COURSE

Industrial Automation and Control

5th Semester
2024-25
ODD SEM

Faculty:
Mr. MANOJ SAINI
Designation Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology
1, Knowledge Park, Phase-II
Greater Noida (UP)-201306
E-mail: [email protected]
Mob No: 9050282545
OUTCOME BASED EDUCATION
(OBE)
&
Continuous Quality
Improvement
(CQI)
 Contents
• Overview of Outcome Based Education.
• Issues in Higher Education.
• Issues In Teaching and Learning.
• Why Outcome-based Education?
• Accreditation Objective.
• What’s Washington Accord?
• OBE Addresses the following Key Questions.
 Overview of OBE
• Issues in Higher Education, Teaching & Learning.
• Why Outcome-based Education?
• What is Washington Accord?
• Outcome-based Education.
– Implementation of OBE.
– Characteristics of OBE.
– Operation Models of OBE.
– Programme Objectives.
– Programme Outcomes.
– Course Outcomes.
– Learning Outcomes
• Assessment Issues and Tools.
• Continuous Quality Improvement.
ISSUES IN HIGHER EDUCATION
• Accountability (Responsibility) towards
students- fulfilling requirements of the
curriculum.
• Satisfying needs of Industry- Unemployed
Graduates.
• Maintaining academic
Standards-Unaccredited Programmes.
• Accreditation- Outcome Based Education.
ISSUES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING
• Students Intake – Qualification, Quantity.
• Staff – Qualification, Competency (well
qualified physically and intellectually).
• Teaching Process – Transparent, Control.
• Assessment –Outcomes.
• Courses – Up to date, Relevant.
• Facilities – Sufficient, Up to date.
WHY OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION?
To fulfill the requirements of EAC*, BEM*,
Washington Accord.
– BEM registers graduates and professional engineers.
– Programmes attain standard comparable to global
practice.
– EAC is the body delegated by BEM.
– requires elements of outcomes in engineering
curriculum to ensure CQI culture in the spirit of OBE.
*EAC – Engineering Accreditation Council
*BEM – Board of Engineers Malaysia
 ACCREDITATION OBJECTIVE
• …graduates of accredited programme
satisfy the minimum requirement for
registration with BEM / EAC.
• …ensures CQI is being practiced.

*EAC – Engineering Accreditation Council

*BEM – Board of Engineers Malaysia
* CQI – Continuous Quality Improvement
 WHAT’S WASHINGTON ACCORD?
•An international accreditation agreement for professional
engineering academic degrees.

•Established in 1989, the signatories as of 2007 are Australia,

Canada, the Republic of Ireland, Hong Kong, Japan, New
Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, the
United Kingdom and the United States.

•Recognizes that there is good quality & condition of programs

accredited by those signatories.

• Graduates of accredited programs in any of the signatory

countries are recognized by the other signatory countries as
having met the academic requirements for entry to the
practice of engineering.
WHAT’S WASHINGTON ACCORD?
(CONT…)
• The following countries have
provisional signatory
– Germany
– India
– Malaysia
– Russia
– Sri Lanka
OBE Addresses the following Key
Questions
• What do you want the students to have or
able to do?
• How can you best help students achieve it?
• How will you know what they have
achieved it?
• How do you close the loop.
 OBE addresses the following key
questions: (cont...)
• Who are our stakeholders?
• What services do we provide?
• Do constituencies understand our objectives?
• What services, facilities and policies must be
present?
• How do we measure our results?
• How do we use these results for CQI?
• Are we achieving our objectives and improving?
• Are our constituencies satisfied?
 GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY 1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida
Department of Electrical Engineering (EE)

Vision of Institute:
To be a leading educational institution recognized for
excellence in engineering education & research producing
globally competent and socially responsible technocrats.

Mission of Institute:
• M1: To provide state of the art infrastructural facilities that
support achieving academic excellence.
• M2: To provide a work environment that is conducive for
professional growth of faculty & staff.
• M3: To collaborate with industry for achieving excellence in
research, consultancy and entrepreneurship development.
 GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY 1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida
Department of Electrical Engineering (EE)

Vision of EE Department:
“To become a pioneer department in producing competent,
innovative and socially responsible electrical engineers.”

Mission of EE Department:
• DM1: To provide quality education through continuous up
gradation of facilities and mentoring conducive to the
department.
• DM2: To promote research and innovative practices
focusing on the needs of industry.
• DM3: To transform students into socially cognizant
professionals and entrepreneurs with amicable
interpersonal and communication skills.
 GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY 1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida
Department of Electrical Engineering (EE)

The Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) of the EE

Graduates shall be able to:
• PEO1: Exhibit technical competence in Electrical
Engineering and allied fields and attain feasible
solutions best suited to the industry needs.
• PEO2: Adapt to latest global technologies and
optimally utilize resources to develop and create
solutions for engineering problems.
• PEO3: Perform as skilled professionals and
entrepreneurs through good communication skill and
ethics.
 GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY 1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida
Department of Electrical Engineering (EE)

Program Outcomes (POs) for B. Tech EE Engineering

Program Engineering graduate will be able to:
Outcome
PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics,
science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering
specialization to the solution of complex computer engineering
problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research
literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
 GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY 1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida
Department of Electrical Engineering (EE)

Program Outcomes (POs) for B. Tech EE Engineering

Program Engineering graduate will be able to:
Outcome
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for
complex engineering problems and design system components
or processes that meet the specific needs with appropriate
considerations for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use
research-based knowledge and research methods including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide conclusions
 GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY 1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida
Department of Electrical Engineering (EE)

Program Outcomes (POs) for B. Tech EE Engineering

Program Engineering graduate will be able to:
Outcome
PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate
techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools
including prediction and modelling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations
PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the
contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues and the consequent relevant to the professional
engineering practices
 GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY 1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida
Department of Electrical Engineering (EE)

Program Outcomes (POs) for B. Tech EE Engineering

Program Engineering graduate will be able to:
Outcome
PO7 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional
ethics and responsibilities and norm of the engineering practice
 GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY 1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida
Department of Electrical Engineering (EE)

Program Outcomes (POs) for B. Tech EE Engineering

Program Engineering graduate will be able to:
Outcome
PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an
individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings

PO10 Communications: Communicate effectively on complex

engineering activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions
 GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY 1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida
Department of Electrical Engineering (EE)

Program Outcomes (POs) for B. Tech EE Engineering

Program Engineering graduate will be able to:
Outcome
PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge
and understanding of the engineering and management
principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
PO12 Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the
preparation and ability to engage in independent and life
learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY 1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida
Department of Electrical Engineering (EE)

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) for B. Tech.

