DPS MUN 2024

UNEP
STUDY GUIDE

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 CONTENTS

Welcome Letter to Delegates of the United Nation Environmental Programme ....................... 3

About the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) .................................................... 4
Topic1: Illegal Wildlife Trade and Poaching ............................................................................. 5
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5
Some Important Definitions ................................................................................................... 6
Background Information ........................................................................................................ 7
Scope Of Debate..................................................................................................................... 9
Questions A Resolution Must Answer(QARMAs) .............................................................. 10
Topic 2:Preserving Marine Ecosystems and Safeguarding Coral Reefs ................................. 11
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 11
Some Important Definitions ................................................................................................. 12
Background Information ...................................................................................................... 13
Scope Of Debate................................................................................................................... 15
Questions A Resolution Must Answer(QARMAs) .............................................................. 16
Position Paper Guidelines ........................................................................................................ 17
References ................................................................................................................................ 21

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 Welcome Letter to Delegates of the United Nation Environmental
Programme

Respected Delegates,

It is with great pleasure and utmost honour that we welcome you to the DPS Model United
Nations 2024 (DPSMUN 2024) as the Chairs of the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP). This conference is a testament to our shared commitment to fostering global
awareness and proactive solutions to the pressing environmental issues facing our world today.

UNEP is dedicated to discussing critical topics related to maintaining environmental

sustainability, conserving natural resources, and safeguarding our planet. It provides an
opportunity to tackle urgent issues like climate change, the decline of biodiversity, pollution,
and promoting sustainable development. More than just an assembly of individuals, the
DPSMUN UNEP embodies creating a positive change and shaping a future where
environmental stewardship is prioritised worldwide.

As you prepare to step into the roles of international diplomats and environmental advocates,
we encourage you to immerse yourselves fully in the preparation, research, and discussions
over the coming weeks. Your participation is not only an opportunity to develop your skills in
diplomacy, negotiation, and public speaking, but also a chance to contribute meaningfully to
the global dialogue on environmental sustainability and climate action.

This may mark your inaugural Model United Nations experience in the realm of environmental
affairs, but it is undoubtedly a pivotal moment in your journey towards global citizenship and
advocacy. Each debate, resolution, and collaboration is a valuable lesson that will inspire you
to become stewards of our planet and champions for environmental justice in your communities
and beyond.

As we embark on this enlightening journey together, let us approach our deliberations with
empathy, integrity, and a steadfast commitment to the principles of sustainability and
environmental responsibility. Together, let us strive to protect and preserve our planet for
present and future generations.

We look forward to witnessing the passion, creativity, and determination that each of you will
bring to the UNEP committee. Let us work together to make DPSMUN 2024 a memorable and
impactful experience for all.

Once again, Welcome to DPSMUN 2024 and the UNEP committee!

Warm regards,
Aayushi Mahto, Signet Johnson, Vaishnav Rajesh
Head Chair and Co-Chairs of the United Nations Environment Programme for DPSMUN 2024.

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 About the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), established in 1972 following the United
Nations Conference on the Human Environment and headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, is the leading
global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the coherent
implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development within the United
Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for the global environment. UNEP works
through a wide array of initiatives, programs, and partnerships to address environmental issues
worldwide.

UNEP has re-organised its work programme into six strategic areas as part of its move to results-
based management.

CLIMATE CHANGE UNEP strengthens the ability of countries to integrate climate change responses
by providing leadership in adaptation, mitigation, technology and finance.

POST-CONFLICT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT UNEP conducts environmental assessments

in crisis-affected countries and provides guidance for implementing legislative and institutional
frameworks for improved environmental management.

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT Facilitates management and restoration of ecosystems in a manner

consistent with sustainable development and promotes use of ecosystem services.

ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE UNEP supports governments in establishing, implementing

and strengthening the necessary processes, institutions, laws, policies and programs to achieve
sustainable development at the country, regional and global levels, and mainstreaming the
environment in development planning.

HARMFUL SUBSTANCES UNEP strives to minimise the impact of harmful substances and
hazardous waste on the environment and human beings.

RESOURCE EFFICIENCY/SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION UNEP

focuses on regional and global efforts to ensure natural resources are produced, processed and
consumed in a more environmentally friendly way.

