JUNIOR SCHOOL

EDUCATION
MATHEMATICS
FOR GRADE 9

2025

CBC
STRAND 1: NUMBERS
SUBSTRAND: Integers
Introduction to Integers

Meaning of integers: An integer is a positive whole number, negative whole numbers and including zero.
Examples of integers include 2, -3, 5, 0, 4 , 7, etc.

The number line

A number line is a pictorial representation of numbers on a straight line. It's a reference for comparing and
ordering numbers. It can be used to represent any integer.
Integers can be illustrated on a number line as shown below.

Any integer is less than all other integers to the right of it. Thus, -2 is less than -1 but greater than -3.
The symbol < and > are used to denote 'less than greater than 'respectively.
Thus, -2 < -1 and -2> -3

ASSIGNMENT

Use < or to compare the following pairs of numbers;

1. -5 and + 1
2. -3 and +4
3. -5 and +5
4. -10 and +1
5. -7 and -9
6. -20 and -36
7. 1 and -25
8. 15 and -30
9. 25 and -38

Addition of Integers

Addition of integers

Addition of integers can be represented on a number line. For example, to add +3 to +2, we begin at +2 and move 3
units to the right, as shown in the figure below.

If instead we begin at +3 and move 2 units to the right, what would be the result?
Similarly, to add -1 and +5, we begin at +5 and move 1 unit to the left, as shown in the figure below.
EXERCISE

Show how the following additions can be done using a number line and give the results.

1.
2. (+2) + (+3)
3. (+8) + (+7)
4. (+12) + (+9)
5. (+7) + (+7)
6.
7. (+7) + (-4)
8. (-8) + (+5)
9. (+15) + (-14)
10. (-9) + (+2)
11.
12. (+8) + (-4)
13. (-13) + (+13)
14. (+4) + (-13)
15. (-11) + (+5)
16.
17. (-3) + (-4)
18. (-7) + (+2)
19. (-15) + (+12)
20. (-6) + (-6)
21.
22. (+2) + (+3) + (+5)
23. (+4) + (-2) + (-3)
24. (+6) + (-2) + (+6)
25. (-7) + (-2) + (+6)
26.
27. (-4) + (-3) + (-2)
28. (-1) + (-7) + (0)
29. (+6) + (+2) + (-5)
30. (+8) + (-3) + (+12)
Subtraction of Integers

Steps for Subtracting Integers

To subtract integers on a number line, we need to move towards the left side when subtracting a positive number from a
given number. On the other hand, when we subtract a negative integer from a given number, we move towards the right
side of the number line.

Examples

(1). -2 - (-7)

(2).

ASSIGNMENT

Evaluate the following;

1.
2. 45-15
3. 35-16
4. 17-42
5. 19-70
6.
7. 12 - (-7)
8. 25 -( -36)
9. 30 - (-50)
10. 55 - (-28)
11.
12. (-5) - (+16)
13. (-11) - (+18)
14. (-40) - (20)
15. (-36) - (+52)
16.
17. (-15) - (-22)
18. (-33) - (-23)
19. (-26) - (-19

20. (-76) - (-58)

Multiplication of Integers

Steps for Multiplying Integers

Multiplication of integers follows the following rules.

A positive number times a positive number equals a positive number.

A positive number times a negative number equals a negative number. A negative number times a positive number

equals a negative number. A negative number times a negative number equals a positive number.

EXAMPLES

5 x -6 = -30 -2 x 5 = -10

4 x -6 = -24 -2 x 4 = -8

3 x -6 = -18 -2 x 3 = -6

2 x -6 = -12 -2 x 2 = -4

1 x -6 = -6 -2 x 1 = -2

0 x -6 = 0 -2 x 0 = 0

-1 x -6 = 6 -2 x -1 = 2

-2 x -6 = 12 -2 x -2 = 4

-3 x -6 = 18 -2 x -3 = 6

-4 x -6 = 24 -2 x -4 = 8

-5 x -6 = 30 -2 x -5 = 10
EXERCISE

Evaluate:

1.
2. -3 x -7 =
3. -8 x -10 =
4. -13 x -3 =
5. -16 x -2 =
6.
7. -60 x -4 =
8. -16 x -8 =
9. -33 x 3 =
10. -45 x -20 =
11.
12. -56 x -2 =

13. -5 x 8 x -2 =
14. -7 x -3 x 10 =
15.
16. -4 x -4 x -4 x -4 =
17. -10 x 2 x 10 =
Division of Integers

Steps for Dividing Integers

Division of integers follows the following rules.