EE Engineering
The students will be able to:

PSO1:Utilize engineering mathematics, software tools and

managerial skills for developing solutions in the field of
Electronics Systems, Control Systems and Embedded
Systems.

PSO2:Apply the knowledge of Electrical Power

Engineering to solve real-time problems.
Industrial Automation and Control
Department Elective – I

B. TECH. 3rd YEAR

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Session: 2023-24 Odd
by
MANOJ SAINI
EE Department
[email protected]
Mob. No: 9050282545
 EVALUATION SCHEME
&
SYLLABUS
FOR
B. TECH. 3rd YEAR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25 Odd
Department Elective – I
Industrial Automation and Control
 COURSE OUTCOMES
Industrial Automation & Control
Upon the completion of the course, the student will be able to:
Course CO Statement’s Knowledge
Outcomes Level, KL
CO-1 Understand the concept of automation, its terminology and K2
basic communication protocol.
CO-2 Apply Relay logic for automation. K3
CO-3 Learn about PLC, its operation and application in automation. K3
CO-4 Analyze the industrial sensors, its terminology and how one K3
can interface with PLC.
CO-5 Demonstrate Pneumatic system and its application in K3
industry.

KL- Bloom’s Knowledge Level (K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6)
K1 – Remember, K2 – Understand, K3 – Apply, K4 – Analyze, K5 – Evaluate, K6 – Create
 DETAILED SYLLABUS Unit-1
Industrial Automation & Control
• Course Outcome-1: Knowledge Level (K2 – Understand)

Understand the concept of automation, its terminology and

basic communication protocol.

• Unit1: Introduction of Automation system

Introduction to Industrial Automation, Requirement of automation
systems, Application areas, Architecture of Industrial Automation
system, Introduction of PLC and supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA). Industrial communication protocols: modbus
& profibus.
 DETAILED SYLLABUS Unit-2
Industrial Automation & Control
• Course Outcomes-2: Knowledge Level (K3 – Apply)

Apply Relay logic for automation.

• Unit2: Automation using relay logic

Relay Circuits: Construction & Principle of Operation, Types of
Relays, Relay as a memory element, Contactor Circuits, Advantages
of Contactors over Relay, DOL circuit implementation using
contactor, Automation problems based on relays, PLC Introduction:
History & Current Trends, Basic Block Diagram of PLC, Classification
of PLCs.
 DETAILED SYLLABUS Unit-3
Industrial Automation & Control
• Course Outcomes-3: Knowledge (K3 – Apply)

Learn about PLC, its operation and application in automation.

• Unit3: Automation using PLC

Types of PLC I/O: Analog and Digital, Sink and Source concept,
PLC programming: Ladder diagram, Sequential flow chart,
ladder programming, Timer instructions – On delay, Off delay,
Cyclic and Retentive timers, Up /Down Counters, math
instructions.
 DETAILED SYLLABUS Unit-4
Industrial Automation & Control
• Course Outcomes-4: Knowledge Level (K3 – Apply)

Analyze the industrial sensors, its terminology and how one

can interface with PLC.

• Unit4: Industrial sensors and its application

Introduction to Industrial sensors: optical, inductive,
capacitive Sensors, PNP and NPN senor concept, interfacing of
sensors with PLC, 4-20 ma current loops, HART protocol,
modes of HART protocol
 DETAILED SYLLABUS Unit-5
Industrial Automation & Control
• Course Outcomes-5: Knowledge Level (K3 – Apply)

Demonstrate Pneumatic system and its application in

industry.

• Unit5: Basics of Pneumatics and its use in automation

Introduction to Pneumatics, Role in industries, Laws : Boyel’s
law, Charle’s Law Bernoulli Equation, Humidity( Absolute &
Relative ) , Dew Point ( ADP, PDP) Basic, Pneumatic System (
Compressor, After coolers, Dryers, Air Tank, Service Unit (
FRL), Actuators(single acting, double acting), Valves : 2/2 &
3/2 Valves ,Problems based on valves and actuator.
 INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION &
CONTROL
• Pre-requisites of course: Digital Electronics

– Digital System And Binary Numbers

– Combinational Logic: Combinational Circuits
– Sequential Logic And Its Applications
– Synchronous & Asynchronous Sequential Circuits
– Memory & Programmable Logic Devices: Digital
Logic Families
 Pre-requisites of course
Digital Electronics
UNIT I
Digital System And Binary Numbers: Number System and
its arithmetic, Signed binary numbers, Binary codes, Cyclic
codes, Hamming Code, the map method up to five variable,
Don’t care conditions, POS simplification, NAND and NOR
implementation, Quine McClusky method (Tabular
method).

UNIT II
Combinational Logic: Combinational Circuits: Analysis
Procedure, Design procedure, Binary adder subtractor,
Decimal adder, Binary multiplier, Magnitude comparator,
Multiplexers, De-multiplexers, Decoders, Encoders.
 Pre-requisites of course
Digital Electronics
UNIT III
Sequential Logic And Its Applications: Storage elements:
latches & flip flops, Characteristic Equations of Flip Flops,
Flip Flop Conversion, Shift Registers, Ripple Counters,
Synchronous Counters, Other Counters: Johnson & Ring
Counter.

