MINOR PROJECT

REPORT ON

“VISITOR COUNTING SYSTEM”

2023-24
Submitted to:

Prof. M.S Mandloi

Under the Guidance of:
Prof. Prakash Kumar Singh
Submitted by: 1. MRADUL GUPTA
(28)
2. AANJANEY
UPRIT (01)
 3. HARSHIT SONI

(19)
4. YASHWANT
RATHORE (68)
 Declaration

We, the undersigned, hereby declare our commitment to the successful

completion of the VISITOR COUNTING SYSTEM Project. This project aims to
design and implement a security system utilizing sensor technology to
detect how many visitors are inside the venue

Our team consists of Mradul Gupta, Aanjaney Uprit, Harshit Soni,

Yashwant Rathore. Together, we will dedicate our skills, knowledge, and
efforts.

By signing this declaration, we affirm our dedication to collaboration,

professionalism, and timely delivery, with the ultimate goal of enhancing
security measures through innovative technology.

SIGNED BY

 Mradul Gupta
(0301EC211028)
 Aanjaney Uprit
(0301EC211001)
 Harshit Soni
(0301EC211019)
 Yashwant Rathore
(0301EC211068)
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to all

individuals and organizations who contributed to the successful
completion of this project.

First, we extend our gratitude to Prof. A. K. Dohre Sir and M. S.

Mandloi Sir, whose invaluable expertise and guidance have been
instrumental in shaping this endeavor's direction. Their unwavering
support and insightful feedback have significantly enhanced the
quality and scope of our work.

We also acknowledge the contributions of Rewa Engineering College

for their assistance in Prof. Prakash Kumar Singh Sir. Their expertise
and collaboration have been pivotal in overcoming challenges and
achieving our objectives.

Furthermore, we extend our appreciation to our team members

whose dedication, professionalism, and collaborative spirit have been
integral to the project's success. Each member's unique skills and
contributions have enriched the project and propelled us towards our
goals.

Finally, we would like to thank all individuals and entities who, directly
or indirectly, supported us throughout this journey. Your
encouragement, assistance, and encouragement have been deeply
appreciated and made a meaningful difference in this project's
realization
 INDEX

Sr. No. Contets Page no.

1. Introduction 6-7
2 Objective 8
3 Components Used
3.1.1 Microcontroller 9-10
3.1.2 LCD 11-12
3.1.3 Jumper Wires 13
3.1.4 LED 14
3.1.5 Diode 15
3.1.6 Capacitor 16
3.1.7 Resistor 17
3.1.8 Crystal oscillator 18
3.1.9 IR sensor 19
3.2.1 Microswitch 20
3.2.2 Transformer 21
3.2.3 Voltage regulator 22

4. Circuit Diagram 23
5. Working Principle 24-26
6. Future Enhancement 27
7. Application 28
8. Advantages & Disadvantages 29
9. Software program 30-35
10. Conclusion 36

11. References 37
 1 INTRODUCTION

Introducing an Innovative Visitor Counting System: Enhancing Efficiency and

Analytics

In today's dynamic world, understanding visitor traffic is crucial for various

sectors ranging from retail to hospitality, healthcare, and beyond. To address
this need, we present our innovative Visitor Counting System—an advanced
solution designed to provide real-time insights into foot traffic, enhance
operational efficiency, and empower decision-making processes.

In an era where data-driven decisions reign supreme, our Visitor Counting

System offers a comprehensive approach to gathering and analyzing visitor
data. Leveraging cutting-edge technology such as sensors, cameras, or Wi-Fi
tracking, our system accurately tracks the flow of visitors entering and exiting
a designated space

.Our system's capabilities extend far beyond mere headcounts. By capturing

data such as peak visiting hours, dwell times, and popular entry points,
organizations can gain invaluable insights into visitor behavior and
preferences. This data serves as a foundation for optimizing resource
allocation, staffing levels, and marketing strategies to better meet customer
needs and enhance overall satisfaction.