Through its environmental education and awareness programs, UNEP seeks to cultivate a deeper
understanding of environmental issues among individuals, communities, and governments. Its
campaigns, such as World Environment Day and the Clean Seas campaign, mobilize millions of
people around the world to take action for a healthier planet. UNEP's collaboration with other UN
bodies, non-governmental organizations, scientific institutions, and the private sector ensures a
comprehensive approach to tackling global environmental challenges.

UNEP works on delivering transformational change for people and nature by drilling down on the
root causes of the three planetary crises of climate change, nature and biodiversity loss, and pollution
and waste. UNEP’s mission is to inspire, inform, and enable nations and peoples to improve their
quality of life without compromising that of future generations.

In summary, UNEP is a crucial entity in the global effort to protect and preserve the environment. By
fostering international cooperation, providing scientific expertise, and advocating for sustainable
policies, UNEP plays a vital role in steering the world towards a more sustainable and resilient future.

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 Topic1:
Illegal Wildlife Trade and Poaching
Combating wildlife crime through enhanced law enforcement, international
cooperation, and demand and reduction strategies, and protecting endangered
species from extinction.

Introduction
Illegal wildlife and trade and poaching represent urgent and multifaceted challenges that
threaten the delicate balance of ecosystems worldwide. Spanning continents and involving a
vast array of species, this illicit industry encompasses the illegal capture, transportation, and
sale of wildlife and their derivatives. From iconic species like elephants and rhinoceroses to
lesser-known creatures such as pangolins and turtles, no corner of the natural world is immune
to the devastating impacts of poaching and illicit trade.
Driven by a complex web of factors including economic incentives, cultural traditions, and
inadequate law enforcement, the scale of illegal wildlife trade has reached alarming
proportions. It not only poses a grave threat to biodiversity but also undermines conservation
efforts and fuels organised crime networks globally. Moreover, the demand for wildlife
products, driven by factors like traditional medicine, luxury goods, and exotic pets, perpetuates
the cycle of exploitation and endangers the survival of countless species.

Addressing the scourge of illegal wildlife trade and poaching demands a concerted and
coordinated response at local, national, and international levels. Efforts must encompass robust
legislation, strengthened law enforcement, community engagement, and sustainable livelihood
alternatives for those involved in the trade. Furthermore, raising public awareness and a sense
of collective responsibility are crucial in creating a global ethos of conservation and respect for
the natural world.

In this discourse, we delve into the intricate dynamics of illegal wildlife trade and poaching,
exploring their root causes, impacts, and potential solutions. By shedding light on this pressing
issue, we aim to galvanise action and inspire a shared commitment to safeguarding our planet's
irreplaceable biodiversity for generations to come.

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Some Important Definitions
1. Wildlife - Wildlife refers to undomesticated animal species, but has come to include all
organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans. All living
organisms that live in their natural environments and are not domesticated or grown by
humans are considered Wildlife. Wildlife is a critical component of biodiversity, which refers
to the diversity of life on Earth.

2. Poaching - The illegal trafficking and killing of wildlife. Sometimes animal or plant parts are
sold as trophies or “folk medicines” and sometimes they are sold as pets or houseplants. With
more tigers kept captive than living wild, the scope of poaching can not be overstated.

3. Illegal Wildlife Trade – The trade in illegally-acquired or internationally protected species.

This also includes legally-acquired or grey-market species that have been given fraudulent
documentation stating that they are allowed to be sold to consumers as pets, ornaments,
medicine, or food.

4. Trafficking – Synonymous with “smuggling,” trafficking is blanket-term for the illegal

transport of goods, humans, animals, firearms, and drugs. Trafficking can occur between
regions or between countries and many types of trafficking, particularly of drugs, guns, and
wildlife, are considered “low-risk, high reward” crimes due to the challenges of detecting
traffickers and illegal cargo.

5. Endangered species - Any species that is at risk of extinction because of a sudden rapid
decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat. Biodiverse regions that require
protection on the grounds that they host a significant number of endangered species are called
hot spots.

6. Wildlife Conservation – Protecting wildlife and the ecosystems that they depend on.
Insuring a healthy ecosystem creates the opportunity for wildlife to be healthy and
successfully reproduce for future generations with minimal cost and input from humans.
Wildlife conservation is a major component of wildlife tourism and photo safaris which
contribute significant revenue to many African and Asian nations.

7. Eco-tourism - Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the
well-being of local people, and involves interpretation and education, which can be a
sustainable alternative to wildlife exploitation.

