RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department

CONCRETE
CHAPTER 4

TOPICS:
4.0 Concrete …………………………………………………………. LLENA
4.1 Portland Cement …………………………………………………. LLENA
4.2 Classes and uses of Concrete …………………….…………….… AGUSTIN
4.3 Test on Concrete ………………………...…….…………………. AGUSTIN
4.4 Types of Concrete …………………...……….……………….…. AGRAMON
4.5 Types of Admixtures …………………………….………………. AGRAMON

GROUP 3
ACTUAL WRITTEN GROOMING
NAME REPORT REPORT

AGRAMON, MARK DAVE E. (SO2)

AGUSTIN, JERAMIE ELLAINE I.

LLENA, RHEA HAZYN

SUBJECT: COMSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING (CE05)

TIME/DAY: 07:30A – 10:00A / TF
SECTION: CEIT – 02 – 401A
PROFFESOR: ENGR. ALELI N. REY

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 GROUP MEMBERS:

AGRAMON, MARK DAVE E (SO2)

AGUSTIN, JERAMIE ELLAINE I.

LLENA, RHEA HAZYN

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 Table of Contents

4.0 Concrete …………………………………………….……………….. 4

4.1 Portland Cement ……………………………………………. 5
4.2 Classes and uses of Concrete ……………….…………….… 7
4.3 Test on Concrete …………………………………………….. 10
4.4 Types of Concrete ……………………………………….…... 12
4.5 Types of Admixtures ………………………………………... 16
REFERENCES: ………………………………………………………… 19

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4.0 Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates (like sand and gravel) that hardens
over time to create a solid, strong substance. It's used in all sorts of construction projects because
it's affordable, durable, and can be moulded into nearly any shape. It is a building material made
by mixing cement, aggregates, and water in precise proportions.

Composition of Concrete
Concrete is composed of three main ingredients - cement, aggregates, and water. Cement
is the binding agent that holds the concrete together, while aggregates, such as sand and gravel,
provide strength and bulk.

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4.1 Portland Cement
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic
ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout.

Portland cement was developed from natural cements made in Britain beginning in the middle of
the 18th century. Its name is derived from its similarity to Portland stone, a type of building stone
quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England.

Types of Portland Cement

Type Portland Cement I: General Purpose Cement
Often referred to as ‘general-use’ or ‘all-purpose’
cement, Type of Portland Cement I, also called ordinary
cement or portland cement, is the widely preferred
option for various construction tasks. From building
structures like homes and bridges to paving roads, Type
I cement is designed to be versatile and reliable.

Type of Portland Cement II: Moderate Sulfate

Resistance
Type II provides moderate protection against
chlorides and sulfate salts, which can weaken concrete
and reinforced steel. This cement type ensures that
reinforced concrete buildings maintain their integrity
and longevity, even with concrete exposed to
challenging environments.

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Type or Portland Cement III: High Early Strength
Type of Portland Cement III is especially known
for its quick strength development. This type of cement
develops strength sooner than normal cement types,
making it suitable for rapid construction and early form
removal, even in cold weather conditions.

Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration

Type IV is a low heat hydration cement for use where the speed and amount of heat generated
must be minimized. It develops strength at a slower rate
than type I cement.

Type V: High Resistance to Sulfate

Type V is a sulfate-resistant cement that is used
only in concrete exposed to a severe sulfate action, mainly where soils or groundwater have a high
sulfate content.

White Portland Cement

White Portland cement is widely used for visual
effects in white or colored concrete that should be left
exposed, and also in white or colored mortars for masonry and rendering. It has the same properties
as type I, but it is manufactured from special raw materials that are substantially free of color-
forming compounds, such as iron oxides, which give
other cements their characteristic gray or gray-brown
color.

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4.2 Classes and uses of Concrete

Concrete is the most widely used mamade materia and they are calssified into different types:

Acccording to binding material used in concrete.

4.2.1. Cement Concrete
-Conrete that consist of cement, sand and coarse aggregates mixed in a suitabl eproportions
in addition to water is called cement concrete. Concrete cement is used as a binding
material, sand as fine aggregates and gravel, crushed stones as coarse aggregates.

Uses: commonly used in buildings and other important

engineering works where strenght and durability is of
prime importance.