Furthermore, our Visitor Counting System prioritizes user-friendliness and

scalability. With intuitive dashboards and customizable reporting features,
users can effortlessly interpret data and derive actionable insights. Whether
deployed in a single storefront or across a network of facilities, our system
adapts to diverse environments and scales seamlessly to accommodate
evolving needs.

In today's data-driven world, understanding visitor traffic patterns is crucial for

businesses and organizations of all sizes. The Visitor Counting System project aims
to address this need by providing an accurate and efficient way to track visitor
flow. This system goes beyond simple headcounts, offering valuable insights into
visitor behavior that can be used to optimize operations, enhance customer
experience, and make informed decisions.

Moreover, privacy and data security are at the forefront of our design
philosophy. We adhere to stringent protocols to safeguard visitor information,
ensuring compliance with relevant regulations and fostering trust among
users and visitors alike.

In summary, our Visitor Counting System represents a transformative tool for

organizations seeking to optimize operations, improve customer experiences,
and stay ahead in an increasingly competitive landscape. With its robust
features, intuitive interface, and commitment to data integrity, our system
stands ready to revolutionize how businesses understand and leverage visitor
traffic.
 2 Objective
The primary objective of the Visitor Counting System project is to develop a
robust and accurate system capable of monitoring and analyzing foot traffic in
various environments, such as retail stores, museums, public venues, and
office buildings. The key objectives of this project include:

1. Accurate Visitor Counting: Develop a system that accurately counts the

number of visitors entering and exiting a designated area in real-time. The
system should employ reliable sensors or technologies to ensure precise
counting, minimizing errors and discrepancies.

2. Real-time Data Collection: Implement mechanisms to collect visitor data in

real-time, enabling immediate access to insights regarding visitor flow
patterns, peak hours, and occupancy levels. This real-time data availability
facilitates timely decision-making and resource allocation.

3. Behavioral Analysis: Incorporate analytics capabilities to analyze visitor

behavior, including dwell times, popular entry points, and navigation paths
within the premises. By understanding visitor behavior, businesses can
optimize layout designs, staffing schedules, and marketing strategies to
enhance customer experience and maximize operational efficiency.

4. Integration with Existing Systems: Design the Visitor Counting System to

seamlessly integrate with existing infrastructure and systems, such as point-of-
sale (POS) systems, customer relationship management (CRM) platforms, and
facility management systems. This integration ensures interoperability and
enables cross-functional insights for comprehensive business intelligence.

5. User-friendly Interface: Develop an intuitive user interface for configuring

the system settings, monitoring visitor data, and generating reports. The
interface should be accessible to users with varying levels of technical
expertise, promoting ease of use and adoption across organizations.
 3 COMPONENT REQUIREMENTS

3.1.1 MICROCONTROLLER
In brief, a microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit that contains a processor
core, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip. It is designed for
embedded applications and is used to control various devices and systems by
executing programmed instructions. Microcontrollers are commonly employed in
electronic devices such as appliances, automotive systems, industrial machinery,
and consumer electronics, offering versatility, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness
for a wide range of applications.

In this we use ATmega328P-U Microcontroller

Unveiling the Power of ATmega328P-U Microcontroller: A Foundation for

Innovative Embedded Systems

Embedded systems play a pivotal role in powering a vast array of devices

and applications, from consumer electronics to industrial automation. At
the heart of many of these systems lies the ATmega328P-U
microcontroller, renowned for its versatility, reliability, and performance.
In this project, we delve into the capabilities of the ATmega328P-U
microcontroller, exploring its features and demonstrating its potential in
creating innovative embedded solutions.