UNIT IV
Synchronous & Asynchronous Sequential Circuits: Analysis
of clocked sequential circuits with state machine designing,
State reduction and assignments, Design procedure. Analysis
procedure of Asynchronous sequential circuits, circuit with
latches, Design procedure, Reduction of state and flow
table, Race-free state assignment, Hazards.
 Pre-requisites of course
Digital Electronics
UNIT V
Memory & Programmable Logic Devices: Digital Logic
Families: DTL, DCTL, TTL, ECL & CMOS etc., Fan Out, Fan in,
Noise Margin; RAM, ROM, PLA, PAL; Circuits of Logic
Families, Interfacing of Digital Logic Families, Circuit
Implementation using ROM, PLA and PAL; CPLD and FPGA.
 TEXT BOOKS
Industrial Automation & Control
• Industrial Instrumentation and Control, by Singh,
McGraw Hill.
• Programmable Logic Controllers with Control Logix, by
Jon Stenerson, Delmar Publishers, 2009.
• Webb John W. and Reis A. Ronald, “Programmable
Logic Controllers Principles and Applications” PHI ,New
Delhi, Latest edition.
• Bolton W, “Programmable Logic Controllers” Elsevier
India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
 REFERENCE BOOKS
Industrial Automation & Control
• B. Pneumatic Systems-Principles and Maintenance
Mazumdar S. R.

• John R Hackworth, “Programmable Logic Controllers”

Pearson education New Delhi, Latest edition.
 Unit-1 DETAILED SYLLABUS
Industrial Automation & Control
• Course Outcomes-1: Knowledge Level (K2 – Understand)

Understand the concept of automation, its terminology and

basic communication protocol.

• Unit1: Introduction of Automation system

Introduction to Industrial Automation, Requirement of automation
systems, Application areas, Architecture of Industrial Automation
system, Introduction of PLC and supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA). Industrial communication protocols: modbus
& profibus.
UNIT - I

Lecture - 1
 Definition of Industrial Automation
and Control
• Dictionary Meaning
Industry - Systematic Economic Activity.
✔ Manufacture/ Service/ Trade
❖ Economic activity means what economic activity may be
related to manufacture, it may be related to service or it may
be related to trades.
Automation - Auto (self)
✔ Automation replaces human workers by
machines.
✔ Automation is a device or an object which
moves by itself.
Definition of Industrial Automation
and Control
Industrial automation is a set of technologies that
results in operation of industrial machines and
systems without significant human intervention
and achieves performance superior to manual
operation.
An Industrial Control System is a combinations of
various system’s like Computer, Electrical,
Mechanical Devices.
It can be consider as the combination of the several
control systems such as SCADA, PLC & DCS.
Industrial Automation and Control

Partially and Fully Control.

Industrial Automation and Control
Block Diagram
Industrial Automation and Control
Block Diagram
Industrial Automation and Control
Block Diagram
 Doubts
• PLC: Programmable Logic Controller.
• SCADA: Supervisory Control And
Data Acquisition.
• DCS: Distributed Control System.
Requirement of Automation System
• Type of Organization/Industry.
• Target of the Organization/Industry.
• Activity of the Organization/Industry.
 Requirement of Automation System
The basic requirements for setting up any modern industry are -
1. Land - Land includes all natural resources which are obtained
from Land. Example - coal, metals, fruits & vegetables,
foodgrains etc.
2. Labour - Labour includes all kinds of physical and mental labour
involved in production. It also includes work done at all levels,
directly or indirectly.
3. Capital - No modern industry can be setup without funds, either
owned or borrowed from sources like Banks, Finance
companies etc.
4. Entrepreneurship - Enterpreneur is the centre for establishing
an industry. It can be a individual or a group of people involved
in an economic activity for earning profit.
 Role of Automation in Industry
Raw / Unfinished Material
Clean Electrical

Energy / Manpower/ Manufacturing Process

Infrastructure
Water
Land equipment
Finished Product
 Basic Goal of Factory
• Industry - Systematic economic activity, the
basic goal is to make profits.

Profit = (Price/unit – Cost/unit) x Production Volume

Cost Profit
Volume Profit
Price Profit
 Cost per unit
Cost / Unit
IC/Unit = Total IC/No. of Units

Material Energy Manpower Infrastructure

(One time cost)

Automation
 Production Volume
Automation can increase volume of production, if the time to
produce one unit product is reduced.
Production Volume
(Manufacturing time)

Production Material Idle time Quality

time Handling time Assurance time

(As we are (Materials will be (As automated (Each object

Handling larger taken from machine systems are highly testing instead
Machines based on to machine, So faster coordinated, there of testing a sample
some parameters it we take to a machine wont be any idle from a lot)
Is reduced) and make Job done time)
will reduces time)
 Price per unit
Price / unit

Demand Quality

Material Process Control

• If the price of an object is increased its demand tends to
decrease because less people can afford it.
• On the other hand if price can be reduced then the demand
tends to go up.
• Example – Cell Phone: Price of cell phones are decreasing
and that is resulting in a huge demand of cell phone users.
• In the profit equation price is reducing, but demand is
increasing which increases the overall profit. (Hence in
sometimes price is reduced by some amount then the
demand will increase by so much amount).
• On the other hand, we can make an item of higher quality
and charge high price and still there will be demand
because of quality. Example – I Phone.
• So, if we can enhance quality then we can increase the price
and our demand will remain more or less same.
• Hence by making high quality items we can make
more profit.
• So, you can make profit either by cutting down the
price or increasing the quality.
• The quality of a product comes from its materials
used, it can also come from the process of
manufacturing which is extremely important.
• Some time, a process requires very close control.
• By using automation and using sophisticated computer
program we can actually realize much more
sophisticated control algorithms.
• Hence automation can enhance quality which will in
turn enhance profit.
 Economy of scale
• If we can produce a product in a much larger
volume by using very sophisticated machines
because of the of automation we can gain lot
of profit. This is called as economy of scale.
• Twenty first Century - economy of scope.
• To know about the economy of scope we have
understand the manufacturing environment.
Dynamic Manufacturing Environment
Product
Conception &
Product Design