4.2.1. Lime Concrete

- The concrete consisting of lime, fine aggragates, and coarse aggregates mixed in a suitble
proportions with water is called lime concrete. In this type of concrete hydraulic lime is
generally used as a binding a material, sand and cinder are used as fine aggregates and
broken bricks, gravel can be used as coarse aggregates.

Uses: Lime concrete is generally used for the sake of economy in foundation
works, under floors, over roof and where cement is not cheaply and easily
available in required quantity.

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According to design of concrete
4.2.3. Plain Cement Concrete
The cement oncrete in which no reinforcement is provided is called plain cement concrete
or mass cement concrete. This is strong in taking compressive stresses but weak in taking
tensile stresses.
Uses: Plain cement concrete is commonly used in
foundation work ad flooring of buildings.

4.2.4. Reinforced Cement Concrete

The cement concrete in which reinforcement is embedded for taking tensile stress. This
type of concrete the steel reinforcement is to be used generally in the form of round bars,
6mm to 32dia. This concrete is equally strong in taking tensile, compressive and shear
stresses.
Uses: commonly used for construction slabs, columns,
and foundation, prcast concrete

4.2.5. Pre-stressed Cement Concrete

The cement in which high compressive stresses are artificially induced before their actual
use is called pre-stresses cement concrete. This is induced by pre-tensioning reinforcemet
before placing the concrete, and the reinforcement is released when final setting of the
concrete take place.
Uses: This concrete can take up high tensile and
compressive stresses without development of cracks.
The quantity of reinforcement can be considerably
reduced by using this concrete

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According to purpose of concrete
4.2.6. Vacuum Concrete
The cement concrete from which entrained air and excess water is removed after placing
it, by suction with the help of vacuum pump is called vacuum concrete.

Uses: In this concrete the excess water which is

added to increase workability but not required for
the hydration of cement of concrete is removed by
forming vacuum chamber.

4.2.7. Air entrained Concrete

The concrete prepared by mixing aluminum in it is called air entained cellular or aerated
concrete. In this concrete bubbles of hydrogen gas are liberated which forms cell and make
the concrete cellular.

Uses: This concrete is used for lining walls and roofs for
heat and sound insulation purpose

4.2.8. Light Weight Concrete

The concrete prepared by using coke breeze, cinder or slag as coarse aggregate is called
light weight concrete. The concrete is light in weight and posses heat insulating properties
Uses: This concrete is used in making precast
structural units for pertition and wall lining.

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4.3 Test on Concrete
4.3.1. Concrete Slump Test
The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures
the workability of fresh concrete. More specifically, it
measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific
batch. This test is performed to check the consistency of
freshly made concrete. Consistency is a term very closely
related to workability. It is a term which describes the
state of fresh concrete, it refers to tr vith which the
concrete flows.

4.3.2. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

This test is done to assess the quality of concrete by
ultrasonic pulse velocity method. The underlying
principle of this test is - The method consists of
measuring the time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse
passing through the concrete being tested.
Comparatively higher velocity is obtained when
concrete quality is good in terms of density,
uniformity, homogeneity.

4.3.3. Compaction Factor Test

To find out the compaction factor for the given fresh mix of concrete.
Theory: Work-ability of concrete is the ability/ease with
which concrete can be mixed, transported and placed:
This is a major tactor which contributes to the other
properties of concrete also. concretes workable enough
then it can be compacted with less compacting effort.
So there is a relation between the amount of work
required to compact a given fresh concrete and the
work-ability of the concrete.

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4.3.4. Vee Bee Consistometer
Test: Vee Bee Consistometer test is done on
concrete that is either too dry for slump test or
compaction test. It is done to determine the
consistency of low slump concrete.
Specifications: The equipment consists of : A
Vibrating Table size 380mm long and 260mm
wide, resting upon elastic support at a height of
about 305mm above the floor, complete with
start/stop switch, cord and plug. A holder is fixed
to the base into which a swivel arm is telescoped
with funnel and guide sleeve. The swivel arm is
also detachable from the Vibrating Table. A graduated rod is fixed on a swivel arm and at
its end a plastic disc is screwed.