(i) (a positive number) ÷ (a positive number) = (a positive number)

(ii) (a positive number) ÷ (a negative number) = (a negative number)

(iii) (a negative number) ÷ (a positive number) = (a negative number)

(iv) (a negative number) ÷ (a negative number) = (a positive number) In

general, for multiplication and division of integers:

Two like signs give positive sign,

Two unlike signs give negative sign

EXAMPLES

1. -4÷-2=2
2. -2÷-2=1
3. -4÷-4=1
4. -8÷4=2
5. -6÷3=-2
6. 4÷-2=-2

EXERCISE

Evaluate

1.
2. 10÷2
3. 50 ÷ -25
4. 98 ÷ -14
5. 126÷9
67.288 ÷ -24
8. 42÷6
9. -90 ÷ 10
10. -125 ÷ 5
112. -615 ÷ 15
13. -1080 ÷ 90
14. -140 ÷ -20

15. -256 ÷ 16
167. -289 ÷ 17
18. -560 ÷ 16
19. -912 ÷ 19
20. -570 ÷ 19
Combined Operations on Integers

Steps for Combined Operations on Integers

The order in which operations are performed can be shown by use of brackets.

(1). 'Subtract 8 from 18 and then subtract 5 from the result' can be written as (18 - 8) -5 = 10 - 5 = 5

(2) 'Subtract 5 from 8 and then subtract the result from 18' can be written as 18 - (8 - 5) = 18 - 3 = 15

Note that;

(18-8)-5≠18-(8-5)

At times, more than two operations may occur in one expression, e.g, 6 x 3 - 4 ÷ 2 + 5. In such a case, we begin by

brackets, then division, followed by multiplication, addition and finally subtraction, in that order. This can be shown

by the use of the brackets, as below:

(6 x 3 ) - (4 ÷ 2) + 5 = 18 - 2 + 5 = 21

The BODMAS rule is applicable when more than operation appears in the same question.

EXERCISE

(1).

a. (18 - 24) + 30 = b. 32 + (17 + 30) =

c. 13 - (18 +7) = d. (62 - 94) + 20 =

e. 84 - (100 + 2) = f. (74 -24) + 30 =

g. (77 + 54) - 110 = h. (100 - 150) + 180

i. 222 - (158 + 90) = j. 1120 - (1450 + 120) =

(2).

a. 72 - 30 + 25 = b. 86 - 109 + 4 =

c. 209 + 43 - 300 = d. 348 + 60 - 510 =

e. 890 - 100 + 23 = f. 989 + 100 - 1470 =

g. 763 - 26 + 471 = h. 1190 + 340 + 670 =

i. 666 - 892 + 238 = j. 3004 - 563 + 1044 =

(3).

a. 2 x (10 ÷ 5) = b. (6 x18) ÷ 9 =

c. 90 ÷ (10 x 3) = d. -84 ÷ (7 x 4) =
e. (-39 ÷ 13) -8 = f. 21 x (14 ÷ 7) =

g. 1320 ÷ (11 x 5) = h. (-420 ÷ 28) x 5 =

i. 20 x (525 ÷ 21) = j. (1125 ÷ 15) x 19 =

k. 11 x 12 ÷ 4 = l. 19 x 8 ÷ 2 =

m. 64 ÷ 16 x 9 = n. -256 ÷ 64 x 10 =

o. 3 x 68 ÷ 17 = p. 91 ÷ 13 x 5 =

q. -11 x 125 ÷ 5 = r. -369 ÷ 123 x 8 =

Word Problems on Integers

1. If x = -2, y = -6 and z = 4, find the values of each of the following:

2. 4z + 2y - x
3. 2y - 3x + z
4. 4xy/z
5. 3yz/x
6. On a certain day, a student measured the temperature inside a deep freezer and found that it was -3°C

while the room temperature was 24°C. What was the temperature difference between the room and the

deep freezer?

7. Rhoda walked four floors down from the tenth floor and then took a lift to the eighteenth floor. How
many floors did she go through while in the lift?
8. Kericho is a town on Kisumu-Nakuru road. The distance between Kisumu and Kericho is 85km, while that
between Kericho and Nakuru is 105km. What is the distance between Nakuru and Kisumu?
9. A man was born in 1966. His father was born in 1928 and the mother three years later. If the man's

daughter was born in 1992 and the son 5 years earlier, find the difference between the age of the man's

mother and that of his son.

