2223 SPC F2 Unit 8 Electricity (Student_s Version)
2223 SPC F2 Unit 8 Electricity (Student_s Version)
Cyrus Lee
Name: ________________________________ Class:ZF
______ ( n )
Contents
Unit 8 Electricity .................................................................................................................. 2
8.1 Circuit Symbols and Circuit Diagram ......................................................................... 2
8.2 Simple Circuit ............................................................................................................ 3
8.3 Electric Current, Heating Effect and Fuse .................................................................. 5
Assignment: Fuse ..................................................................................................... 7
8.4 Voltage, Current and Resistance................................................................................. 8
Scientific Investigation: Voltage, Current and Resistance ......................................... 9
Assignment: Ohm’s Law ......................................................................................... 14
8.5 Resistance ................................................................................................................ 15
(a) Scientific Investigation: Factors affecting the resistance of a wire ................. 15
Assignment: Factors affecting the resistance of a wire ........................................... 18
(b) Rheostat ........................................................................................................ 20
Assignment: Rheostat ............................................................................................. 24
8.6 Mains Voltage and Domestic Circuits ...................................................................... 26
Practical Examination............................................................................................ 27
8.7 STEM Project – DIY a power toy ............................................................................ 29
8.8 Further Reading ....................................................................................................... 32
(a) Is Silicon a Metal? ........................................................................................ 32
(b) Who Discovered Electricity? ......................................................................... 34
(c) Promotion of Electric Vehicles ...................................................................... 36
8.9 Check Your Understanding ...................................................................................... 38
8.10 Reference Table ....................................................................................................... 40
↓ isconnected
Allows part of the circuit to be ___________
Switch
bulb light
Gives off ________ when electricity is
Light passed through it
Restricts the flow of current in a circuit
____________
Resistor
varies
____________ the current flowing through a
heostat
R circuit
current in a circuit, which
Measures the ________
Ammeter series
must be connected in _________
Measures the voltage across a component,
voltmeter
parallel
which must be connected in _________
Indicates the junction of wires
Junction
Which of the following is / are correct way(s) to draw some batteries? Circle the correct
answer(s).
00
2022-23 F.2 Integrated Science Unit 8 Page 2
8.2 Simple Circuit
You are going to build a simple circuit to light an LED light bulb. You are provided
with the following materials:
Plastic bag and label × 1 Wire ×3
LED light bulb ×2 Swtich ×1
1.5V AA dry cell ×2 Small binder clip ×1
AA Battery holder ×2
Refer to Textbook (2A) P.178-179 for the guidelines to draw a circuit diagram. Draw the
circuit diagram of the circuit to light a light bulb.
⑰
Question:
O
Which of the following circuits does the bulb light up? Circle the correct answer.
A. B. C. D.
Conclusion:
cell
closed (open / closed) circuit with a source of electrical energy, e.g. __________,
A/An ____________ a
dry
is required for electricity to flow.
③2 ②
⑤
https://youtu.be/rpsdnr04KE0
Pre-lesson Task
1. Watch the video and complete the questions below:
a. switch opens, the charged particles are prevented from passing through.
When the _________
b. closed so as to create a complete
For the light bulb to turn on, the switch must be _________
path for the charged particles to flow.
c. current
The number of charged particles that pass by each second is referred as the __________.
d. battery
The charged particles flow through the light bulb because the _________ causes them to
zotential
have a higher _____________ energy on one side of the light bulb than the other. This
I
voltage
potential energy is referred as the ___________.
e. Which of the following is / are true?
-If both sides of a light bulb are at the same voltage, no current will pass through it.
When the voltage of the light bulb increases, the current flowing through the light bulb
decreases.
r
When the current flowing through the light bulb is higher, the light bulb is brighter.
2. Watch the following video, observe the wax and the nichrome wire.
https://youtu.be/SUEDHo5nF70
a. What can you observe about the wax on the nichrome wire when the current increases?
The wax melts
______________________________________________________________________
b. What can you observe about the nichrome wire when the current further increases?
thermal energy
The richrome wire becomes let hot and
glows --
of current
______________________________________________________________________
c. You observed the heating effect of electric current. Write the energy conversion
occurring in the nichrome wire above.
-> thermal
Electrical
energy
It
______________________________________________________________________
energy light energy)
the more current,
2022-23 F.2 Integrated Science Unit 8 Page 5
the more heat
In-class Activity
1. You are provided with a power supply (8V), a light
bulb, a switch and an ammeter. Draw a circuit
diagram to show how the current is measured in the
circuit. A
2. Add a thick tungsten wire in series to the light bulb in your circuit.
3. Observe the light bulb and tungsten wire. Does the tungsten wire or light bulb burn out?
Record the experimental results below.