4.3.5. Flow Test

The flow table test or flow test is a method to
determine the consistence of fresh concrete.
Application When fresh concrete is delivered to a site
by a truck mixer it is sometimes necessary to check its
consistence before pouring it into formwork. If the
consistence is not correct, the concrete will not have
the desired qualities once it has set, particularly he
desired strength. If the concrete is too pasty, it nay
result in cavities within the concrete which leads to
corrosion of the rebar, eventually leading to the formation of cracks (as the rebar expands
as it corrodes) which will accelerate the whole process rather like insufficient concrete
cover.

4.3.6. Rebound Hammer

Rebound hammer test is done to find out the
compressive strength of concrete by using rebound
hammer. The underlying principle of the rebound
hammer test isThe rebound of an elastic mass
depends on the hardness of the surface against which
its mass strikes. When the plunger of the rebound
hammer is pressed against the surface of the
concrete, the pring-controlled mass rebounds and the

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extent of such a rebound depends upon the surface hardness of the concrete. The surface hardness
and therefore the rebound is taken to be related to the compressive strength of the concrete. The
rebound value is read from a graduated scale and is designated as the rebound number or rebound
index.

4.4 Types of Concrete

The kind of mixing you use depends on the type of concrete you want and need. There are
many different types of concrete and concrete building materials, some of which can be used for
the same purpose. It depends on the goal you wish to achieve. You can choose the appropriate form
for your concrete work to accomplish the task.

4.4.1. Normal Strength Concrete

- Normal strength concrete is made up of a combination
of several fundamental ingredients, such as, aggregate,
concrete and sand in a 1:2:4 ratio. This mixture produces
normal strength concrete that can be used for many
applications. It’s normally used for pavements or buildings that
don’t need high tensile strength.

4.4.2. Reinforced Concrete

- This form of concrete is widely used in industry and
modern type concrete construction. Reinforced concrete gets its
strength through the help of wires, steel rods or cables that are
placed in the concrete before it sets. These reinforcemen ts
resist tensile forces to avoid cracking or breaking.
Meanwhile, the concrete itself resists compressive forces to
withstand heavy weight. Together, the two materials create a
strong bond against many applied forces, such as vehicles.

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4.4.3. Plain or Ordinary Concrete
- This is another concrete that uses the common mix
design made using the same mixing proportions as normal
strength concrete of 1:2:4 with its components of cement, sand
and aggregates. You can employ it to make pavement or
buildings where there is not a high demand for tensile strength.
Plain or ordinary concrete is also used in dam construction.

4.4.4. Prestressed Concrete

- Prestressed units are used for many large concrete
construction projects. To create prestressed concrete, you must
use a special technique. Like reinforced concrete, it includes
bars or tendons. But these bars or tendons are s tressed before
the actual application of the concrete. Normally, prestressed
units are created and assembled on-site. Prestressed concrete is
used to build bridges, heavy-loaded structures or roofs that have long spans.

4.4.5. Precast Concrete

- As with most classes of concrete, precast concrete
must be made and cast according to specific measurements.
Precast concrete units are eventually transported to the
application site and assembled for use. The advantag e of using
precast concrete is its speedy assembly. Since the units are
manufactured in a factory, they are of very high quality.

4.4.6. Lightweight Concrete

- Lightweight concrete is any kind of concrete that has
a density of less than 1920kg/m3. Lightweight concrete is
created by using lightweight aggregates. Aggregates are
ingredients that add to the density of the style of concrete. What
makes this concrete unique is that it uses pumice rock instead
of other rock aggregates.

4.4.7. High-Density Concrete

- High-density concrete has a very specific purpose. It is
frequently used in the construction of atomic power plants. The
heavyweight aggregates used in the creation of high-density
concrete help the structure resist radiation.

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4.4.8. Stamped Concrete
- Stamped concrete is an architectural concrete where
realistic patterns similar to natural stones, granites, and tiles can
be obtained by placing impression of professional stamping
pads. Different coloring stains and texture work will finally give
a finish that is very similar to costlier natural stones. A high
aesthetic look can be obtained from a stamped finish
economically.

4.4.9. Air-Entrained Concrete

- These are concrete types into which air is intentionally
entrained for an amount of 3 to 6% of the concrete. The air
entrainment in the concrete is achieved by the addition of foams
or gas - foaming agents.