10. The temperature of a patient admitted to a hospital with fever was 42°C. After treatment, his

temperature settled at 36.8°C. Find the change in temperature.

Cubes and Cube Root
Cubes from the Tables
Cubes

The cube of a number is simply a number multiplied by itself three times e.g.

a × a × a=a3

1×1×1=1

3;8=2×2×2=23;27=3×3×3=33;

Example 1

What is the value of 63?

Solution

63=6x6x6

10. 36 x 6

11. 216

Example 2

Find the cube of 1.4

Solution

10. 1.4 x 1.4 x 1.4

11. 1 .96 x 1 .4

12. 2.744

Use of Tables to Find Roots

The cubes can be read directly from the tables just like squares and square root.

a. (1.8)³ = 5.832

b. (2.12)³ = 9.528

c. (3.254)³ = 34.454

= 34.45 ( 4 s.f)
QUESTIONS

(1). Use mathematical tables to find the cube of each of the following:

(a) 8.3 (b) 1.01 (c) 2.504 (d) 0.87 (e) 15.45

(2). Use tables to find:

31. (4.06)

32. (6.312)

33. (0.0912)

34. (381.7)

35. (2.1534)

36. (5.3679)

(3). A cubic building block measures 21 cm. Find its volume.

(4). A cubic water tank has sides of length 2.143 m. What is the capacity of the tank in litres?
Cube Root by Factor Method

Cube Roots Using Factor Methods

Cubes and cubes roots are opposite. The cube root of a number is the number that is multiplied by itself three
times to get the given number

Example

The cube root of 64 is written as;

= 4 Because 4× 4 × 4 = 64

= 3 Because 3 ×3 × 3 = 27

Example

Evaluate: ∛216

Solution

10. ∛(2 x 2 x2 x 3 x3 x3 )

11. 2x3

12. 6

The volume of a cube is 1000 cm

What is the length of the cube?

Solution

Volume of the cube, V = P

P = 1000

I = 3/1000

20. 3/l0 x 10 x 10

21. 10

.-. The length of the cube is 10 cm.

QUESTIONS

1. The volume of a sphere is given by ⁴/₃ πr³ Find the radius of a sphere whose volume is 104.816 cm³. ( Take
π to be ²²/₇ )

2. The volume of material used to make a cube is 1 728 cm³. What is the length of the side of the cube.

3. The volume of water in a measuring cylinder reads 200cm³. When a cube is immersed into the water, the

cylinder reads 543 cm³. Find:

a. The volume of the cube.

b. The length of the side of the cube.

4. A metallic cuboid measuring 16 cm by 8 cm by 4 cm was melted. The material was then used to make a

cube. What was the length of the cube?

Indices and Logarithms
Law of indices
Indices

Index and Base Form

The power to which a number is raised is called index or indices in plural.

2⁵=2×2×2×2×2

5 is called the power or index while 2 two is the base.

100 = 10²

2 is called the index and 1 0 is the base.

Laws of Indices

For the laws to hold the base must be the same.

Rule 1

Any number, except zero whose index is 0 is always equal to 1

Example

5⁰=1

100000000000000000=1

Rule 2

To multiply an expression with the same base, copy the base and add the indices.

a m × an = am + n

Example

5²× 5³ = 5⁵

= 3125

Rule 3
To divide an expression with the same base, copy the base and subtract the powers.

aᵐ ÷ aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ

Example

9⁵÷9²=9³

Rule 4

To raise an expression to the nth index, copy the base and multiply the indices a ᵐˣⁿ

= aᵐⁿ

Example

(5³ )²

=5³ˣ²=5⁶

QUESTIONS

Solve for x in 5² ˣ-¹ = 12ˣ (3mks)

Solve for x in 4ˣ⁺¹ = 32 (3mks)