Overview of ATmega328P-U:

The ATmega328P-U, part of the Atmel AVR family, stands as a

cornerstone in the realm of microcontrollers. Featuring a high-
performance 8-bit AVR RISC architecture, this microcontroller boasts a
rich set of integrated peripherals, including GPIO (General Purpose
Input/Output), ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter), USART (Universal
Synchronous and Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter), SPI (Serial
Peripheral Interface), and I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) interfaces. These
features enable seamless integration with a wide range of sensors,
actuators, displays, and communication protocols, making it an ideal
choice for diverse embedded applications.
3.1.2 LCD
The 16x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a commonly used alphanumeric display
module in various electronic projects and products. It consists of 16 columns and
2 rows, providing a total of 32 characters to display information. The popularity of
the 16x2 LCD module stems from its simplicity, ease of use, and versatility in
interfacing with microcontrollers and other digital circuits.

Key features of the 16x2 LCD module include:

1. **Character Display**: The LCD module can display alphanumeric characters,

symbols, and custom characters within its 16x2 grid, offering a clear and readable
output for conveying information.

2. **Backlight**: Many 16x2 LCD modules come equipped with a backlight,

typically in the form of LEDs, which improves visibility in low-light conditions and
enhances the display's readability.

3. **Parallel Interface**: The 16x2 LCD module interfaces with external devices,
such as microcontrollers, via a parallel interface. It typically requires a minimum of
6 to 8 data lines for communication, along with control signals for commanding
the display.

4. **Built-in Controller**: Most 16x2 LCD modules feature a built-in controller,

such as the HD44780 or equivalent, which simplifies the interfacing process and
offloads the microcontroller from handling low-level display operations.
Applications of the 16x2 LCD module span across various domains, including:

- **Embedded Systems**: Used as a primary or secondary display for embedded

systems, such as digital clocks, temperature monitors, and home automation
projects.

-**Instrumentation**: Integrated into test and measurement instruments,

including multimeters, function generators, and oscilloscopes, for displaying
measurement parameters and readings.

- **Education and Prototyping**: Utilized in educational projects and prototyping

environments to teach electronics concepts and develop proof-of-concept
prototypes.

Overall, the 16x2 LCD module serves as a fundamental display solution in

electronics projects, offering a balance of functionality, affordability, and ease of
integration for a wide range of applications.
3.1.3. JUMPER WIRE
Jumper Wires: Making Connections Easy
Jumper wires are the unsung heroes of the electronics world. These simple
components are essential for creating temporary connections in circuits,
especially during prototyping and experimentation.

Here's a quick rundown on jumper wires:

 What they are: Jumper wires are insulated wires with a connector pin at
each end. The pins allow for easy insertion into breadboards or other
prototyping tools without soldering.
 What they do: Jumper wires bridge the gap between components in a
circuit, allowing current to flow and making the circuit function.
 Benefits:
o Easy to use: No soldering required, making them perfect for
beginners and quick circuit modifications.
o Reusable: They can be easily disconnected and reconnected in
different configurations.
o Variety: Available in various lengths and colors, making it easy to
keep track of connections in complex circuits.

Jumper wires are a fundamental tool for anyone working with electronics. Their
simplicity and versatility make them a valuable asset for building, testing, and
troubleshooting circuits.
3.1.4. LED
LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are tiny workhorses in electronics projects. They
convert electricity into bright, colored light, perfect for indicators, signals, and
even lighting effects. Their low power consumption makes them battery-friendly.
A simple project might use an LED, resistor, and battery to create a glowing circuit.
More complex projects can combine multiple LEDs for colorful displays or connect
them to microcontrollers for interactive lighting effects. Their small size and
versatility make LEDs a staple for electronics enthusiasts.
3.1.5. Diode
Diodes, tiny one-way streets for electricity, are workhorses in electronics projects.
They allow current to flow in one direction, blocking it in the other. This makes
them perfect for:

 Protecting circuits: By preventing current from flowing the wrong way,

diodes safeguard sensitive components.
 Power conversion: In circuits with AC (alternating current), diodes can be
arranged to only let the positive half flow, converting it to pulsating DC
(direct current).
 LED control: Diodes ensure LEDs light up correctly by directing current in
the needed direction.