8. Transnational Organized Crime - Criminal organizations that operate across national

borders and engage in various illegal activities, including wildlife trafficking. These networks
exploit legal loopholes, corruption, and weak enforcement to conduct their operations.

9. Wildlife Corridors - Natural pathways that connect fragmented habitats, allowing animals to
move between them safely. These corridors are essential for maintaining genetic diversity,
enabling species migration, and reducing human-wildlife conflict.

10. Species Reintroduction - The process of returning animals or plants to areas where they have
been extirpated (locally extinct). This conservation strategy aims to restore ecosystems and
boost populations of endangered species.

11. Ecological Footprint - A measure of the impact of human activities on the environment,
expressed as the amount of land and water needed to produce the resources consumed and to
assimilate the waste generated. Reducing our ecological footprint is essential for sustaining
biodiversity.

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Background Information
Wildlife crimes are a pressing concern due to their far-reaching impacts on biodiversity,
ecosystems, economies, and global security. It is estimated to be worth between USD 7-23
billion annually, making it one of the most lucrative transnational crimes, second only to drug
trafficking, arms trade, and human trafficking. These illegal activities, which include
poaching, trafficking of wildlife products, and habitat destruction, threaten the survival of
numerous endangered species, leading to a loss of biodiversity thus destabilising the
ecosystems and diminishing their resilience.

Major drivers of Illegal Wildlife Trade and Poaching include:

1. Demand and Consumption: Wildlife trafficking is, for the most part, driven by
demand. It involves animal parts, products, and derivatives, as well as trees, plants,
timber, and plant products that are sought for a range of diverse purposes. To
understand the illicit market for wildlife, animal parts, and plants it is necessary to
explore what is driving the demand.
2. Economic Incentives: High profits and low risks associated with illegal wildlife trade
entice poachers and traffickers. Wildlife products are often considered luxury items or
are believed to have medicinal properties, driving demand, especially in affluent and
traditional medicine markets.
3. Weak Law Enforcement: Inadequate legal frameworks, lack of enforcement
capacity, and corruption hinder efforts to combat wildlife crime. Limited resources
and training for law enforcement agencies exacerbate these challenges.
4. Poverty and Livelihoods: In many regions, local communities engage in poaching
due to lack of economic alternatives. The proceeds from illegal wildlife trade can
provide significant income compared to other available livelihood options.
5. Globalization and Connectivity: Advances in transportation and communication
have facilitated the smuggling and trading of wildlife products across international
borders, making it a transnational crime.

The implications of wildlife trafficking are enormous.

Trafficking in wildlife can diminish species populations and cause local or even global
extinction. When endangered species are involved, any poaching or harvesting of that species
to supply the illegal trade risks the species becoming extinct. Wildlife trafficking is related to
some of the most important underlying causes of biodiversity loss. It can threaten ecosystem
functions. Beyond endangering species via population losses, wildlife overexploitation can
cause long term ecological problems such as creating sex-ratio imbalances and slowing the
reproduction rate of vulnerable species. Furthermore, ecosystems have been altered through
environmentally destructive practices to remove wildlife, timber, and fish.

The methods used by poachers to kill or capture animals and the way animals are handled are
often extremely cruel and fail to comply with animal welfare standards. Furthermore, many
transportation and concealment methods are harmful to animals and many specimens fall ill,
are injured, starve or die otherwise in transit.

Poachers and hunters are frequently armed with guns or other weapons that are used not only
to kill, capture, or collect wildlife, but are also employed against rangers, conservation
officials, police, and local people who protect or live near endangered animals or plants.
Rangers around the world are killed at a high rate. Over the last decade, some 1,000 rangers

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have died in the line of duty in Africa alone. Threats and violence can often escalate - along
with the scale of depletion - if organised criminal groups become involved in wildlife, forest,
and fisheries crime (for further reading, see Module 3 of the E4J University Module Series on
Organized Crime).

In contrast to markets on which there is a complete prohibition, the trade in wildlife involves
goods that can be legal or illegal, depending on when, where, and how they were acquired,
transferred, or sold. Many wild animals and plants are traded legally around the world, with
no apparent threat to their long-term survival. The legal trade in wildlife is a significant
global industry, generating revenue for many national economies, creating jobs and
generating income for many people worldwide and hence, there run various parallel legal
markets to illegal wildlife trade. For the most endangered species threatened by trade, the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) serves as the mechanism
to regulate that trade.