Find the value of x which satisfies the equation 16ˣ² = 8⁴ˣ⁻³

Solve for x in the equation 32⁽ˣ⁻³⁾ ÷8⁽ˣ⁺⁴ ⁾= 64 ÷ 2ˣ

Solve each of the following equations:

a. (3²ˣ)³ = 3⁴ x 3⁸

b. (7⁵) = (7⁴)x 7²

c. (3²ˣ)4 = 81

d. 4⁵ˣ ÷ (2³ˣ)² =256

e. 9²ˣ = 729

f. 2⁸ˣ = 512

g. (7⁴)²ˣ = (7⁴)³

h. (5³)ᵃ (5⁸)ᵃ = 5⁷²

i. 94ˣ ÷ 3²ˣ = 2187

Negative Indices

Rule 5

When dealing with a negative power, you simply change the power to positive by changing it into a

fraction with 1 as the numerator.

a⁻ᵐ = 1

aᵐ

Example

2⁻²= 1

2²

= ¹/₄

Example

Evaluate:

a. 2³×2⁻³ = 2⁽³⁺ ⁻³⁾

=2° =1

b. ( ²/₃) ⁻²=(1)²

(²/₃) ²

⁴/₉

=1 ÷ ⁴/₉

=1 × ⁹/₄ = 2 ¹/₄ or ( ²/₃)⁻² = (³/₂)² = ⁹/₄

QUESTIONS

6² × 7⁻⁴ × (8⁻²)² × 6³ × 7² x8⁴

7⁻³×8⁴×7²×8⁻³

20⁻³ × 25² × 20³ × 25⁻⁴

Fractional Indices

Fractional Indices

Fractional indices are written in fraction form. In summary if aⁿ = b. a is called the nth root of b written as n√b.

Example

QUESTIONS

a.

b.

c.

d.
Introduction to Logarithms

The indices 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ... are called the logarithms of the corresponding numbers to base 3.
For example; logarithm of 9 to base 3 is 2.
Logarithm of 81 to base 3 is 4.

These are usually written in short form as;

Log₃ 9 = 2

Log₃ 81 = 4

Examples

Generally,

aᵐ = n is the index notation while logᵃ n=m is the logarithmic notation.

Write in logarithmic form:

a. 2⁴= 16

b.

c. bⁿ = m

Solution

a. If 2⁴ = 16, then log₂ 16 = 4

b.

c.

QUESTIONS

(1). write in logarithmic form

a. 3² = 9

b. 2⁴ = 16

c. 3³ = 27
d. 2⁵ = 32

e. 3⁴ = 81

f. 5³ = 125

g. 10⁰ = 1

h. 2¹⁰ = 1024

i. aⁿ = b

(2). Write each of the following in index from.

a. log₂ 8 = 3

b. log₄ 16 = 2

c. log₅ 125 = 3

d. log₁₀ 8 = x

e.

f. log₃ 27 = 3

g. log₆ 216 = 3

h. logₓ 40 = y

i. log₄ 6 = y

k. log₁₀ 10 000 = 4

l. log₂ 16 = 4
Standard form of Logarithms
Standard Form
Consider the following:

12 = 1.2 × 10¹

120 = 1.2 ×10²

1200 = 1.2 × 10³

0.12 = 1.2 × ¹/₁₀

=1.2 × 10⁻¹

0.286 = 2.86 × ¹/₁₀

=2.86 × 10⁻¹

0.0074 = 7.4 × ¹/₁₀₀₀

=7.4× 10⁻³

Any number can be written in the form A × 10ⁿ, Where A is a number between 1 and 10 (10 not included) or 1≤ A < 10, and n is

an integer. When written in this way, a number is said to be in standard form.

Write each of the following numbers in standard from.

12. 26

13. 357

14. 4068 iv.15

000 000

13. 0.031

14. 0.00215

15. 0.005012

16. 0.000000152

17. 100 000

18. ⁴⁶/₁₀₀₀₀₀

Common Logarithms

Reading logarithms from the tables is the same as reading squares square roots and reciprocals.

We can read logarithms of numbers between 1 and 10 directly from the table. For numbers greater than 10 we proceed

as follows:
 Express the number in standard form, A × 10n .Then n will be the whole number part of the logarithms.
Read the logarithm of A from the tables, which gives the decimal part of the logarithm.
Then add it to n which is the power of 10 to form the positive part of the logarithm.

Example

Find the logarithm of: 379

Solution

In standard form

= 3.79 x 102

Log 3.79 = 0.5786

Therefore the logarithm of 379 is 2 + 0.5786 = 2.5786

Note: The whole number part of the logarithm is called the characteristic and the decimal part is the mantissa.

QUESTIONS

Use logarithm tables to express each of the following numbers in the form 10ˣ.