4.4.10. Ready-Mix Concrete

- This concrete is mixed as it is transported to the site in
the familiar cement trucks seen often on roads and highways.
Once the trucks reach the worksite, the cement can be used
immediately because it does not need further treatment.
Creating ready-mix concrete requires a centralized location
where the concrete can be prepared. If the concrete takes too
long to reach the worksite, it will be of no use.

4.4.11. Self-Consolidated Concrete

- Self-consolidating concrete will compact on its own
due to its weight when put in place. This non-segregating,
highly flowable concrete will fill the formwork and spread
easily into place to encapsulate the reinforcement without the
need for vibration or mechanical consolidation. This highly
workable concrete is best used for applications and areas where
there is thick reinforcement.

4.4.12. Volumetric Concrete

- This concrete was created as an alternative to ready-
mix concrete to address the problem of long distances between
the concrete plant and construction sites. It requires specialized
trucks known as volumetric mobile mixers. They carry the
concrete ingredients and the water that will be mixed at the
construction site.

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4.4.13. Polymer Concrete
- Polymer concrete aggregates, compared to those in
other concrete types, are bound together in a matrix with polymer
instead of cement. This type of concrete is made of limestone
gravels, silica, quartz, granite pebbles and other high-
compressive strength materials.

4.4.14. Rapid Strength Concrete

- As the name implies these concretes will acquire
strength with few hours after its m anufacture. Hence the
formwork removal is made easy and hence the building
construction is covered fastly. These have a wide spread
application in the road repairs as they can be reused after few
hours.

4.4.15. Pervious Concrete

- This is one of the most common kinds of concrete used
to build roads and pavements. It is designed to deal with the
problems of stormwater runoff and pools of water and puddles
on roadways or airport runways.

4.4.16. Vacuum Concrete

- Concrete with water content more than required
quantity is poured into the formwork. The excess water is then
removed out with the help of a vacuum pump without waiting
for the concrete to undergo setting.

4.4.17. Limecrete
- Limecrete is a combination of natural hydraulic lime
and lightweight aggregate or sand, which can be used as an
alternative to concrete. It’s mainly used for the construction of
floors, vaults and domes. Limecrete has many environmental
benefits because it is so easily cleaned and is renewable. It can
also be used with radiant floor heating.

4.4.18. Glass Concrete

- The recycled glass can be used as aggregates in
concrete. Thus, we get a concrete of modern times, the glass
concrete. This concrete will increase the aesthetic appeal of the
concrete. They also provide long-term strength and better
thermal insulation.

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4.4.19. Asphalt Concrete
- More commonly known as
“asphalt” or “blacktop,” this is a form
of concrete often used for constructing
sidewalks, roads, parking lots, airport
runways and
highways— almost anywhere
pavement is needed. Asphalt is a dark
mineral composed of bitumens, which
are a form of hydrocarbons.

4.5 Types of Admixtures

Concrete admixtures refer to
some materials added before or
during the mixing process of
concrete to improve the performance
of new mixed concrete or hardened
concrete. These admixtures are added
to concrete in small amounts, usually
no more than 5% of the mass of
cement, to significantly improve the
workability, strength, durability or
adjust the setting time of concrete. At the same time, the use of concrete admixtures also helps
save cement, improve construction efficiency, and meet different engineering needs.

NSCP-2015: Admixture shall conform to (1) through (4):

1. Water reduction and setting time modification: ASTM C494M;
2. Producing flowing concrete: ASTM C1017M;
3. Air entrainment: ASTM C260M;
4. Inhibiting chloride-induced corrosion: ASTM C1582M.

ASTM C494M
- ASTM C494/C494M applies to chemical
admixtures, such as air-entraining admixtures,
retarding admixtures, accelerating admixtures,
water-reducing admixtures, and combination
admixtures. This provides a framework for
ensuring that chemical admixtures meet
minimum requirements for performance, safety,
and quality.

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The standard covers the following types of admixtures:
• Type A: Water Reducing
- Chemical admixtures for use in concrete that will be exposed to normal
atmospheric conditions.
• Type B: Retarding
- Chemical admixtures for use in concrete that will be exposed to freezing and
thawing.
• Type C: Accelerating
- Chemical admixtures for use in concrete that will be exposed to aggressive
chemical environments.
• Type D: Water Reducing and Retarding
- Chemical admixtures for use in concrete that will be exposed to high
temperatures.
• Type E: Water Reducing and Accelerating
- Chemical admixtures for use in concrete that will be exposed to extreme
weather conditions.
• Type F: Water Reducing, High Range
- Chemical admixtures for use in concrete that will be exposed to sulfate-rich
environments.
• Type G: Water Reducing, High Range and Retarding
- Chemical admixtures for use in concrete that will be exposed to seawater.