These little heroes manage current flow, keeping your projects safe and
functional!
3.1.6. Capacitors
A capacitor acts like a tiny battery, storing electrical energy in its plates. The bigger
the plates (capacitance), the more energy it holds. It blocks DC current but lets AC
pass through, making it useful for filtering and smoothing power supplies.

 Electrolytic Capacitors: These are a type of capacitor that can store a

large amount of electrical energy for their size. They are commonly
used in electronic circuits to smooth out power fluctuations and
provide temporary energy storage.

 Capacitance Range: 100uf-10000uf: This indicates the range of

capacitance values included in the kit. Capacitance is measured in
Farads (uF stands for microfarads), and it represents the capacitor's
ability to store electrical energy. Higher capacitance values can store
more energy.
 Voltage Rating Range: 16V-450V: This specifies the maximum voltage
that each capacitor can safely handle. Using a capacitor beyond its
voltage rating can damage it.
 Radial Package: This refers to the physical shape of the capacitors.
Radial capacitors have cylindrical bodies with two leads protruding
radially from the base.
 Green Color: This simply indicates the color of the capacitor casings,
which is not functionally important.

In summary, this is a kit of electrolytic capacitors in radial packages, with a

variety of capacitance values (100uf to 10000uf) and voltage ratings (16V to
450V). They are likely intended for general purpose use in electronic circuits.
3.1.7. Resistors
Resistors, the tiny workhorses of electronics, are like water valves in a circuit.
They control the flow of electricity by opposing its movement. Made from
materials like carbon or metal film, their resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).

Here's what resistors do:

 Control Current: By adjusting resistance, they limit the amount of current

flowing through a component, protecting it from damage.
 Voltage Division: Resistors can be used as voltage dividers, splitting a
voltage source into smaller, precise values for powering different parts of a
circuit.
 Signal Biasing: In some circuits, resistors set a baseline voltage level for
proper signal processing.

3.1.8. Crystall oscillator

The Heartbeat of Electronics: The Crystal Oscillator

Imagine a tiny tuning fork that vibrates with unwavering precision, dictating the
rhythm of an entire orchestra. That's the essence of a crystal oscillator in the
world of electronics.

This unassuming component utilizes the piezoelectric effect. A thin quartz crystal
within the oscillator vibrates at a specific, incredibly stable frequency when a
voltage is applied. This vibration, in turn, generates an electrical signal with the
same frequency.

Here's why crystal oscillators are vital:

 Precision Timing: Their consistent frequency forms the foundation for

accurate timing in countless devices. From computers and smartphones to
radios and TVs, they ensure smooth operation and reliable data
transmission.
 Stable Reference: Unlike other components susceptible to temperature
fluctuations, crystal oscillators maintain their frequency remarkably well,
making them ideal for applications demanding consistent timing.
 Compact and Efficient: They are relatively small, require low power, and are
readily available in a wide range of frequencies.

So, the next time you use your phone or watch a clear digital signal, remember
the tiny crystal oscillator behind the scenes, keeping the electronic world in
perfect time.

3.1.9. IR Sensor
Imagine a sensor that can see heat, not light. That's the magic of an infrared (IR)
sensor. It detects infrared radiation, a type of energy invisible to the human eye
but emitted by all objects with some heat. This makes them incredibly versatile
for various applications.

There are two main types of IR sensors:

 Passive IR (PIR) Sensors: These detect changes in infrared radiation, making

them perfect for motion detection. When someone walks by, their body
heat signature disrupts the sensor's reading, triggering an alarm or
activating lights.
 Active IR Sensors: These emit an infrared beam and detect when
something interrupts it. This allows for features like automatic door
openers or object counting systems.

IR sensors are compact, low-cost, and work well in various lighting conditions.
They're widely used in:

 Security Systems: PIR sensors are the backbone of many motion-activated

alarms.
 Automatic Lighting: IR sensors can switch on lights when someone enters a
room, saving energy.
 Temperature Control: By detecting heat fluctuations, IR sensors can be
used in thermostats or industrial applications.
 Touchless Controls: IR sensors can be used in touchless faucets, soap
dispensers, or even game controllers.