37. 8.2

38. 1.47

39. 4.73

40. 7.25

41. 9.89

42. 5.672

43. 8.137

h. 3.142
13. 2.718

14. 3.333

15. 12.3

16. 59.7

17. 82.9

18. 72

19. 96.1

20. 431.5

21. 7924

22. 1025

23. 1913

24. 4937

25. 237.7

26. 475 000

27. 3 910 000

28. 958 312

Logarithm of Positive Numbers Less Than 1

Logarithms of Positive Numbers Less Than 1

Example

Log to base 10 of 0.034

Solution

We proceed as follows:

Express 0.034 in standard form, i.e., A X10n .

Read the logarithm of A and add to n

Thus 0.034 = 3.4 x 10-2

Log 3.4 from the tables is 0.531 5

Hence 3.4 x 10-2 = 100.5315 × 10-2

Using laws of indices add 0.531 5 + -2 which is written as ̅2.5315.

It reads bar two point five three one five. The negative sign is written directly above two to show

that it’s only the characteristic is negative.

Example

Find the logarithm of: 0.00063

Solution

5. 6.3 ×10⁻³ (Find the logarithm of 6.3)

6. 10⁰.⁶⁹⁹³ ×10⁻³

7. -3 + 0.7993

8. ̅ 3.7993

QUESTIONS

Find the algorithm of;

9. 0.57

10. 0.00063

11. 0.0029

12. 0.0765

13. 0.82

Antilogarithms

Antilogarithms

Finding antilogarithm is the reverse of finding the logarithms of a number.

For example;

The logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3. So the antilogarithm of 3 is 1000.

In algebraic notation, if

Log x = y then antilog of y = x.

Example

Find the antilogarithm of ̅ 2 .3031

Solution

Let the number be x

x = 10̅2 .3031

14. 10-2+0.3031

15. 10-2 x 100.3031(Find the antilog, press shift and log then key in the number)

16. 10-2 x 2.01

17. 1 /100 x 2.01

18. 2.01/100

19. 0.0201

QUESTIONS

(1). Read from the table

18. 0.1461

19. 0.2487

20. 1.4900

21. 2.4835

(2). Find the number whose logarithm is;

Applications of Logarithms

Example

Use logarithm tables to evaluate:

Solution

a.

b. 3.14² = 3.14 x 3.14

Therefore, 3.14² = 9.858 x 10⁰

(v) 9

.858 c.

8.36³
Therefore, 8.36³ = 5.842 x 10²

= 584.2
Questions

Use algorithms to evaluate.

a.

b. 21.47 x 362.1

c.

d.

e.

Roots

Example

Note;

In order to divide 1.9754 by 2, We write the logarithm in such a way that the characteristic is exactly divisible by 2.
if we are looking for the nᵗʰ root, we arrange the characteristic to be exactly divisible by n )

1.9754 = -1 + 0.9754

= -2 + 1.9754

Therefore, ¹/₂ (1.9754) = ¹/₂(-2 + 1.9754)

=-1 + 0.9877

= 1.9877
Find the antilog of 1.9877 by writing the mantissa as power of 10 and then find the antilog characteristic = 9.720 x 10⁻¹ =
0.9720

Solution

Questions

Use logarithm tables to evaluate:

(1).

(2).

(3).

(4).

(5).
Compound Proportions and Rates of Work

Compound Proportions
The proportion involving two or more quantities is called compound proportion. Any four quantities a , b , c and d
are in proportion if;
a=c
b d

Example

Find the value of a that makes 2, 5, a and 25 to be in proportion;

Solution

Since 2, 5, a, and 25 are in proportion

2=a
5 25
5a = 2 x 25
a = 2 x 25
5
a = 10

Continued Proportions
In continued proportion, all the ratios between different quantities are the same; but always remember that
the relationship exists between two quantities for example:
P:Q Q:R R:S
10:5 16:8 4:2
Note that in the example, the ratio between different quantities i.e. P:Q, Q:R and R:S are the same i.e. 2:1 when
simplified.
Continued proportion is very important when determining the net worth of individuals who own the same business or
even calculating the amounts of profit that different individual owners of a company or business should take home.

Proportional Parts
a b
In general, if n is to be divided in the ratio a: b: c, then the parts of n proportional to a, b, c are /a+b+c × n, /

c
a+b+c ×n and /a+b+c×n respectively
Example

Omondi, Joel, cheroot shared sh 27,000 in the ratio 2:3:4 respectively. How much did each get?