Production Quality Process Planning

Control Installation
• Every given product actually has a particular
life time.
• A product is produced and sold in the market
an eventually dies the life of nature death.
• Another product comes into existence gets
conceived ,designed ,manufactured and sold.
Product conception and product design
Firstly we will conceive a product that we want to
make a thing.
Secondly we will design the product to be
developed.
 Process Planning Installation
In this we will install the equipment so that we can manufacture
the product.
Next we will set up a factory and we have to do production.
Production Quality Control
After production we have to do quality control.
From market place we will get feedback and based on feedback
of various kinds from consumer surveys and through continuous
R and D we will come up with better material with better
manufacturing processes with better controls, that will enable us
to do conceive new products, which we can sell much larger
quantity with less cost of production.
✔ So again we will conceive a new product, we will design it again we
will make process planning installation and again we will produce
the product and we will do production quality control and the cycle
repeats.
 Economy of scope
• Competition/R&D – Product Development.
– Continuous R&D and the competition will make us to produce
new products by replacing old products.
• Product life time is decreased. Ex – PC.
– PC market today roughly in six months time we are getting
newer and newer versions of PCs.
– The components such as cabinet, power supply, motherboard,
RAM, displays, software etc. everything is updated and older one
is replaced with newer one.
– All the components has to be produced, marketed and to be sold
with in the six months and after that it is going to be obsolete
and it will be replaced by another product.
– Hence with in six months it has to be sold and profit has to be
made.
– Product life time has shrunk dramatically.
– Hence the product life cycle within the product life is less.
• The manufacturing system has to be reconfigured
rapidly so that it can produce product Y which is of
high demand at that time.
• Sometimes we will manufacture product X, sometimes
we will manufacture product Y and sometimes we will
manufacture product Z.
• If I can manufacture all three products then I can
utilize my machine and I can take the benefit of three
different markets.
• Hence for this also reconfiguration is necessary.
• This is called as the economy of scope is and
twenty-first century automation systems will enhance
this economy of scope significantly.
 Benefits of
Industrial Automation and Control
Productivity: Allowing a continuous mass production
24/7. 24 hours a day, seven days a week, which
improves productivity and reduces assembly times.
Quality: Systems are useful in eliminating human error
and thus improve the quality. The performance is not
reduced after several hours of continuous work.
Greater consistency: Automated production processes
have a longer duration, stability and solidity when
managed with an automation system.
Manpower Requirements Reduced.
Maintenance Requirements Reduced.
 Benefits of
Industrial Automation and Control
Flexibility: Implementing a new take hours or days of user
training. Reprogramming a robot or machine is a simple and
fast process that provides greater flexibility in the
production process.
More precise information: Automation of data
collection improves accuracy and reduces costs.
Safety: It is safer to use robots on production lines with
dangerous working conditions for humans.
Cost reduction. Initial investment might be high, the risk of
machine failure and service interruptions is reduced to a
minimum.
System Stability: will be increased.
System Reliability: will be increased.
 Types of Production Systems
Production Systems

Continuous (Process) Discrete (Manufacturing)

Continuous Batch Mass Job Shop

Flow Manufacturing
 Quantity Variety Chart
Continuous Flow Oil refinery, Iron, Steel, Chemical etc.
Process
Mass Manufacturing
of Discrete Products
Appliances
Quantity Bicycles Batch Process
Foundry, Food Processing
Machine tools, Prototypes Job Shop

Variety
 Types of Automation Systems
Automation Systems

Fixed Programmable Flexible Integrated

 Fixed Automation
Features
High Volume of Production .
Dedicated Equipment.
Fixed Efficient Operation.
Factory Type
Continuous Flow.
Discrete Mass Production.
Examples
Conveyors
Paint shops
Process Automation
Programmable Automation
Features
Changeable Sequence of Operation.
Electronic Controls.
Factory type
Batch Process.
Mass Production.
Examples
Numerical Control Machines (CNC)
Assembly Robots
Flexible Automation
Features
Computer Controlled.
Programmable Material handling.
Factory type
Job Shop.
Batch Process.
Examples
CNC Machine Centers
Automated Guided Vehicle System
Integrated Automation
Features
Advanced Optimizing Algorithms.
Computer Communication.
Production/ Management Integration.
Factory type
All types.
Large.
Examples
Chemical Process Automation.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing.
 Different types of Automation Tools
Exist
• ANN:-Artificial Neural Network.
• DCS:- Distributed Control System.
• HMI:- Human Machine Interface.
• SCADA:- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.
• PLC:- Programmable Logic Controller.
• Instrumentation:- Measuring Instruments that are
used for indicating, measuring and recording physical
quantities.
• Motion Control:- Systems or sub-systems involved in
moving parts of machines in a controlled manner.
• Robotics:- Involves design, construction, operation,
and use of robots.
 Recent & Emerging Applications of
Automation
• Food & Drink Packaging Industry.
• Stores for store Raw Materials.
• Automated mining involves the removal of human labor from
the mining process.
• Automated Highway System (AHS) concept defines a new relationship
between vehicles and the highway infrastructure.
• Automated Waste Management System: Transports waste away from
residential areas using underground vacuum tubes.
• Home Automation System: will control lighting, climate,
entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also
include home security such as access control and alarm systems.
• Industrial automation: is the use of control systems, such as computers
or robots, and information technologies for handling different processes
and machineries in an industry to replace a human being.
Architecture of 8085 microprocessor
 Architecture of Industrial Automation
Systems
• In a factory, we will find a array of equipment
controllers, sensors, operator displays various
cabinets containing hardware.
• Hence all these together make a factory work
like an orchestra.
• It is a complex operation with various kinds
of equipment which harmonize (Doing well
together) themselves with one another .
 Architecture of Industrial Automation
Systems
Industrial IT