From keeping our homes secure to creating convenient interactions with

technology, IR sensors are a powerful tool, quietly working behind the scenes
using the invisible language of heat.

3.2.1 Microswitch
A microswitch is a miniature switch activated by a tiny physical press. Think of it
as a tiny on/off button disguised in a switch body.

Here's the lowdown on microswitches:

 Size: Much smaller than your typical wall switch, perfect for fitting into
compact devices.
 Trigger: Activated by pressing a lever, pushing a button, or detecting slight
movements.
 Applications: They're everywhere! From your computer mouse (detecting
clicks) to your car's brake pedal (activating brake lights), microswitches
quietly control functions in countless machines and appliances.
 Durability: They can withstand millions of clicks, making them reliable for
long-term use.

Microswitches are the silent workhorses in the background, ensuring our devices
respond precisely to our actions.

3.2.2 Transformers
In a power supply, the transformer acts as a voltage magician. Here's how it works
in 150 words:

 Input & Output: The transformer receives AC (Alternating Current) power

at a specific voltage (e.g., household voltage like 120V or 230V).
 Magnetic Magic: Coils of wire within the transformer use changing
magnetic fields to "induce" a current in another coil.
 Voltage Transformation: By adjusting the number of turns in each coil, the
transformer alters the voltage level. It can either "step up" (increase) or
"step down" (decrease) the voltage depending on the needs of the power
supply.
 Power Delivery: The transformed voltage is then delivered to other
components in the power supply for further processing and regulation,
ultimately providing the correct voltage level to power your devices.

In essence, the transformer is the key component that tailors the "electrical dress
code" of incoming power to perfectly fit the needs of your electronic device s.

3.2.3 Voltage Regulator

The unsung hero of consistent power: the voltage regulator. Imagine a faucet
controlling water pressure, but instead of water, it manages the flow of
electricity. In electronics, fluctuations in voltage can damage delicate components
or cause erratic behaviour. Here's where the voltage regulator steps in:

 Function: It maintains a constant output voltage, regardless of variations in

the input voltage. Like a dam controlling a river's flow, it regulates the
electrical pressure.
 Types: There are various types, each with its strengths. Linear regulators
dissipate excess voltage as heat, while switching regulators are more
efficient but can introduce noise.
 Applications: Voltage regulators are everywhere! They power our laptops
(ensuring stable voltage for the processor), keep our smartphones running
smoothly (regulating battery voltage), and ensure proper operation in
countless electronic devices.
 Benefits: Consistent voltage is crucial for reliable electronics performance.
Regulators prevent damage, ensure optimal device function, and extend
lifespan by protecting components from voltage spikes or drops.

In short, voltage regulators are the silent guardians of stable electrical flow,
ensuring our electronic devices function smoothly and reliably.
4 Circuit diagram
 5 Working principles

The working principles of a visitor counting system involve a combination of

hardware components and software algorithms designed to accurately detect
and count individuals entering and exiting a defined area. Below are the
detailed points outlining the working principles of a typical visitor counting
system:

o **Sensing Technology**:
 Utilizes various sensing technologies such as infrared
sensors, thermal sensors, laser sensors, or camera-based
systems.
 Infrared sensors detect changes in infrared radiation caused
by the movement of people, while thermal sensors detect
body heat.
 Camera-based systems use image processing algorithms to
analyze video footage and detect human presence.

2. **Entry and Exit Points Identification**:

 The system identifies designated entry and exit points

within the monitored area.
 Sensors or cameras are strategically positioned near these
points to capture the movement of individuals entering or
leaving.

3. **Data Collection**:

 Sensors or cameras continuously monitor the

entry and exit points, capturing data on
people's movements.
  Data collection may involve timestamping
each entry and exit event to track the flow of
visitors over time accurately.
4. **Processing and Analysis**:
 Raw data collected from sensors or cameras are processed
using algorithms to distinguish between valid visitor
movements and other sources of motion (e.g., pets, moving
objects).
 Algorithms filter out noise and background movements to
ensure accurate counting.
 Data analysis may involve identifying peak visitor hours,
dwell times, and popular entry/exit points to derive insights
into visitor behavior.