Solution

The parts of sh 27,000 proportional to 2, 3, 4 are

2
/9 ×27,000 = sh 6000 →Omondi
3
/9 ×27,000 = sh 6000 →Joel
4
/9 ×27,000 = sh 6000 →Cheroot

Example
Three people – John, Debby and Dave contributed ksh 119, 000 to start a company. If the ratio of the contribution of John

to Debby was 12:6 and the contribution of Debby to Dave was 8:4, determine the amount in dollars that every partner

contributed.

Solution

Ratio of John to Debby’s contribution = 12:6 = 2:1

Ratio of Debby to Dave’s contribution = 8:4 = 2:1
As you can see, the ratio of the contribution of John to Debby and that of Debby to Dave is in continued proportion.
Hence John = Debby= 2
Debby Dave 1

To determine the ratio of the contribution between the three members, we do the calculation as follows:
John : Debby : Dave

12 :6
8 : 4

We multiply the upper ratio by 8 and the lower ratio by 6, thus the resulting ratio will be:
John : Debby : Dave
96 : 48 :24
=4:2:1
The total ratio = 7
The contribution of the different members can then be found as follows:
4
John /7 x ksh 119, 000 = ksh 68,000
2
Debby /7 x ksh 119, 000 = ksh 34,000
1
Dave /7 x ksh 119, 000 = ksh 17,000
John contributed ksh 68, 000 to the company while Debby contributed ksh 34, 000 and Dave contributed ksh 17, 000

Example 2

You are presented with three numbers which are in continued proportion. If the sum of the three numbers is 38 and the

product of the first number and the third number is 144, find the three numbers.

Solution

2
Let us assume that the three numbers in continued proportion or Geometric Proportion are a, ar and ar where a is the
first number and r is the rate.
a+ar+ar2 = 38 ………………………….. (1)
The product of the 1 st and 3rd is
a × ar2 = 144
Or
2
(ar) = 144………………………………..(2)
If we find the square root of (ar) 2, then we will have found the second number:
√[(ar)2 ]= √144
ar = 12
Since the value of the second number is 12, it then implies that the sum of the first and the third number is 26.

We now proceed and look for two numbers whose sum is 26 and product is 144.

Clearly, the numbers are 8 and 18.

Thus, the three numbers that we were looking for are 8, 12 and 18.

Let us work backwards and try to prove whether this is actually true:
8+12+18=18

What about the product of the first and the third number?
8×18=144

What about the continued proportion

a = ar = 2
2
ar ar 3

The numbers are in continued proportion

Example

Given that x: y =2:3, Find the ratio (5x – 4y): (x + y).

Solution

Since x: y =2: 3
x y
/2 = /3= k,
x = 2k and y = 3k
(5x – 4y): (x + y) = (10k – 12k) : (2k + 3 k)
15. −2k: 5k
16. −2:5

Example

a c
If /b = /d ,show that a − 3b = c − 3d.

b−3a d − 3c

Solution

a c a b
/b= /d→ /c = /d
a b
/b = /d = k
a = kc and b = kd

Substituting kc for a and kd for b in the expression a − 3b b −

3a

kc − 3kd = k(c − 3d)

kd − 3kd k(d − 3c)

Therefore expression a − 3b = c − 3d
b−3a d − 3c
Rates of Work and Mixtures
Examples

195 men working 10 hour a day can finish a job in 20 days. How many men employed to finish the job in 15 days if they work

13 hours a day.

Solution:

Let x be the no. of men required

Days hours Men

20 10 195
15 13 x

20 x 1 0 x 1 95 = 15 ×13 × x

x = 20 ×10 ×195 = 200 men

15 ×13

Example

Tap P can fill a tank in 2 hrs, and tap Q can fill the same tank in 4 hrs. Tap R can empty the tank in 3 hrs.

19. If tap R is closed, how long would it take taps P and Q to fill the tank?
20.Calculate how long it would take to fill the tank when the three taps P, Q and R. are left running?