Does the tungsten wire Does the light bulb burn
burn out? out?
Thick Tungsten Wire No Yes
Thin Tungsten Wire Yes No
4. Replace the thick tungsten wire with a thin tungsten wire. Observe the light bulb and
tungsten wire. Record the experimental results above.
5. fuse
Your teacher will give you two fuses. There is a number on the fuse called the _______
rating This shows the maximum current that can flow through the fuse without
_________.
causing the fuse to blow.
6. Observe the thickness of the wires in the fuses. What is the
relationship between the thickness of wire and fuse rating?
the fuse rating
when the wire is
thicker,
__________________________________________________
is
higher.
Note: A fuse will blow and break a circuit if the current is above its fuse rating
______ _________. We
higher
can choose a fuse with fuse rating slightly ________ (higher / lower) than the current
under normal operation to protect electrical appliances.
1. Steven purchases a universal adaptor with four USB ports. The ratings of the USB
ports are ‘1 A’, ‘1 A’, ‘2 A’ and ‘2 A’ respectively. (Assume that the ports can deliver
the current according to the rating even if they are used at the same time.)
USB Port
[
(a) If all the USB ports are used to charge electronic devices at the same time, what is
the total current flowing through the universal adaptor?
Current 1A -11A-12A -12A i. BA
______________________________________________________________________
=
0¥
(c) If the fuse of the adaptor blows, how can Steven fix the adaptor?
the ease with a new
______________________________________________________________________
He can
replace
2. Choose a suitable fuse (0.5A, 1A, 3A or 5A) for the following electrical appliances.
Electrical Current drawn under Fuse rating
appliance normal operation
Microwave oven 4.5A 5A
Rice cooker 2A 3A
TV 0.8A 1A
Voltage is the electricial push that makes free electrons flow in a circuit. Voltage in a circuit
voltmeterThe unit of voltage is rolt
can be measured by a ___________. V
______ (_____).
- just voltage
on U
A circuit diagram to measure
the voltage across one dry cell
Study textbook (2A) P.104. Draw the circuit diagram in Step 1.
v
paralell
*
E0o<
I
&
O -
& -
series (-2)
A circuit diagram to measure the current in a circuit
and voltage across the dry cell
opposition
Resistance is the ______________ of a material to the flow of free electrons. The unit of
on (_____).
resistance is ______
3. Hypothesis: When the voltage in a circuit is higher, the current is __________ ( higher /
lower ).
4. Design of Experiment
*
I
&
-
O
&
Table of Variables
Vo
Hay 2of the reading of cometer
No. of
wires
3. _________________________
1. series (parallel
Connect a switch, a light bulb, a dry cell, and an ammeter in a ________
/ series) circuit.
2. parallel
Connect a voltmeter across the dry cell, i.e. in __________ (parallel / series) with
the dry cell.
3. Measure the voltage and current.
4. Observe the brightness of the light bulb (high / medium / low).
5. Add one more dry cell and repeat step 1 to 4.
6. Experimental Results
8.
Ammeter reading (A)
0.
7 0.9
Brightness of the bulb
(high / medium / low)
med in m
bigh
Draw a graph of current against voltage in the circuit.
A
graph of current against voltage
in a circut.
______________________________________________________________
0.9-
0.8-
teacher's
result
-
0.7- X
current A
_________(____)
0.0 - X
0.5-
f I I I - I
O S
2 3 4 5
voltag
__________________
e
y
(______)
increases (inearly
When the voltage in a circuit increases, the current ________________________.
8. Conclusion
higher
When the voltage in a circuit is higher, the current is _____________.
Part 2
3. Hypothesis: When the resistance in a circuit is higher, the current is __________( higher
/ lower ).
4. Design of Experiment
Number of switches
2. _________________________
Number of dry
3. _________________________
cells
4. Number of wires
5. Experimental Procedure
1. series
Connect a switch, a light bulb, two dry cells, a resistor, an ammeter in a ________
(parallel / series) circuit.
2. Measure the current.
3. Observe the brightness of the light bulb (high / medium / low).
4. Repeat Step 1 to 3 using another resistor.
6. Experimental Results
Current LAS
7. Question resistance(s)
Describe the shape of the graph above.
decreases
When the resistance in a circuit increases, the current ________________________.