5. **Counting Mechanism**:

 The system employs counting mechanisms to tally the

number of individuals entering and exiting the monitored
area.
 Counts are incremented or decremented based on validated
entry and exit events detected by the sensors or cameras.

6. **Integration with Data Storage and Reporting**:

 Validated visitor count data is stored in a database or

memory for further analysis and reporting.
 Integration with data storage systems allows for historical
data tracking and trend analysis.
 Reporting functionalities enable users to generate reports,
graphs, or visualizations depicting visitor traffic patterns
and trends.

7. **Real-time Monitoring and Alerts**:

 The system provides real-time monitoring of visitor counts,

enabling users to track visitor flow dynamically.
  Alerts may be triggered based on predefined thresholds
(e.g., maximum occupancy limits), notifying users of
potential congestion or security concerns.

8. **Maintenance and Calibration**:

 Regular maintenance and calibration of sensors or cameras

are essential to ensure accurate counting performance.
 Calibration involves adjusting sensor sensitivity, camera
angles, or software parameters to optimize counting
accuracy.

By following these working principles, a visitor counting system can effectively

track and analyze visitor traffic, providing valuable insights for various
applications such as crowd management, resource allocation, and business
intelligence.
 6 Future enhancement
The future of visitor counting systems is brimming with exciting possibilities that
go beyond simple headcounts. Here are some potential enhancements we can
expect:

Advanced Sensor Technology:

 3D Cameras and LiDAR: These sensors can provide more detailed

information like visitor location within the space, allowing for heatmap
generation and analysis of traffic flow patterns.
 People Counting Cameras: Cameras equipped with image recognition
software can differentiate between adults, children, and even gender
demographics, offering deeper insights into visitor profiles.

Integration and Automation:

 Smart Building Integration: Visitor counting data can be integrated with

smart building systems to adjust lighting, temperature, or even music based
on real-time occupancy.
 Marketing Automation: Visitor data can be used for targeted marketing
campaigns, sending personalized offers or promotions based on visitor
demographics or behaviour patterns.
 Self-service Kiosks and Wayfinding: Integration with kiosks can personalize
the visitor experience by offering targeted information or directions based
on their location within the space.

Security and Privacy Enhancements:

 Anonymous Counting: Systems can anonymize visitor data, ensuring

privacy while still providing valuable insights into traffic patterns.
 Facial Recognition (Opt-in): With user consent, facial recognition can be
used for loyalty programs or personalized greetings, enhancing the
customer experience.

These are just a few glimpses into the exciting future of visitor counting systems.
 7 Application
Visitor counting systems extend beyond simple headcounts, offering valuable
insights into visitor flow and behavior.

Retail:

 Traffic monitoring: Track peak hours, analyze department popularity, and

optimize staffing levels for improved customer service.
 Conversion rate analysis: Combine visitor count with sales data to
understand conversion rates and identify areas for improvement.
 Store layout optimization: Analyze visitor movement patterns to optimize
product placement and store layout for a more efficient shopping
experience.

Events and Exhibitions:

 Crowd control: Monitor real-time visitor numbers to prevent overcrowding

and ensure safety.
 Exhibitor evaluation: Track visitor engagement at different booths to
assess exhibitor effectiveness.
 Attendance tracking: Gather accurate attendance data for ticketing and
future event planning.

Public Venues:

 Occupancy monitoring: Ensure fire code compliance and visitor safety by

tracking real-time occupancy in museums, libraries, or other public spaces.
 Resource allocation: Adjust staffing and resource allocation based on
visitor flow patterns for better service and space utilization.

