone
line.
Cellular uses a cell phone network
to connect to the internet.
Satellite major benefit to rural
areas without Internet
Service Providers.
Dial-up an inexpensive, low
telephone bandwidth option using a
modem.

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 Businesses Internet Connections
Corporate business Type of Description
Connecti
connections may require: on
• higher bandwidth Dedicated These are reserved circuits
Leased within the service provider’s
• dedicated connections Line network that connect distant
offices with private voice
• managed services and/or data networking.
Ethernet This extends LAN access
WAN technology into the WAN.
DSL Business DSL is available in
various formats including
Symmetric Digital Subscriber
Lines (SDSL).
Satellite This can provide a connection
when a wired solution is not
available.

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 The Converging Network
◼ Before converged networks, an organization would
have been separately cabled for telephone, video, and
data. Each of these networks would use different
technologies to carry the signal.
◼ Each of these technologies would use a different set
of rules and standards.

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 The Converging Network (cont.)
◼ Converged data networks carry multiple services on one
link including:
◼ data

◼ voice

◼ Video

◼ Converged networks can deliver data, voice, and video

over the same network infrastructure. The network
infrastructure uses the same set of rules and standards.
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 Internet Connection
◼ Connection to the Internet can be broken down into
the following:
◼ Physical connection

◼ Used to transfer signals between PCs within the

local network and to remote devices on the

Internet (Devices, Media)
◼ Logical connection

◼ Uses standards called protocols. A protocol is a

formal description of a set of rules and

conventions that govern how devices on a network
communicate.
◼ The application

◼ Interprets the data and displays the information in

an understandable form
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rheader_1

1.5 Reliable Networks

 Network Architecture
◼ Network Architecture refers to the technologies that
support the infrastructure that moves data across the
network.
◼ There are four basic characteristics that the underlying
architectures need
to address to meet
user expectations:
◼ Fault Tolerance
◼ Scalability
◼ Quality of Service (QoS)
◼ Security

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 Fault Tolerance (Khả năng chịu lỗi)
◼ A fault tolerant network limits the impact of a failure by limiting
the number of affected devices. Multiple paths are required for
fault tolerance.
◼ Reliable networks provide redundancy by implementing a packet
switched network:
◼ Packet switching splits traffic into packets that are routed over

a network.
◼ Each packet could theoretically

take a different path to the

destination.
◼ This is not possible with
circuit-switched networks
which establish
dedicated circuits.

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 Scalability
◼ A scalable network can expand quickly and easily to
support new users and applications without impacting
the performance of services to existing users.
◼ Network designers follow accepted standards and
protocols in order to make
the networks scalable.

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 Quality of Service
◼ Voice and live video transmissions require higher expectations
for those services being delivered.
◼ Have you ever watched a live video with constant breaks and
pauses? This is caused when there is a higher demand for
bandwidth than available – and QoS isn’t configured.
◼ Quality of Service (QoS) is the
primary mechanism used to
ensure reliable delivery of content
for all users.
◼ With a QoS policy in place,

the router can more easily

manage the flow of data
and voice traffic.

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 Network Security
There are two main types of network security that must be
addressed:
◼ Network infrastructure security

◼ Physical security of network devices

◼ Preventing unauthorized access to the devices
◼ Information Security
◼ Protection of the information or data transmitted over the
network
Three goals of network security:
◼ Confidentiality – only intended recipients can read the data
◼ Integrity – assurance that the data has not be altered with
during transmission
◼ Availability – assurance of timely and reliable access to data
for authorized users
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Network Security

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rheader_1

1.6 Network Trends

 Recent Trends
◼ The role of the network must adjust and continually
transform in order to be able to keep up with new
technologies and end user devices as they constantly come
to the market.
◼ Several new networking trends that effect organizations
and consumers:
◼ Bring Your Own Device
(BYOD)
◼ Online collaboration
◼ Video communications
◼ Cloud computing

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 Bring Your Own Device
◼ Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) allows users to use their
own devices giving them more opportunities and greater
flexibility.
◼ BYOD allows end users to have the freedom to use
personal tools to access information and communicate
using their:
◼ Laptops
◼ Netbooks
◼ Tablets
◼ Smartphones
◼ E-readers
◼ BYOD means any device,
with any ownership,
used anywhere.
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 Online Collaboration
◼ Collaborate and work with others over the network on joint
projects.
◼ Collaboration tools including Cisco WebEx (shown in the

figure) gives users a way to instantly connect and interact.