8. Conclusion
9. Discussion
current is lower.
_____________________________________________________________________
&electrons)
the current
decreases.
1. To keep the same resistance, we can compare the relationship between voltage and
A and ____.
current by using the data of sets ____ B
directly proportional
Voltage is _______________________
(directly proportional / inversely proportional) to the current.
2. To keep the same current, we can compare the relationship between voltage and
A and ____.
resistance by using the data of sets ____ D Voltage is
directly
the resistance.
prop Atonal
______________________________ (directly proportional / inversely proportional) to
3. By using the data of sets A and C, we can compare the relationship between current and
inversely proportional
resistance Current is ________________________ (directly proportional / inversely
__________.
-¥z
proportional) to the resistance.
current
resistance
current ×_______________
Voltage = __________
(A)
P. 100 - 110
(A)
r=÷
Assignment: Workbook (2A) P. 39 - 41 Unit 8.4
/
current.
T ~ F
2. Insulators have low resistance while conductors have high resistance.
T F
3. A student connects four resistors separately (R1, R2,R3, R4) to a 1.5 V Current
electric cell. The currents flowing through the four resistors are shown R1 0.5 A
in the table on the right.
R2 0.2 A a
lea
->
4. Which of the following copper wires has the smallest resistance? R4 0.6 A
A copper wire of length 0.5 m and thickness of 0.5 mm
vA copper wire of length 0.5 m and thickness of 1 mm
A copper wire of length 1 m and thickness of 0.5 mm
A copper wire of length 1 m and thickness of 1 mm
T F
r
5. A rheostat is a circuit component with a fixed value of resistance.
In-class Activity
Experimental Procedures
1. Refer to the textbook (2A) P.111, and draw the circuit diagram of the set-up. Connect the
circuit using the thin nichrome wire. Controlled vahlables
of wire
-
length
wire
01017 -
material of
is _
no . of electric cells
-
lightbulbs
2. Close the switch and record the ammeter reading.
3. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 using the thick nichrome wire.
Experimental Results
Conclusion
lower higher / lower ) resistance than a thinner wire.
A thicker wire has__________(
0
highero
Hypothesis: A longer wire has__________( higher / lower ) resistance than a shorter wire.
Conclusion
higher
A longer wire has__________( higher / lower ) resistance than a shorter wire.
1. Look at the diagrams below. Use them as a comparison to explain the effect of
thickness of a wire on the resistance of the wire.
thicker wire
↑ current→ Mgh
resist -7 low
This road is too narrow. The lorries move so slowly!
thlnnernire
ʳd*µ ☆ᵈ¥gp. ʳd*z .
ʳᵈ%og
••Ñ3-•Io •- •
WBE-o.ba •tB-•bo
current -7 -10W
resist > high
thickness of a wire. The lorries represent the
The width of the road represents the ____________
tree electronsin a circuit.
_______ ___________
higher 0
If the road is narrower, the ‘resistance’ to the lorries is _________ (higher / lower). Fewer
lorries can travel through the road in a given time. Similarly, if a wire is thinner, the resistance
18
2. Look at the diagrams below. Use them as a comparison to explain the effect of length of
a wire on the resistance of the wire.
Reference: Textbook P.
Assignment: Workbook P.
Current of a wire. The lorries represent
The length of the road represents the ____________
tree ___________
the ______ electronsin a circuit. The obstacles represent the ___________
resistance of the wire.
If the road is longer, the ‘resistance’ to the lorries is _________ (higher / lower).
Similarly, if a wire is longer, the resistance of the wire _________ (higher / lower).
19
(b) Rheostat
(i) Sliding Rheostat
2
X
Z
2. Connect the circuit with terminals P and Q, and move the sliding contact from left to
No
change
right. What is the change in the ammeter reading? ___________________________ .
3. Repeat Step 2 by connecting to the following terminals. Now move the sliding contact
from left to right and record the change in the ammeter reading.
Terminals Change in ammeter reading
;¥÷-%
-08
P and X
(increases / decreases / no change)
Decreases
1 P and Z
Increases
X and Z No change
Q and X
Decreases
Q and Z
Increases
20
Data Analysis
Draw arrows to show the flow of current in the following scenarios:
a) Connecting P and Q
->
->
NO
Does the current flow through the resistance wires? _________
b) Connecting P and X
*
When the sliding contact is moved from left to right, the current flows through a
longerreuses
___________ (longer /shorter) resistance wire. Therefore, the resistance of the rheostat
↓ ecreases(increases /
___________ (increases / decreases). As a result, the current ___________
& Immer
decreases) and the bulb becomes ___________ (brighter / dimmer).