The standard specifies requirements for: Chemical composition, Physical properties,

Performance tests, Packaging and labeling, Certification and marking. The standard outlines
testing procedures for evaluating the performance of chemical admixtures, including: Slump test,
Air content test, Setting time test, Compressive strength test, Durability tests

ASTM C1017M
- ASTM C1017/C1017M is a standard test method evaluates the
drying shrinkage of mortar specimens containing admixtures,
such as chemical admixtures, fiber reinforcements, or other
additives. The test involves preparing mortar specimens with and
without admixtures, and then measuring their length change over
time as they dry. The test is typically conducted in a controlled
environment with a temperature of 23 ± 2°C (73 ± 3.6°F) and a
relative humidity of 50 ± 5%. The test results provide a measure
of the admixture's effect on the mortar's drying shrinkage, which
can be an important factor in the durability and performance of
concrete structures.

This standard test method is applicable to various industries, including:

Construction, Building materials, Cement and concrete, Admixture manufacturing

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ASTM C260M
- ASTM C260/C260M is a standard specification
published by the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM). This standard specification applies to
air-entraining admixtures that are added to concrete to
intentionally introduce and distribute air bubbles
throughout the mixture.

The standard specifies requirements for:

1. Chemical composition:
The admixture shall not contain any substances that will
affect the strength, durability, or appearance of the
concrete.
2. Physical properties:
The admixture shall meet specified requirements for density, viscosity, and pH.
3. Air-entraining properties:
The admixture shall be capable of introducing and distributing air bubbles throughout the concrete
mixture.
4. Performance tests:
The admixture shall meet specified requirements for air content, slump, and compressive strength.

ASTM C1582M
- ASTM C1582/C1582M is a standard test method evaluates the scaling resistance of concrete
specimens exposed to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Scaling resistance refers to the
ability of concrete to resist the loss of surface mortar and aggregates due to exposure to freezing
and thawing.

The test involves preparing concrete specimens, applying a scaling solution, and then subjecting
the specimens to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. The specimens are evaluated for scaling
resistance by measuring the mass loss and visual rating of the scaled surface.

This standard test method is applicable to various industries, including: Construction, Building
materials, Cement and concrete, Transportation infrastructure

Main functions of concrete additives:

The functions of concrete admixtures are mainly reflected in improving the performance,
workability, strength, durability and working performance of concrete to meet the requirements of
different projects for concrete performance.
- Improve the construction performance of concrete.
- Adjust the setting time.
- Enhance the strength and durability of concrete.
- Control the deformation and cracking of concrete.
- Improve the working performance of concrete.

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REFERENCES:

Pumping, D. C. (2024, July 18). The different concrete types | Different concrete types. Dynamic
Concrete Pumping. https://www.dcpu1.com/blog/different-types-of-
concrete/#1_Normal_Strength_Concrete

23 Types of Concrete Used in Construction and their Applications. (2018, September 6).
theconstructor.org. https://theconstructor.org/concrete/types-concrete-applications/19779/

Admin_Kingsun. (2024, October 31). Concrete admixtures. Kingsun Chemicals.

https://kingsunchemical.com/concrete-admixtures/amp/?gad_source=1

Standard specification for admixtures to inhibit Chloride-Induced corrosion of reinforcing steel

in concrete. (n.d.). https://www.astm.org/c1582_c1582m-11r17e01.html

Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for concrete. (n.d.).

https://www.astm.org/c0260_c0260m-10ar16.html

Standard Specification for Chemical admixtures for use in producing flowing Concrete
(Withdrawn 2022). (n.d.). https://www.astm.org/c1017_c1017m-13e01.html

Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. (n.d.).

https://www.astm.org/c0494_c0494m-17.html

National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

Giatec Scientific Inc. (2020, June 11). 7 methods for testing concrete strength. For Construction
Pros.
https://www.forconstructionpros.com/concrete/article/21072546/giatec-scientific-inc-7-
methods-for-testing-concrete-strength

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