Solution

1
44. Tap P fills /2 of the tank in 1 h. Tap Q
1
fills /4 of the tank in 1 h. Tap R empties
1
/3 of the tank in 1 h.
1 1 3
In one hour, P and Q fill /2 + /4 = /4 of the tank
3
Therefore /4 of the tank is filled in 1 h.
4 4 3
Time taken to fill the tank( /4) = ( /4 ÷ /4)h
4
/3 h
3 1
45.In 1h, P and Q fill /4 of tank while R empties /3 of the tank.
1 1 1 5
When all taps are open, ( /2 + /4 − /3 = /12) of the tank is filled in 1 hour.
5
/12 of tank is filled in 1 hour.
12 12 5
Therefore time required to fill the tank /12 = ( /12 ÷ /12) × 1 h
2
2 /5 h

Example

In what proportion should grades of sugars costing sh. 45 and sh. 50 per kilogram be mixed in order to produce a blend

worth sh. 48 per kilogram?

Solution

Method 1

Let n kilograms of the grade costing sh. 45 per kg be mixed with 1 kilogram of grade costing sh. 50 per kg.
Total cost of the two blends is sh. b(45n+50)
The mass of the mixture is (n +1) kg
Therefore total cost of the mixture is (n +1)48
45n + 50 = 48 (n +1)
45n + 50 = 48 n + 48
50 = 3n + 48
2 = 3n
2
n = /3
2
The two grades are mixed in the proportion /3 :1 = 2 :3

Method 2

Let x kg of grade costing sh 45 per kg be mixed with y kg of grade costing sh.50 per kg. The total cost will be sh. (45x + 50
y)

Cost per kg of the mixture is sh. 45x+50y

x+y

45x+50y = 48
x+y

45x + 50y = 48(x + y)

45x + 50y = 48x + 48y
2y = 3x
x 2
= /y = /3
The proportion is x : y = 2:3
Questions
1. Akinyi bought and beans from a wholesaler. She then mixed the maize and beans the ratio 4:3 she brought the
maize as Kshs. 12 per kg and the beans 4 per kg. If she was to make a profit of 30% what should be the selling
price of 1 kg of the mixture?
2. A rectangular tank of base 2.4 m by 2.8 m and a height of 3m contains 3,600 liters of water initially. Water flows
into the tank at the rate of 0.5 litres per second
Calculate the time in hours and minutes, required to fill the tank
3. A company is to construct a parking bay whose area is 135m2. It is to be covered with concrete slab of uniform
thickness of 0.15. To make the slab cement. Ballast and sand are to be mixed so that their masses are in the ratio
1 : 4 : 4. The mass of m3 of dry slab is 2, 500kg.
Calculate
a.
i. The volume of the slab
ii. The mass of the dry slab
iii. The mass of cement to be used
b. If one bag of the cement is 50 kg, find the number of bags to be purchased
c. If a lorry carries 7 tonnes of sand, calculate the number of lorries of sand to be purchased.
4. The mass of a mixture A of beans and maize is 72 kg. The ratio of beans to maize is 3:5 respectively
a. Find the mass of maize in the mixture
b. A second mixture of B of beans and maize of mass 98 kg in mixed with A. The final ratio of beans to
maize is 8:9 respectively. Find the ratio of beans to maize in B
5. A retailer bought 49 kg of grade 1 rice at Kshs. 65 per kilogram and 60 kg of grade II rice at Kshs 27.50 per
kilogram. He mixed the tow types of rice.
a. Find the buying price of one kilogram of the mixture
b. He packed the mixture into 2 kg packets
i. If he intends to make a 20% profit find the selling price per packet
ii. He sold 8 packets and then reduced the price by 10% in order to attract customers. Find the
new selling price per packet.

iii. After selling 1/3 of the remainder at reduced price, he raised the price so as to realize the
original goal of 20% profit overall. Find the selling price per packet of the remaining rice.
6. A trader sells a bag of beans for Kshs 1, 200. He mixed beans and maize in the ration 3 : 2. Find how much the
trader should he sell a bag of the mixture to realize the same profit?
7. Pipe A can fill an empty water tank in 3 hours while, pipe B can fill the same tank in 6 hours, when the tank is full it

can be emptied by pipe C in 8 hours. Pipes A and B are opened at the same time when the tank is empty.

If one hour later, pipe C is also opened, find the total time taken to fill the tank
8. A solution whose volume is 80 litres is made 40% of water and 60% of alcohol. When litres of water are added,
the percentage of alcohol drops to 40%
a. Find the value of x
b. Thirty litres of water is added to the new solution. Calculate the percentage
c. If 5 litres of the solution in (b) is added to 2 litres of the original solution, calculate in the simplest

form, the ratio of water to that of alcohol in the resulting solution