◼ Collaboration is a very high priority for businesses and in

education.
◼ Cisco Webex Teams is a multifunctional collaboration tool.

◼ send instant messages

◼ post images
◼ post videos and links

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 Video Communication
◼ Video calls are made to anyone, regardless of where
they are located.
◼ Video conferencing is a powerful tool for
communicating with others.
◼ Video is becoming a critical requirement for effective
collaboration.
◼ Cisco TelePresence powers is one way of working
where everyone, everywhere.

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 Cloud Computing
◼ Cloud computing allows us to store personal files or
backup our data on servers over the internet.
◼ Applications can also be accessed using the Cloud.
◼ Allows businesses to deliver to any device anywhere in
the world.

◼ Cloud computing is made possible by data centers.

◼ Smaller companies that can’t afford their own data
centers, lease server and storage services from larger
data center organizations in the Cloud.

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 Cloud Computing (Cont.)
Four types of Clouds:
◼ Public Clouds
◼ Available to the general public through a pay-per-use model
or for free.
◼ Private Clouds
◼ Intended for a specific organization or entity such as the
government.
◼ Hybrid Clouds
◼ Made up of two or more Cloud types – for example, part
custom and part public.
◼ Each part remains a distinctive object but both are connected
using the same architecture.
◼ Custom Clouds
◼ Built to meet the needs of a specific industry, such as
healthcare or media.
◼ Can be private or public.
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 Technology Trends in the Home
◼ Smart home technology is a growing trend that allows
technology to be integrated into every-day appliances
which allows them to interconnect with other devices.
◼ Ovens might know what time to cook a meal for you by
communicating with your calendar on what time you are
scheduled to be home.
◼ Smart home technology
is currently being
developed for all rooms
within a house.

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 Powerline Networking
◼ Powerline networking can allow devices to connect to a
LAN where data network cables or wireless
communications are not a viable option.
◼ Using a standard powerline adapter, devices can connect
to the LAN wherever there is an electrical outlet by
sending data on certain frequencies.
◼ Powerline networking is especially useful when wireless
access points
cannot reach
all the devices
in the home.

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 Wireless Broadband
In addition to DSL and cable, wireless is another option used to
connect homes and small businesses to the internet.
◼ More commonly found in rural environments, a Wireless Internet

Service Provider (WISP) is an ISP that connects subscribers to

designated access points or hotspots.
◼ Wireless broadband is another
solution for the home and
small businesses.
◼ Uses the same cellular
technology used by a smart
phone.
◼ An antenna is installed outside
the house providing wireless
or wired connectivity for
devices in the home.
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rheader_1

1.7 Network Security

 Security Threats
◼ Network security is an integral part of networking regardless of
the size of the network.
◼ The network security that is implemented must take into
account the environment while securing the data, but still
allowing for quality of service that is expected of the network.
◼ Securing a network involves many protocols, technologies,
devices, tools, and
techniques in order
to secure data and
mitigate threats.
◼ Threat vectors might
be external or internal.

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 Security Threats (Cont.)
◼ External Threats:
◼ Viruses, worms, and Trojan horses
◼ Spyware and adware
◼ Zero-day attacks
◼ Threat Actor attacks
◼ Denial of service attacks
◼ Data interception and theft
◼ Identity theft
◼ Internal Threats:
◼ lost or stolen devices
◼ accidental misuse by employees
◼ malicious employees
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 Security Solutions
◼ Security must be implemented in multiple layers using
more than one security solution.
◼ Network security components for home or small office

network:
◼ Antivirus and antispyware software should be installed on
end devices.
◼ Firewall filtering used to block
unauthorized access to
the network.