Level 4 Enterprise

Level 3 Production
Control

Level 2 Supervisory Control

Industrial Automation

Level 1 Automatic Control

Level 0 Sensors and Actuators

Process/ Machines
• The lowest levels of sensor and actuators, which interact directly with the
process or the machine, so they get the signals from the process of the
machine.
• These sensor and actuator act as the eyes on the arms of the controllers,
so on top of these we have the automatic control layer which is called
level one.
• The number of automatic controls are again managed the at the
supervisory control layer which we call as level two, where the operation
of a particular shop floor as a whole is controlled.
• The overall manufacturing operation including maintenance, production,
quality assurance, inventory are managed at another level which is called
production control.
• Finally, at the top we have enterprise control which is more like a
management functions.
• In these level, not only the production related operations are considered,
but even other operations like sales, marketing, new product
development are considered and production is consider just of the part of
it at this level four. Hence this level is necessary for the overall control of
the factory.
• Level 0, Level 1 and half of level 2 is automated and the remaining level
are not automated.
• Generally sensors and actuators must be automated, there is equipment
for it. Automatic control layers are also automated as most operations are
not manually controlled.
• As from the supervisory control layer upward other than that computer
based automation for performing the operations, some of these
operations may done by human beings at this level. E. g . Power Plant
• In the power plant on the top floor we will have control room. control
room, it is usually very large room with large computer monitors and a
group of people sitting around these monitors and constantly looking at
these monitors. They are the process supervisors or the operators, who
perform a lot of supervisory control function.
• Hence , at the supervisory control level there could be some functions
which are automated while some functions could be performed manually
also.
• At the production control level, most of the operations are performed by
humans with the aid of tools which help people perform the production
control functions. E.g. Production manager
• Enterprise management functions are done by managers who use tools
for performing the functions.
 Architecture of Industrial Automation
Systems
Off - line
Industrial IT

Enterprise

Ind
us

Spatial Scale/ Time Scale

tri
Off - line Production

al
Control

C
om
m
un
On – line, Soft Real Time, Supervisory Control

ic
General Purpose

at
Industrial Automation

ion
Sy
Real Time S/W,
Automatic Control

ste
Special H/W

m
s
Embedded
H/W, S/W Sensors and Actuators

Process/ Machines
• Why this system is called pyramid is because that as you go up the
pyramid the spatial scale and the temporal scale of the time scale of a
given system at that level increases.
• Eg. one sensor system measures one process variable in the whole
machine, so it looks at only that variable. This is called as spatial scale as it
is related to very limited.
• In the bottom level, there are several machines and in each machine
there are several variables and each variable is obtained from the
sensor. The sensor at level 0 looks at one variable needed by the
controllers in the higher levels from the machines. Hence the scope is
limited, so level 0 is having the minimum spatial scale.
• Its interaction with the machines/process will take place for the small
time scales. Hence level 0 is having minimum time scale.
• Automatic control works at the sampling level in the sense that it
computes control input for the plant at each sampling point. But
eventually in real time overall settling time will be low of each process.
• Supervisory control level, the major function is to a change a set point and
it is not made every moment. If we are going make a step change from
one operating point to another, the output will reach from one level to
another. The duration of time to reach from one level to another takes
over several sampling times which increases the settling time.
• Control input changes are set to the plant every sampling time, but set
point change are not made every sampling time. Ex. Power plant.
• At 3 AM in the night, it will be operating at 10 % load at 7 AM in the
morning, it will be operated at 25% load at around 9.30 AM there is a huge
demand of load as all the offices are opening.
• Between 9.30 AM and 11.00 AM, the demand of the load ramp up
significantly from 30% load to nearly 90% load, perhaps then the demand
of the 90% load will be maintained until 5PM. After 6 PM lighting loads
come in to effect.
• Hence when the load demand significantly increase or decrease the boiler
operating point needs to be changed.
• So, the operating point of a boiler needs to be changed 7, 8, 10 times over
day and the decision for step change are taken on periods of hours .
• Hence the time scale will be more and the spatial scale also will be more.
• For Spatial scale one sensor looks at one signal and one automatic
controller may be taking control action taking several sensors in to the
account. one supervisory controller will look after a number automatic
control loops.
• Production control will look after several supervisory unit and enterprise
will look after several production control.
• Hence for the complete architecture the time scale is increasing and this
spatial scale is also increase that is why it is a pyramid and not a cylinder.
• Next the lowest level, sensor and actuators is
mostly hardware.
• They are actual sensing elements or package
elements or electronic circuits or microprocessor
and they are generally very hardware oriented.
• In this level we have the software which is close to
the hardware in the sense that they actually
interact very close to the hardware and the
written specifically to for that hardware.
• This is known as embedded technology at this
level. So, the word embedded is because the
sensor is supposed to be embedded in the
machine.
• In the next level Automatic control is a separate hardware it
is not embedded into the machine and it is a tangibly
separate piece of hardware which runs in real time
software.
• The software is generally generic it is not very special
purpose, but it runs on special purpose hardware like PLC,
industrial PC’S or some DSP processors. The algorithms are
generally generic like PID control which is used for a
number of process control applications.
• The software is real time in the sense that outputs must be
generated within a given amount of time because for every
sampling time we have to generate the control inputs and
send it to the plant.
• In Supervisory control, the hardware used is mostly general
purpose, it is general purpose computers with a strong data
interface because lots and lots of channels of data from the
whole process come to this general purpose computers.
• The software is still online, software is called online if it interacts
with external world.
• It is Soft Real time: Real time means the corresponding hardware or
software has to give us the output within the stipulated (Specify
condition) time so that the output may be needed for doing some
process.
• It is divided in to hard real time and soft real time.
• Hard real time means it should need to give the output within that
stipulated time. If a particular hardware or software does not give
the output on the stipulated time the system going to fail.
• Soft real time means particular piece of computation cannot be
finished in time, then some performs degradation may result, but in
general this system as such will not fail.
• E.g. supervisory controller is to update the man machine interface
that is the operator has to be shown how the process the
performing plot by graph plot various statics, etc. If the graphs are
not shown for 30 minutes it is not going to affect the system
process but it degrades the performance.
• Production control does not bother about machines they take an
obstruct view of the factory how many pieces of equipment are
being produce per hour.
• So, the software is generally off line and it uses various kinds of
algorithms that are totally different nature. They do not concern
about the machines but take an obstruct view of production.
• Similarly Enterprise level is same as like production control.
• Hence Production control, enterprise level and two some extent
of the supervisory level we won’t be having any hardware.
• We will look at the process as an abstract entity and we take
decision about them and we analyze the performs we also
monitor them.
• Hence some parts of supervisory control as well as production
control and enterprise control we can term them as industrial
information technology rather than industrial automation
technology.
• Remaining levels which comprises of hardware that needs
automation is termed as industrial automation technology.
• The next thing is that these layers actually exchange information.
• The sensors continuously collect samples of measurements which
they pass it to the automatic controller.
• Similarly, the automatic controller continuously compute the
control inputs and need to pass it to the actuator.
• Similarly, the information from the sensors and actuators or
automatic controllers needs to be passed to the supervisory
control layer to see whether the control loop is working
satisfactory or some set point change is needed.
• Hence if there is some malfunction i.e. some sensor has failed on
the process output and it is going to affect complete system, in
that case the supervisory controller must take some action.
• It can either change the set point or if there are two sensors, it can
switch from one sensor to other..
• Hence there is continuous information flow from the lower level
to the upper and from the upper level to the lower.
 What is PLC ?
A Controller.
A Hardware.
Microprocessor.
Memory.
Inputs Cards.
Output Cards.
A hardware device
used to Control any
Process.