Some national laws, however, run contrary to the preservation of threatened species. Instead,
they are pivotal to stimulating demand, providing loopholes for abuse and the laundering of
illegal products.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), regulates the

international trade of wildlife and plants to ensure it does not threaten their survival.
Additionally, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) provides support
through its Global Programme for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime, offering capacity
building, legislative assistance, and fostering international cooperation.

Through a collaborative initiative UNEP and CITES Secretariat help countries and territories,
upon their request to strengthen their environmental governance and hence combat illegal
wildlife trade. Furthermore UNEP emphasises the importance of robust data collection and
monitoring systems to track wildlife populations and illegal trade patterns. By improving data
availability and sharing across borders, UNEP helps strengthen enforcement actions and
policy decisions.

Overall, UNEP's multifaceted approach, combining legal, political, and community-based

strategies, aims to create a sustainable and resilient future for endangered species and their
habitats. However despite these efforts, combating wildlife crime remains complex due to
factors such as weak regulatory frameworks, corruption, and the involvement of transnational
organised crime groups.

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Scope Of Debate
1. Law Enforcement Enhancement:
Countries must focus on Pro-Enhanced Enforcement or/and Con-Enhanced Enforcement.
Pro-Enhanced Enforcement, which includes increased law enforcement efforts, such as
stricter regulations, more significant penalties, and improved training for wildlife officers,
can significantly reduce wildlife crimes like poaching and trafficking. Con-Enhanced
Enforcement, contends that while law enforcement is necessary, it may not be sufficient on
its own. Factors such as corruption, limited resources, and the sheer scale of illegal wildlife
trade can undermine enforcement efforts. The role and impact of technology in law
enforcement enhancement needs to be specified.

2. Demand Reduction Strategies and Public Awareness Campaigns:

Countries can explore ways to strengthen border control and customs, disrupt the supply
chain and sale of products related to the underground and illegal animal trade and foster
international co-operation as measures to tackle wildlife crime. Demand reduction campaigns
that focus on diminishing the purchase of specific wildlife products work best when they
target consumers and develop messaging based on research of consumer motivations.
Delegates may discuss the different ways that alternative livelihoods can be promoted in
communities that rely on wildlife exploitation for income, to reduce their involvement in
illegal activities.

3. Addressing Socio-economic Factors and Corruption

The socio-economic drivers of illegal wildlife trade and poaching include poverty and lack of
economic opportunities in communities adjacent to wildlife habitats. Initiatives aimed at
poverty alleviation and the development of alternative livelihoods that reduce the reliance on
poaching. The pervasive issue of corruption, which often undermines wildlife conservation
efforts and law enforcement, must be discussed with a focus on implementing anti-corruption
measures and ensuring transparency and accountability in wildlife management. By tackling
these underlying issues, sustainable and inclusive solutions to combat illegal wildlife trade
and poaching effectively can be found.

4. Protecting Endangered Species and Their Habitats

The best way to protect endangered species is to protect the special places where they live.
Wildlife must have places to find food, shelter and raise their young. Logging, oil and gas
drilling, overgrazing and development all result in habitat destruction. Endangered species
habitat should be protected and these impacts minimised. However, short, and long-term
economic benefits can conflict with the preservation of certain species. Restrictions on land
use to protect habitats can have negative impacts on businesses, tourism and result in loss of
jobs. Hence, a holistic approach to protecting endangered species must be adopted.

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Questions A Resolution Must Answer(QARMAs)
1. What specific measures must be implemented to strengthen national and international
legal frameworks against wildlife crime?

2. What are the steps UNEP must take to enhance the capacity of law enforcement
agencies to detect, prevent, and prosecute wildlife crimes?

3. What educational and awareness campaigns should UNEP implement to reduce

consumer demand for illegal wildlife products?

4. What indicators and metrics will be used to assess the effectiveness of implemented
strategies? How will progress be monitored, and what mechanisms will be in place to
adapt strategies based on the findings?

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 Topic 2:
Preserving Marine Ecosystems and Safeguarding Coral Reefs
Discussing adaptation strategies, Marine Protected Areas(MPAs) and
Ecosystem-Based Management, building sustainable fisheries and coastal zone
management, and combating pollution and marine debris

Introduction
The preservation of marine ecosystems and coral reefs is a critical issue that demands global
attention and coordinated action. Marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, provide essential
services such as supporting biodiversity, protecting coastlines, and sustaining the livelihoods
of millions of people. Marine ecosystems, encompassing diverse habitats like coral reefs,
mangroves, and open oceans, play a crucial role in maintaining global biodiversity and
supporting human livelihoods.