Beyond these, visitor counters find applications in:

 Airports: Monitor passenger flow for efficient gate management and

security screening.
 Offices: Track employee foot traffic for space optimization and building
security.
 8 Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:-

1. Developing this circuit would change the complexity of life to simplicity.

2. It can be used anywhere like an auditorium, hall, offices, malls, parking

places, sports venue, etc. to count the visitors.

3. This is an economical cost-reducing & also time reducing system when

implemented in places where the visitors have to be counted and controlled.

4. This is a simple circuit to install & use.

5. It can also be used as a security alarm system to a restricted place.

Disadvantages:-

1. Our project only detects one single person at a time, when crossing the
door. It cannot detect multiple people at a single time.

2. To install it in a larger place, it needs updated IR sensors

 9 Software program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);

int s1=14,s2=15;

int totalcount=0,IN=0;

int OUT=0;

int LED=13;

void setup()

Serial.begin(115200);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

pinMode(s1,INPUT);

pinMode(s2,INPUT);

digitalWrite(s1,0);

digitalWrite(s2,0);

pinMode(LED,OUTPUT);

for(int i=0;i<10;i++)

digitalWrite(LED,1);
 delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED,0);

delay(100);

lcd.print("*WEL-COME*");

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("Visitor Counter.");

delay(2000);

void loop()

// Serial.print("in=");

// Serial.print(IN);

// Serial.print(" OUT=");

// Serial.print(OUT);

// Serial.print(" total");

// Serial.println(totalcount);

if(digitalRead(s1)==0) ////IN..
{

// Serial.println("in S1");

while(digitalRead(s1)==0)

// Serial.println("s1l");

unsigned long i=millis()+2000;

while(millis()<=i || digitalRead(s2)==0)

//Serial.println("in s1 while s2");

if(digitalRead(s2)==0)

while(digitalRead(s2)==0)

{}

IN++;

delay(1000);

break;

if(digitalRead(s2)==0) ////OUT.......
{

if( totalcount>0)

// Serial.println("in S2");

while(digitalRead(s2)==0)

// Serial.println("s2l");

unsigned long i=millis()+2000;

while(millis()<=i || digitalRead(s1)==0)

// Serial.println("in s2 while s1");

if(digitalRead(s1)==0)

while(digitalRead(s1)==0)

{}

OUT++;

delay(1000);

break;

}
 }

else

while(digitalRead(s2)==0)

while(digitalRead(s1)==0)

totalcount=IN-OUT;

Serial.print(OUT);

Serial.print(",");

Serial.print(IN);

Serial.print(",");

lcdprint();

}
void lcdprint()

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("T. Person= ");

lcd.print(totalcount);

lcd.print(" ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("IN:=");

lcd.print(IN);

lcd.print(" OUT:=");

lcd.print(OUT);

lcd.print(" ");

}
 9 Conclusion
In conclusion, visitor counting systems have transformed from simple headcount
tools into powerful business intelligence instruments. By leveraging sensor
technology and microcontrollers, these systems provide accurate data on visitor
flow and behavior. This data translates into actionable insights that can benefit a
wide range of organizations:

 Retailers can optimize staffing, product placement, and store layout to

enhance customer experience and boost sales.
 Event organizers can ensure safety through crowd control, measure
exhibitor effectiveness, and gather accurate attendance data.
 Public venues can monitor occupancy for safety reasons, allocate resources
efficiently, and improve traffic flow within the space.

The applications extend beyond these core examples, making visitor counting
systems a valuable tool for businesses and organizations of all sizes. By
understanding visitor patterns, these systems empower data-driven decisions that
lead to increased efficiency, improved customer satisfaction, and ultimately,
greater success.
 10 References
https://youtu.be/ZVHhfHfO0AI?si=8eddg85bWDvY2A0g
Design and Construction of a Bidirectional Digital Visitor
Counter: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234645128.pdf

Bidirectional Visitor Counter with security system and Automated Room Light
Controller: https://ijisrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Bidirectional-Visitor-Counter-with-
security-system-and-Automated-Room-Light-Controller-1-1.pdf (