21
c) Connecting P and Z
->
tHtHt
-
When the sliding contact is moved from left to right, the current flows through a
shorter (longer /shorter) resistance wire. Therefore, the resistance of the rheostat
___________
↓ ecreases (increases / decreases). As a result, the current ___________
___________ increases (increases /
brighter
decreases) and the bulb becomes ___________ (brighter / dimmer).
(ii)
-ARotary-type Rheostat
The diagram below shows the inside of the rotary-type rheostat when the case is
removed. move
Terminal A
- Terminal B
Terminal C
1.
2.
Terminal A
Which two terminals should be connected to the circuit? ________________________
Draw arrows to show the flow of current in the diagram above.
and
BisO
22
Classwork:
Design a circuit which can control the volume of a buzzer using the rotary-type rheostat.
1. Draw the connecting wires.
Reflection
What can you do in order to find out more about this topic?
voltage?)
I
23
0%Assignment: Rheostat 15% Unit 8 Classwork
Late: -5M
One of the application of rotary-type rheostat is used as the volume control of speaker. Draw
arrows to show the flow of current in the following scenarios and explain the change of the
current, resistance of rheostat and the sound of speaker connected when the sliding contact is
moved clockwise:
i) Connecting A and B (A connects to the positive terminal of the dry cells)
of resistance wire
speaker
-
length move
-resistance
↑ currents flows
oo
current
&
-
-round of
↑A
thateve
lerg Terminal A S
Terminal C
wire
Terminal B
As the
length before,
of increases, the resistance
_____________________________________________________________________
will be
higherthan which means the current
_____________________________________________________________________ decreases
(so the volume of the
speaker
decreases too.
-_____________________________________________________________________
increases
ii) Connecting B and C (B connects to the positive terminal of the dry cells)
F
move
· currents flows
As the
be
Terminal A
low or than
length of wire
Terminal B
decreases, the
Terminal C
_____________________________________________________________________
will before, which means the current increases,
_____________________________________________________________________
restroy
Shatin,the
se volume of the increases.
speaker
_____________________________________________________________________
24
i) Connecting A and C (A connects to the positive terminal of the dry cells)
move
Terminal A
& Terminal B
Terminal C
speaker remains
unchanged.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
S
current through the
sliding contact
( to
-
no flow
25
8.6 Mains Voltage and Domestic Circuits
Pre-lesson Task
Watch the video and answer the https://youtu.be/nnmWqsxCLyI
questions below.
1. Complete the following table about the wires in a three-pin plug.
earth theto
wire
ground
instead of through our body This protects
_______________________________________________________________
shock
.
us from
getting an electrical .
Earth
fuse
Neutral
Live
26
Practical Examination
Refer to textbook P.139 – 141, you are going to wire a three-pin plug.
https://youtu.be/Ig9hkCpJ5kY
/2
Wires of suitable length
Unable to put the Barely able to put Able to put the cover
cover back the cover back back
0 1 2
/2
27
No / Small exposure of bare strands
All three stands are One or two stands All strands are
exposed are exposed covered with plastic
0 1 2
/2
Total /10
28
8.7 STEM Project – DIY a power toy
50% Unit 8
Aim: To hand-make a power toy Classwork mark
Instructions:
In this project, you should use the DIY set provided to make a power toy. To the Google
/r 14
classroom, you should upload: (Deadline: _____________________________)
1. a video (less than 5 minutes) about the procedures of making the toy and showing the
toy is working; and
2. completed worksheet.
You can add other electrical components to make the toy, e.g. extra wires, other sizes of dry
cells, motors, sensors, etc. However, you should not use a ready-made toy set.
You are welcome to make other toys of your own choice, if you have doubts, please consult
your subject teacher.
29
Design: Draw a circuit diagram of the power toy.
Light:
-
>
Spider: motor
y
Product: Attach a photo of your finished and decorated power toy.
30
Assessment rubrics Marks
Total /50
31
8.8 Further Reading
Properties:
Atomic Symbol: Si
Atomic Number: 14
Element Category: Metalloid
Density: 2.329g/cm3
Melting Point: 2577°F (1414°C)
Boiling Point: 5909°F (3265°C)
Source: https://www.thebalance.com/metal-profile-silicon-4019412
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimetal
32
Read the passage and answer the following questions.