Coral reefs, often referred to as the "rainforests of the sea," are particularly vital due to their
immense ecological and economic value. They provide habitat for approximately 25% of all
marine species, support fisheries, protect coastlines from erosion, and contribute significantly
to tourism and global carbon cycling.

Despite their importance, marine ecosystems face unprecedented threats from climate change,
overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction. Coral reefs, in particular, are highly susceptible
to rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification, which lead to coral bleaching and mortality.
The loss of these ecosystems would have devastating impacts on biodiversity, food security,
and coastal communities worldwide.

Addressing these challenges requires a concerted international effort. Enhancing international

cooperation involves the collaboration of governments, non-governmental organisations and
local stakeholders. The establishment and enforcement of marine protected areas (MPAs),
promotion of sustainable fishing practices, reduction of carbon emissions, and funding for
scientific research and conservation projects are important.

The preservation of marine ecosystems and the safeguarding of coral reefs are not only
environmental imperatives but also vital for maintaining the balance of marine life and
supporting human well-being.

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Some Important Definitions
1. Marine ecosystems - Marine ecosystems are aquatic environments with high levels of
dissolved salt. These include the open ocean, the deep-sea ocean, and coastal marine
ecosystems, each of which has different physical and biological characteristics.

2. Coral Reef - An underwater ecosystem characterised by reef-building corals. Reefs are

formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Most coral reefs are
built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups.

3. Marine Debris - Human-created waste that has been deliberately or accidentally released
into a lake, sea, ocean, or waterway. Marine debris includes items such as plastic bags,
bottles, fishing gear, and other refuse that can harm marine life through ingestion,
entanglement, or habitat disruption.

4. Marine Protected Areas(MPAs) - A marine protected area is a defined region designated

and managed for the long-term conservation of marine resources, ecosystems services, or
cultural heritage.On average, fully protected areas can increase the total biomass of marine
life by more than 400 percent.

5. Coral bleaching - A phenomenon that occurs when corals expel the symbiotic algae
(zooxanthellae) living in their tissues due to stress (often from increased water
temperatures), causing the corals to turn white and become more susceptible to
disease and death. With few corals surviving, they struggle to reproduce, and entire
reef ecosystems, on which people and wildlife depend, deteriorate.

6. Coastal Zone Management(CZM) - is a process of governance that consists of the

legal and institutional framework necessary to ensure that development and
management plans for coastal zones are integrated with environmental and social
goals, and are developed with the participation of those affected.

7. Overfishing - The practice of catching fish faster than they can reproduce, which can
deplete fish populations and disrupt marine ecosystems, including those of coral reefs.

8. Ocean Acidification - The decrease in pH levels of the ocean caused by the

absorption of excess atmospheric CO2, which can harm marine life, particularly
organisms with calcium carbonate structures like coral reefs.

9. Eutrophication - A process where excess nutrients, particularly nitrogen and

phosphorus, enter water bodies, leading to excessive algae growth and oxygen
depletion, which can damage coral reefs and other marine ecosystems.

10. Resilience of Coral Reefs - The ability of coral reefs to resist, absorb, and recover
from disturbances, such as bleaching events, storms, and human impacts. Resilient
reefs maintain their essential functions and structures despite stressors to an extent.

11. Trophic Cascade - A series of changes in a food web that occur when a top predator
is removed or its population significantly changes. This can lead to a ripple effect
impacting multiple species at different trophic levels. In marine ecosystems, the
removal of key predators like sharks or large fish can alter the balance of species and
negatively affect coral reefs by allowing overpopulation of herbivores or prey species.

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Background Information
Oceans play a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate. Marine ecosystems encompass a
vast range of environments including oceans, seas, coral reefs, mangroves, estuaries, and the
deep sea. These ecosystems are vital for the planet’s health and human survival as they
support a high level of biodiversity, provide critical ecosystem services such as carbon
sequestration, nutrient cycling, and oxygen production and support the livelihoods of millions
of people through fishing, tourism, and coastal protection.

Coral reefs, found in over 100 countries and territories globally, underpin ocean biodiversity
and provide important economic, social, recreational and cultural benefits. They occupy less
than 0.1% of the ocean floor but support about 25% of all marine species, provide food,
income, and protection from storms for millions of people and are hotspots of marine
biodiversity, hosting thousands of species of fish, invertebrates, and marine plants. Reefs are
at the nexus of our triple planetary crises – biodiversity breakdown, climate emergency and
rampant pollution resulting from decades of unsustainable production and consumption.