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 Security Solutions (Cont.)
◼ Larger networks have additional security
requirements:
◼ Dedicated firewall system
◼ Access control lists (ACL)
◼ Intrusion prevention systems (IPS)
◼ Virtual private networks (VPN)
◼ The study of network security starts with a clear
understanding of the underlying switching and routing
infrastructure.

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rheader_3

BASIC NETWORKING
Examples of Networks

Transportation Communications

Examples of
Networks

Utilities Biological

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 Network = Net + Work

◼ What is flowing ?
◼ What different forms flow ?
◼ What rules govern flow ?
◼ Where does the flow occur ?

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 Data Network
◼ What is flowing ?
◼ Data

◼ What different forms flow ?

◼ Text, Graphic, Video ...

◼ What rules govern flow ?

◼ Standard, Protocol ...

◼ Where does the flow occur ?

◼ Wire, Cable, Atmosphere ...

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Evolution of Networking (1)

Individual Computers Show animation

Show animation
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 Evolution of Networking (2)

◼ Duplicate equipment and resources

◼ Difficult to communicate
◼ Difficult to provide management
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Evolution of Networking (3)

LAN: Local Area Network

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Evolution of Networking (4)

WAN: Wide Area Network

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 Evolution of Networking (5)

1 PC 1 Software 1 User

1 Version of Software 1 Platform

1 Application All Platform

1 Application Mega-User’ Service

Systems are changing to support these new services

PC Network
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Data Networks

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 LAN = Local Area Network
◼ Connect physically adjacent devices
◼ Operate within a limited geographic area
◼ High-bandwidth media
◼ Full-time connectivity
◼ Control the network privately

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LAN Media: Coaxial Cable
◼ 10Base2
◼ 10Base5

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LAN Media: UTP & STP
◼ 10 BaseT
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Shielded Twisted Pair ◼ 100 BaseTX

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LAN Media: Fiber Optic
◼ 100BaseFX
◼ 1000BaseLX

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LAN Equipment: Repeater

Regenerates and Repeats the signal.

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LAN Equipment: HUB

Multiport Repeater

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LAN Equipment: Bridge

Filter traffic based on MAC Addresses.

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LAN Equipment: Switch

Multiport Bridge

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LAN Equipment: Router

Path determination
Packet switching

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 WAN = Wide Area Network

◼ Devices separated over wide areas

◼ Operate over large geographical area
◼ Slow speed
◼ Full-time and Part-time connectivity

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WAN Media: ISDN & PSTN

Part-time connectivity (Dial-up by modem)

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WAN Media: Frame Relay

Full-time connectivity

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WAN Media: Leased Line

Full-time connectivity

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WAN Equipment: Modem

MODEM = MOdulate and DEModulate

Syn Modem, Asyn Modem

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WAN Equipment: Comm. Server

Remote Access Server

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WAN Equipment: WAN Switch

Frame Relay switch

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WAN Equipment: Router

LAN and WAN connectivity

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 Digital Bandwidth

◼ How much information can flow from one place to

another in a given amount of time.

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Analogy for Bandwidth: Pipe

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 Analogy for Bandwidth

◼ Highway
◼ Radio system

Show animation

Show animation

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 The importance of Bandwidth
◼ Bandwidth is finite (limited by physics and technology)
◼ Bandwidth is not free
◼ Bandwidth is a key factor in analyzing network
performance, designing new networks, and
understanding the Internet
◼ The demand for bandwidth is ever increasing.

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 SUMMARY
Tháng 10/2018: 4.016 tỷ

Nguồn http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/

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SUMMARY
Computer Network

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