PLC means Programmable Logic Controllers. It is used in commercial

and industrial applications. A PLC monitors inputs, makes decisions
based on its program, and control outputs to automate a process or
machine.
 NEED of PLC

RLC Circuit (Panel Circuit) Contractor’s, MCB’s, Relay’s, Switches,

All Controlling Devices.
 NEED of PLC
RLC Circuit (Panel Circuit): More Complicated
Circuit.
Fault Identification Time: More.
Machine Breakdown Time: Will Increase.
Plant Shutdown Time: Will Increase.
Repairing Cost: Will Increase.
Maintenance Cost : Will Increase.
Production: Will Decrease.
Cost Per Item: Will Increase.
 PLC Definition
A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER is an
industrial computer control system that continuously
monitors the state of input devices and makes
decisions based upon a custom program to control the
state of output devices.

PLC is simply a special computer device used for

industrial control systems.

PLC is an industrial digital computer, which has

been adapted for the control of manufacturing
processes, or any activity that requires high reliability.
List of PLC Manufactures
ABB.
Delta.
Allen Bradley.
Siemens.
Mitsubishi.
Honeywell.
Motorola.
Hitachi.
General Electric.
Panasonic.
PLC’s
Allen Bradley PLC
Programmable Logic Controller Block
Diagram

PLC Programs
 Criteria for Selecting PLC
Number of logical inputs and outputs.
Memory - Selected based on the size of the program.
Number of special I/O modules: Depends on the application.
For complex applications, a large number of additional cards may
be required.
Scan Time: Depending on the size of the program, a larger
program needs shorter scan times. And, the shorter the scan
time, the higher the cost.
Communications: serial and network connections allow the PLC
to be programmed and to communicate with other PLCs. The
needs are determined by the application.
Software: the availability of programming software and other
tools determines the ease of programming and debugging.
 Introduction of PLC ( Programmable
Input Modules
Logic Control/Controller)

Stop/Run

For PC Connection

Output Modules
Any Logic can be controlled via a Program/Programming Language
 Introduction of PLC ( Programmable
Logic Control/Controller)
Input Module
Drive
PLC

Output Module

Relay’s

MCB’s

Output Module Connected to Relay’s

Board
 Relay’s Board
From PLC to Relay Input

Relay

24 Volt DC Power Supply

Relay Output to Contractor’s
RLC
Panel
&
PLC
Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition System
(SCADA)
 Introduction

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

System

History
Why SCADA?
Definition of SCADA
 History
First half of the 20th century
Development from telemetry system
Weather predictions
Rail road tracks
Two way system
1960s idea for supervisory
1970s radio system
 Why SCADA?
Saves Time and Money
▪ Less traveling for workers (e.g. helicopter ride)
▪ Reduces man-power needs
▪ Increases production efficiency of a company
▪ Cost effective for power systems
▪ Saves energy
Reliable
Supervisory control over a particular system
 What is SCADA?
Supervisory
▪ Operator/s, engineer/s, supervisor/s, etc
Control
▪ Monitoring
▪ Limited
▪ Telemetry
▪ Remote/Local
Data acquisition
▪ Access and acquire information or data from the
equipment
▪ Sends it to different sites through telemetry
▪ Analog / Digital
 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA)

• Real time industrial process control systems to monitor

and control remote or local industrial equipment
• Vital components of most nation’s critical
infrastructures.
• Risk of deliberate attacks!
 Classifications
Anatomy of a SCADA system?
▪ Elements of SCADA
▪ Levels of SCADA
Where is SCADA used?
▪ Different applications of SCADA systems?
What types of SCADA are there?
Component manufacturers and system
manufacturers of the SCADA systems?
▪ Automation Solutions
▪ Software
▪ Hardware
 Elements of SCADA
Elements of a SCADA system
Sensors and actuators
RTUs/PLCs
Communication
MTU
▪ Front End Processor
▪ SCADA server
▪ Historical/Redundant/Safety Server
▪ HMI computer
▪ HMI software
 Sensors
Types of sensors:

Pressure sensors
Temperature sensors
Light sensors
Humidity sensors
Wind speed sensors
Water level sensors
Distance sensors
 Actuators
Actuators:

Valves
Pumps
Motors
 RTUs
RTU – Remote Terminal Unit
Intelligent to control a process and multiple
processes
Data logging and alarm handling
Expandable
Asks the field devices for information
Can control IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Device)
Slave/Master device
 Alarms
Types of alarms:

Good alarms
Critical failure alarms
 SCADA Components
• Corporate network segment
– Typical IT network
• SCADA network segment
– Servers and workstations to interact with field devices
– Human-machine interfaces
– Operators
– Software validation
• Field devices segment
– Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
– Remote Terminal Units (RTU)
– Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)
 PLCs
PLC – Programmable Logic Controller

Ø Ladder logic
Ø Industrial computer that replaced relays
Ø Not a protocol converter
Ø Cannot control IEDs
Ø Communication compatibilities
Ø Takes actions based on its inputs
SCADA and PLC Overview
Process Control System (PCS) Safety System
SCADA Architectures
 Control Components