Healthy oceans provide numerous economic benefits, including fisheries and aquaculture,
tourism, and pharmaceutical resources. By protecting and restoring marine ecosystems, we
ensure the long-term sustainability of these industries and the communities that depend on
them. Moreover, preserving natural coastal habitats, such as mangroves and salt marshes, can
help mitigate the impacts of coastal erosion and storm damage, saving billions in infrastructure
costs. The concept of a sustainable blue economy recognizes the interconnectedness between
the ocean, economy, and society.

However, overfishing, marine pollution and other factors are pushing many fish populations to
the brink of collapse. Unsustainable fishing practices, such as bottom trawling and bycatch,
result in the depletion of important commercial species and the destruction of the habitats they
rely on. This not only threatens the livelihoods of millions who depend on fishing but also
disrupts the delicate balance of marine biodiversity.

In 1998, the President of the United States established the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force
(USCRTF) to protect and conserve coral reefs. The USCRTF is responsible for mapping and
monitoring U.S. coral reefs; researching the causes of coral reef degradation including
pollution and overfishing and finding solutions to these problems; and promoting conservation
and the sustainable use of coral reefs. As a principal member of the USCRTF, and as directed
by the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000, NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration) has the responsibility to conserve coral reef ecosystems. NOAA’s coral reef
conservation efforts are carried out primarily through its Coral Reef Conservation Program
(CRCP). Under this program, NOAA works with scientific, private, government, and
nongovernmental organizations to achieve the goals of the CRTF.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are essential tools for conserving and restoring marine
ecosystems. These designated areas provide refuge for vulnerable species and habitats,
allowing them to recover and thrive. By expanding the coverage of MPAs and effectively
managing them, we can protect biodiversity and enhance the resilience of marine ecosystems.

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Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) are strategic
approaches that balance environmental, economic, social, and cultural objectives to manage
coastal and marine resources effectively. These approaches involve stakeholders from various
sectors to ensure that human activities are sustainable and do not compromise the health of
marine ecosystems.

Monitoring, research, and restoration all are essential to safeguard coral reefs. However, to
ultimately protect coral reefs, legal mechanisms may be necessary. One legal mechanism
involves the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). Because MPAs have the added
force of law behind them, a protected marine enclosure — such as a coral reef system — may
stand a better chance for survival.

The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) has been promoting international cooperation and
evidence to support the protection, management and restoration of coral reefs, and related
ecosystems such as seagrass and mangroves. UNEP provides leadership and encourages
partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing and enabling nations and
people to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.
Furthermore, International agreements, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), provide frameworks
for such cooperative efforts.

The UN Environment also assists countries in approving the effectiveness and equitable use of
marine protected areas by providing technical expertise and capacity building support on
governance of marine protected areas, and their use within wider integrated ocean and coastal
management systems. This can bring about several ecological, social and economical benefits.

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Scope Of Debate
1. Discussing Adaptation Strategies:
Adaptation strategies need to be formulated for preserving marine ecosystems and
safeguarding coral reefs and how best to respond to the impacts of climate change and
environmental stressors. The role and impact of technology in these aspects needs to
be specified. Proponents of proactive adaptation measures advocate for the
development and implementation of techniques such as coral gardening, assisted gene
flow, and the creation of artificial reefs. These strategies aim to enhance the resilience
of coral reefs to rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification. However, these
approaches are expensive, resource-intensive, and may only provide temporary relief
without addressing the root causes of ecosystem decline.

2. Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs):

MPAs provide a sanctuary for marine life, allowing ecosystems to recover and thrive
and can lead to spillover benefits, where protected areas enhance fish populations and
biodiversity outside their boundaries. However, the adequacy of enforcement and the
potential displacement of fishing efforts to unprotected areas, which might negate the
benefits of MPAs. Ecosystem-based management is a complementary approach that
integrates the management of land, water, and living resources to promote
conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way.

3. Building Sustainable Fisheries and Coastal Zone Management:

There is a need for science-based management practices, such as catch limits,
seasonal closures, and the protection of spawning grounds, to prevent overfishing and
ensure long-term fish stock health and community-based management and the
involvement of local fishers in decision-making processes. Coastal zone management
involves balancing development, tourism, and conservation needs to protect coastal
habitats and communities. However, there are difficulties in enforcing regulations and
is has socio-economic impacts on fishing communities.