1. According to the passage, write one property that silicon and metals have in
common.
high
have melting onthe
they
both
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. In terms of the physical appearance, what is the difference between silicon and a
metal?
silicon is but metal is shinier than silicon
grey
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
5. Search the internet, to find out in what condition does semi-metal conduct
electricity.
In a condition of high temperature.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
33
(b) Who Discovered Electricity?
Electricity is a natural force that exists in our world. It didn't
have to be invented. It did, however, have to be discovered and
understood. Most people give credit to Benjamin Franklin for
discovering electricity.
Benjamin Franklin had one of the greatest scientific minds of
his time. Up until that time, scientists had mainly known about and
experimented with static electricity. Benjamin Franklin took things a
big step ahead. He came up with the idea that electricity had positive
and negative elements and that electricity flowed between these
Benjamin Franklin
elements. He also believed that lightning was a form of this flowing
electricity.
In 1752, Franklin conducted his famous kite experiment. In order to show that
lightning was electricity, he flew a kite during a thunderstorm. He tied a metal key to
the kite string to conduct the electricity.
Just as he thought, electricity from the storm clouds transferred to the kite and
electricity flowed down the string and gave him a shock. He's lucky that he didn't get
hurt, but he didn't mind the shock since it proved his idea.
Building upon Franklin's work, many other scientists studied electricity and
began to understand more about how it works. For example, in 1879, Thomas
Edison invented the electric light bulb and our world has been brighter ever since!
But was Benjamin Franklin really the first person to discover electricity?
Maybe not! At the turn of the 17th century, English scientist William Gilbert
established the science underlying the study of electricity and magnetism. Inspired
by Gilbert's work, another Englishman, Sir Thomas Browne, made further
investigations and wrote books about his findings. Gilbert and Browne are credited
with being the first scientists to use the term "electricity."
34
Scientists have found evidence that ancient peoples may have experimented
with electricity, too. In 1936, a clay pot was discovered that suggests that the first
batteries may have been invented over 2,000 years ago. The clay pot contained
copper plates, tin alloy, and an iron rod.
It could have been used to create an electric current by filling it with an acidic
solution, like vinegar. No one knows what the device was used for, but it sheds some
light on the fact that people may have been learning about electricity long before
Benjamin Franklin!
For each type of the Nature of Science listed in column 1, write down (a), (b), (c) or (d) to
match the evidence of historical event in column 2.
d
creativity and imagination. storm clouds transferred to the kite and
______ electricity flowed down the string and gave
him a shock. He's lucky that he didn't get
hurt, but he didn't mind the shock since it
proved his idea.
(3) Science is affected by the c) Building upon Franklin's work, many other
technology and the types of scientists studied electricity and began to
equipment available over G
______ understand more about how it works.
time.
35
(c) Promotion of Electric Vehicles
Background
Installation of EV Chargers
As at the end of June 2021, there are 4,362 EV chargers for public use including
2,200 medium chargers in Hong Kong and 702 quick chargers in Hong Kong, covering
all 18 districts.
Reference:
https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/prob_solutions/promotion_e
v.html
Nitrogen oxides
___________________________________________________________
2. According to the passage, what is the advantage of using medium chargers over
standard chargers?
with standard medium
compared chargers,
___________________________________________________________
canchargers
reduce the to 60%
time
charging by
___________________________________________________________
up
36
3. Below is a chart of light-duty plug-in EV global market share, which country has
China.
the highest selling of EV? __________________________________________
Install more
chargers.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
37
8.9 Check Your Understanding
Concept Check
□ Circuit symbols are used to represent circuit components.
Electrical component Circuit symbol
cell
(1)
br
(2)
battery
(3) wire
(4)
switch
(5) bully
light
(6)
resistor
(7) rheostat
(8)
ammeter
voltmeter (9)
(10)
junction
(11) buzzer
longer
(27)___________ (longer / shorter).
rheostat a circuit component whose resistance can be changed.
□ A (28)___________is
earth wire,
□ The pins of a three-pin plug are connected to the (29)___________
neutral
(30)___________ live
wire and (31)___________ wire,.
Skills Check
□ Drawing of a circuit diagram
□ Connecting a closed circuit
series(parallel / series), while connecting
□ Connecting an ammeter to a circuit in (32)________
parallel
a voltmeter to a circuit in (33)________ (parallel / series).
□ DIY a power toy
39
8.10 Reference Table
40