1. Control Server
2. SCADA Server or Master Terminal Unit (MTU)
3. Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
4. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
5. Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)
6. Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
7. Data Historian
8. Input/Output (IO) Server
 Control Components
1. Fieldbus Network
2. Control Network
3. Communications Routers
4. Firewall
5. Modems
6. Remote Access Points
Analog Control

Analog control system block diagram

Discrete Control:

Discrete control system block diagram

 Communication
• Communication systems:
- Switched Telephone Network
- Leased lines
- Private Network (LAN/RS-485)
- Internet
- Wireless Communication systems
- Wireless LAN
- Global System for Mobile Communication
(GSM) Network
- Radio modems
 Communication cont.
Protocols:

MODBUS
DNP 3.0
Fieldbus
Controller Area Network (CAN)
Profibus
DirectNet
TCP/IP
Ethernet
 Front End Processor
Front End Processor

Gathers all communications and converts them

into SCADA friendly communication.
Communication interface between several RTU
channels and the host Master Station computer.
 SCADA server
SCADA Server

It can be a Web server

Data logging
Analyzing data
Serve the clients through a firewall
Clients connected in the corporation or
connected outside through internet
Real-time decision maker
Asks RTU for information
 Historical server
Historical/Safety/Redundant Server

Logs the data from the SCADA server and

stores it as a backup, in case of a disaster.

It is basically a safety server.

 HMI Computer
Human Machine Interface Computer

• Access on the SCADA Server

• Control the system
• Operator Interface
• Software
• User friendly
• Programmable (C, C++)
 DCS
DCS – Distributed Control System

Process oriented – tendency to do something.

Not event oriented – does not depend on circumstances.
Local control over the devices.
Subordinate to SCADA.
 Levels of SCADA
Four levels of SCADA system

Level IV - Enterprise
▪ Corporate LAN/WAN
▪ World Wide Web
▪ Virtual Private Network
▪ Firewall for remote users
Level III – SCADA / MTU
▪ Operator Workstations
▪ Control
▪ Engineering Workstations
▪ Servers – Data logging
Level IV - Enterprise
Level III - SCADA
 Levels of SCADA cont.
Four levels of SCADA system

Level II – Telecommunication
▪ Fiber
▪ Radio
▪ Telephone leased line
▪ Protocols
Level I – Field
▪ Devices
▪ RTUs / PLCs
▪ Sensors
 Level II and I
Telecommunication and Field
 U.S. Infrastructure

Courtesy of Infrastructure Assurance Center

 SCADA examples

SCADA examples:

Gas control systems

Water control systems
Power systems
GAS SCADA
Water SCADA
Power SCADA

powe
crontro
l
 Basic SCADA

Car manufacturing robot

Room temperature control
Integrated SCADA

Water systems
Subway systems
Security systems
Networked SCADA

Power systems
Communication
systems
 Automation solutions
SCADA system manufacturers

Modular SCADA, UK
MOSCAD, Motorola
Rockwell Automation
ABCO
ABB
Lantronix
 SCADA Hardware

SCADA Hardware manufacturers

Rockwell Allen Bradley

General Electric (GE)
Emerson
Schneider Electric
 SCADA Software
SCADA Software manufacturers

Intellution (Fix 32)

Iconics (Genesis32 v7.0)
Wonderware (InTouch)
Citect (CitectSCADA 5.42)
National Instruments (Lookout SCADA)
 SCADA System Types
Three types of basic SCADA systems:

Basic SCADA
▪ One machine process
▪ One RTU and MTU
Integrated SCADA
▪ Multiple RTUs
▪ DCS
Networked SCADA
▪ Multiple SCADA
 Where is SCADA used?
Main SCADA applications:
• Water and Wastewater
• Power
• Oil and Gas
• Research facilities
• Transportation
• Security systems
• Siren systems
• Irrigation
• Communication control
Who would attack SCADA?
Attackers
• Script kiddies
• Hackers
• Organized crime
• Disgruntled insiders
• Competitors
• Terrorists
• Hactivists
• Eco-terrorists
• Nation states
 SCADA Security
• Perimeter Protection
– Firewall, IPS, VPN, AV
– Host IDS, Host AV
– DMZ
• Interior Security
– Firewall, IDS, VPN, AV
– Host IDS, Host AV
– NAC
– Scanning
• Monitoring
• Management
 Related Work
• Security working groups for the various
infrastructure sectors of water, electricity and
natural gas

• US Departments of Energy and Homeland

Security: investigation into the
problem domain of SCADA systems
 Related Work
• Traditionally vendors focused on functionality
and used physical security measures
• An attempt was made to try to “match” physical
security mechanisms online
• Vulnerabilities:
• Classification by affected technology
• Classification by error or mistakes
• Classification by enabled attack scenario
 SCADA and PLC Overview
• Ladder logic overview
• What is ladder logic?

• Why is it the programming language of

choice for automated control systems?
Programmable Logic Controllers

• Computer based solid state devices

• Control industrial equipment and processes
• Regulate process flow
• Automobile assembly line
• Have physical effect
 SCADA and PLC Security
• Increased risk to SCADA systems, introduces
another element of risk to the PLC and all of the
control elements
• PLC’s dictate the functionality of the process
• PLC programming software and SCADA control
software can be housed on the same machine
• The newest PLC hardware devices allow for direct
access to the PLC through the network
SCADA and PLC Security

SCADA System Control Flow

PLC Security Framework (PLC-SF)

Static Analysis Tool: Compiler Workflow

 Purpose of this research

Develop a teaching module for a general SCADA system

Develop a general model of a SCADA system
Use LabView and wireless communication computers
to illustrate an example of the SCADA system
Study the vulnerabilities of the SCADA system
Create a freshman introduction module
Create an upper level course for SCADA
 What is next?
Use the Laptop1 to generate the wells, tanks,
servers, RTUs
PLCs and the front end processor through SubVIs