4. Combating Pollution and Marine Debris:

Exploring strategies for preventing and reducing pollution is essential for combating
marine debris. This includes discussing policy measures like bans on single-use
plastics, improved waste management practices, and stricter regulations on industrial
discharges. Public education campaigns and community-based initiatives can also
play a significant role in reducing pollution by encouraging behaviour change and
local action. It is a matter of utmost urgency to address marine pollution, the
effectiveness of proposed solutions, and the roles of government, industry, and
individuals in mitigating this issue.

5. Legal and Policy Frameworks: The establishment and enforcement of legal and
policy frameworks are crucial and the adequacy and implementation of these
frameworks at local, national, and international levels needs to be checked. It is
important to establish clear guidelines, enforceable laws, and standards to protect
coastal environments from overexploitation and degradation and stress the importance
of aligning policies with international agreements and best practices.

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Questions A Resolution Must Answer(QARMAs)
1. What specific adaptation strategies should be implemented to increase the resilience of
coral reefs and marine ecosystems to climate change? How can we prioritize and fund
research and development of new technologies and methods for coral restoration and
adaptation?
2. What criteria should be used to designate new Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to ensure
maximum ecological and economic benefits? How can we improve the enforcement and
management of existing MPAs to prevent illegal activities and ensure compliance?
3. What integrated approaches can be developed to manage the competing demands of
development, tourism, and conservation in coastal zones?
4. What incentives and programs can be introduced to promote waste reduction, recycling,
and the development of biodegradable alternatives?

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 Position Paper Guidelines

The DPSMUN, like many MUN conferences, requires delegates to submit "Position
Papers" on their topics before a conference starts, to demonstrate their research and
knowledge. Delegates are advised to conduct thorough research into their nation’s
past actions and clearly present their stance in the paper, while also emphasizing
on innovative solutions and feasible implementation in real life. One position
paper is required to be submitted by each delegation per topic.
The following should be kept in mind when writing a position paper:-

1. Background of the Topic (~50 words)

a. What is the historical development of the topic? How has your allocation
been involved?
b. Why is the topic significant?

2. Stance (~100 words)

a. What are your allocation’s priorities and interests, and how do they relate to
the topic?
b. Has your allocation taken an explicit stance towards the topic? If so, what is
it?
c. If not, deduce your allocation’s stance towards the topic based on its other
interests and attitudes towards other issues.

3. Proposed Solutions (~350 words)

a. What solutions can you propose to address specific elements of the topic?
b. Can your solutions be feasibly implemented, and will they effectively solve
the problems posed by the topic?
c. Are your solutions aligned with your stance, and will other countries or
stakeholders be agreeable to such solutions?
d. What outcome do you hope to achieve by the end of the conference?

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FORMATING GUIDELINES

In your Position Paper, please adhere to the following format:

● Font: Times New Roman
● Font size: 12
● Line spacing: 1.5
● Alignment: Justified
● Word limit: 500 words per Position Paper (indicate your word count at the end)
● Citation: The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed
● Submission format: PDF file (.pdf)

At the top of your document, please indicate:

● Your Council
● Your Country / Portfolio Allocation
● The Topic
● Your Full Name
● Your School

Double delegates should work together and submit one Position Paper per topic.
Do note that all Position Papers are due on 24th June 2024.

Send your position papers to [email protected].

A sample Position Paper has been provided below for your reference.

18
Council: United Nations Environment Assembly
Country: China
Issue: The Question Of Addressing Plastic Pollution
Name(s): Vaishnav Rajesh Sukumaar
School: DPS International School
The PRC is the world’s largest producer and consumer of plastics, and the largest generator
of plastic waste, consisting one-fifth of the worldwide single use plastic. In its efforts to
suppress plastic waste pollution, the government initiated the National Sword Operation,
which banned the imports of recyclable wastes, including most plastics. This drastically
reduced plastic waste imports into China. [1]

As mentioned in the 14th FYP, China aims to improve the management of the entire chain of
plastic pollution, including the elimination of single-use and non-biodegradable plastics
nationwide by 2025. Additionally targeting the introduction of bio-based alternates to
produce plastics, to reduce the strain put on fossil-fuels, and risks involved in treating fossil-
fuel based plastics; proving helpful to implement the idea of circular waste management. [2]