Use the Laptop2 to be the HMI Computer that

connects to
Laptop1 and reads the data and also affect the
devices

And Laptop3 to simulate an attack at the SCADA

system
 Conclusion
There are thousands of SCADA systems installed and
they can be completely different from each other, in
terms of their structures but they all have common
elements and a common purpose – to supervise
control and collect data.
There are three types of SCADA systems that describe
all of the SCADA systems.
Communication is the most significant part of SCADA
Power and communication systems are most likely to
get attacked by terrorists.
Industrial Communication Protocols

Modbus & Profibus

 Industrial Communication Protocols:
Modbus & Profibus
• Industrial:
The definition of industrial is something relating to a large-scale
business or a manufacturing business.
A broad term to describe all aspects of industry or a company
engaged in industry through the manufacture of products.
An industry is a classification that refers to a group of companies
that are related in terms of their primary business activities.
Industrial means any activity where manufacturing, processing or
fabrication of goods or produces takes place.
Industrial means the use of land primarily for the manufacture,
processing, storage, or wholesale distribution of products, goods,
or materials. It does not include commercial uses.”
Industrial means the use of any land, building or structure for
the purpose of manufacturing, assembling, making, preparing,
repairing, storing or adapting for sale any goods, substance,
article or thing, and the storage of building or construction
equipment and materials related services.
Industrial Communication Protocols:
Modbus & Profibus
• Communication:
Exchanging of information by speaking, writing,
or using some other medium.
Communication a process by which information is
exchanged between individuals through a
common system of symbols, signs, or behavior.
The successful conveying or sharing of ideas and
feelings.
Communication is defined as the process of
understanding and sharing meaning.
 Communication
• Eight Essential Components of
Communication: In order to better
understand the communication process, we
can break it down into a series of eight
essential components:
– Source
– Message
– Channel
– Receiver
– Feedback
– Environment
– Context
– Interference
 Protocols ( Set of Rules)
• A protocol is a standard set of rules that allow
electronic devices to communicate with each other.
• Protocol is a system of rules about the correct way to
act in formal situations.
• A protocol is a set of rules and guidelines for
communicating data.
• Network Protocol, a set of rules establishing how
network devices should format, transmit and process
information.
• It is a digital language through which we communicate
with others on the Internet.
• A protocol refers to a set of rules enabling computers
or devices to exchange data with one another with as
few errors as possible.
 Modbus & Profibus

PLC and other IED connect or communicate

 Modbus
• Modbus is a data communications protocol originally
published by Modicon in 1979 for use with its
programmable logic controllers.
• Modbus has become a de facto standard
communication protocol and is now a commonly
available means of connecting industrial electronic
devices.
• It is a method used for transmitting information over
serial lines between electronic devices. The device
requesting the information is called
the Modbus Master and the devices supplying
information are Modbus Slaves.
• Protocol is a messaging structure, widely used to
establish master-slave communication between
intelligent devices.
 Modbus
• Modbus ASCII (1st Modbus).
• Series Protocol.
• Use RS-232 & RS-485 Physical Layer.
• One Master & Many Slave.
• Message Frame Length 252 Bits.
• Addresses 247 possible.

• Modbus RTU (Modified Modbus ASCII)

• Difference in data an-coding only.
• ASCII use ASCII Characters to code the
message. While RTU use bits for coding.
 Modbus Working

• Simple Master-Slave Protocol.

• Master having full control on the bus
communication.
• Slave provides information (For which
it has been spoken)
Modbus
Modbus
Modbus
 Modbus
MODBUS Protocol is a messaging structure, widely used
to establish master-slave communication between
intelligent devices.

A MODBUS message sent from a master to a slave

contains the address of the slave, the 'command' (e.g.
'read register' or 'write register').

Since Modbus protocol is just a messaging structure, it is

independent of the underlying physical layer. It is
traditionally implemented using RS232, RS422, or RS485
 Modbus
The Request
The function code in the request tells the addressed
slave device what kind of action to perform. The data bytes
contains any additional information that the slave will need
to perform the function.

For example, function code 03 will request the slave to

read holding registers and respond with their contents.

The data field must contain the information telling the

slave which register to start at and how many registers to
read.

The error check field provides a method for the slave to

validate the integrity of the message contents.
 Modbus
The Response
If the slave makes a normal response, the function code
in the response is an echo of the function code in the
request.
The data bytes contain the data collected by the slave,
such as register values or status.
If an error occurs, the function code is modified to
indicate that the response is an error response, and the
data bytes contain a code that describes the error.
The error check field allows the master to confirm that
the message contents are valid.
Controllers can be setup to communicate on standard
Modbus networks using either of two transmission modes:
ASCII or RTU.
 Modbus
• Data
• Registers
• Coils
• Distance
• Speed
12 Megabits per Sec
9600 bits per Sec
 Profibus
(PROcess FIeld BUS)
• PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus) is a standard
young athlete lean & fast.
• This is design in 1990 for the factory and
process automation to fulfill the Industrial
Automation requirements.
 Profibus
(PROcess FIeld BUS 1993)
• PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus) is a standard
for fieldbus communication in automation
technology and was first promoted in 1989
by BMBF (German department of
education and research) and then used by
Siemens. It should not be confused with
the PROFINET standard for Industrial
Ethernet.
• Master-Slave Protocol.
• A Ring System (More then One Master).
 Profibus
(PROcess FIeld BUS 1993)
 Profibus
(PROcess FIeld BUS 1993)
 Profibus
(PROcess FIeld BUS 1993)
 Modbus Vs Profibus
• Modbus:
– Very Simple, Easy to Use, Modem Friendly
Protocol.
– Create problem while dealing with
Multi-Vendor Applications.

• Profibus
– Very Strong Protocol.
– Designed for Entire Plant Automation.
– Multi-Vendor Applications.
 Modbus Vs Profibus
• Modbus:
– Modbus is simply too easy if there is only one
remote site.
– This is a smart device in point to point
communication when connected to a controller.
• Profibus:
– Used in Situations where there is more than one
point.
– We are dealing with different-2 Vendors.
– Dangerous Environment (Profibus is a better
solution)
Thanks
Any Query ?