The most significant multilateral agreement since the Paris Climate Agreement occured at
UNEA-5, 2023, where 175 member states, including China, endorsed a resolution to end
plastic pollution and forge an international legally binding agreement by 2025. [3]

To diminish plastic pollution, governments can organise economic, social and policy
incentives at the design stage to encourage producers to adopt measures to reduce the
environmental costs done by their products. Introducing legal regulations like the Extended
Producer Responsibility would help lessen the national carbon footprint. [4]

1
Yee, Au Shion(2023 June). “Managing Plastic Waste in the People’s Republic of China.” ADB
Briefs, no. 249. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/891876/managing-
plastic-waste-prc. pdf
2
Aoki, Kenji(2021 October 4). “China Releases Action Plan on Plastic Pollution Control under 14th
Five Year Plan | Enviliance ASIA.” Enviliacne ASIA. Retrieved from
https://enviliance.com/regions/east-asia/cn/ report_4410
3
UNDP(2023 June 5). “For People and Planet, Plastic Pollution Must End | United Nations
Development Programme.” Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/china/blog/people-and-planet-
plastic-pollution-must-end
4
OECD(2022) “Extended Producer Responsibility - OECD.” Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/ 10
environment/extended-producer-responsibility.htm.

19
Collaboration between neighbouring countries to clear up plastic waste in the oceans and seas
surrounding them would help clear out marine litter. It can also be cleared by introducing buy-
back programs for litter recovered during fishing operations.

Movements which encourage the public to engage in collecting any plastic wastes sighted at
beaches or discovered during any seaside activities would drastically improve marine life while
also reducing pollution.

Introductions of rules for customers to bring their own wooden or cloth bags while shopping and
plastic bag taxes could be placed to increase the cost to buy a plastic bag. Sorting of waste
materials could be brought into action, where each apartment or province could employ the less-
skilled, unemployed workers, providing them with sanitary equipment, which could reduce the
unemployment rate in China, while also making sure waste is properly sorted and easier to be
recycled. Waste management centres should be subsidised so that they don’t release untreated
harmful gases and water, which may cause illness or even death to the surrounding ecosystems
and villages/cities.

Production of thermoplastic plastic rather than thermosetting plastic should be initiated, since the
former can be melted and remoulded into other items, while the latter can only be burnt, causing
carbon and GHG emissions to rise.

Investing in a large-scale waste management plant with the help of member ASEAN countries
could lead to a reduction in the plastic waste generated by all these countries. Waste, barren-lands
far from populated and forested areas, could be used for the construction of these plants, which
could provide the unemployed from all these countries with jobs, and this could lead to the
development of better connections between ASEAN countries. [5]

China looks forward to contribute to an efficacious and beneficial MUN with its fellow countries.

[Word count – 500]

5
Wikipedia Contributors. 2019. “Association of Southeast Asian Nations.” Retrieved from Wikimedia
Foundation. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN

20
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aoki, Kenji(2021 October 4). “China Releases Action Plan on Plastic Pollution Control under
14th Five-Year Plan | Enviliance ASIA.” Enviliacne ASIA. Retrieved from
https://enviliance.com/regions/east-asia/cn/report_4410

OECD(2022) “Extended Producer Responsibility - OECD.” Retrieved from

https://www.oecd.org/environment/extended-producer-responsibility.htm.

UNDP(2023 June 5). “For People and Planet, Plastic Pollution Must End | United Nations
Development Programme.” Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/china/blog/people-and-planet-
plastic-pollution-must-end

Wikipedia Contributors(2019 June 26) “Association of Southeast Asian Nations.” Wikimedia

Foundation. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN

Yee, Au Shion(2023 June). “Managing Plastic Waste in the People’s Republic of China.” ADB
Briefs, no. 249. Retrieved from
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/891876/managing-plastic-waste-prc.pdf

References

https://www.unep.org/about-un-environment/why-does-un-environment-
matter#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20Environment%20Programme,authoritative%2
0advocate%20for%20the%20global

https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/marine-biodiversity-gets-lifeline-high-seas-
treaty

https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/oceans-seas/what-we-do/protecting-coral-reefs/why-
protecting-coral-reefs-matters

http://coraldigest.org/index.php/ReefRegulations

https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/wildlife-crime/module-1/introduction-and-learning-
outcomes.html
https://www.wwf.mg/en/wildlife/?4892966/wildlife-crimes-are-wild-crimes-against-life

21