Social Relevance

Project on

“MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE

MASTER OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (MMS)

(Under University of Mumbai)

SUBMITTED BY

ASHISH RAMESH CHANDLIA

ROLL NO – M2123008

Under the Guidance of

DR. (CA) MEGHA SHARMA

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

MMS BATCH-2021-23

THAKUR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES & RESEARCH

C-Block, Thakur Educational Campus, Shyamnarayan Thakur Marg, Thakur Village,
Kandivali (East), Mumbai 400101
 CERTIFICATE

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that project title “MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

IN INDIA” is successfully completed by Mr. Ashish Chandlia during the IV semester
in partial fulfillment for the award of Master’s in Management Studies recognized by
University of Mumbai for the academic year 2022-2023 through Thakur Institute of
Management Studies and Research. This project is original and not submitted earlier
for the award of any degree, diploma or associateship of any other University / Institution

Dr. (CA) Megha Sharma Dr. Pankaj Natu

(Asst. Professor, TIMSR) (Director, TIMSR)

Signature of Guide:

Date:

2
 DECLARATION

I, Mr. Ashish Chandlia declare that this Project Report - “MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN INDIA” submitted by me to the University of Mumbai through Thakur
Institute Of Management Studies And Research is a bonafied work undertaken by me is not
submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of any degree diploma certificate
or publish any time before.

Student Signature

Name: Ashish Chandlia

Roll No.: M2123008

Specialization: Finance

Batch: MMS 2021-2023 F1 - A

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is not possible to prepare a project report without the assistance and encouragement of
other people. This one is certainly no exception.

On the very outset of this report. I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt obligation
towards all the personages who have helped me in this endeavor. Without their active
guidance, help, cooperation and encouragement, I would not have made headway in the
project.

I would like to thank our Director Dr. Pankaj Natu and Thakur Institute of Management
Studies and Research for giving me an opportunity to learn and understand about the Finance
and Research aspects.

Special thanks to Dr. Megha Sharma for her valuable guidance in completing this project
and helping me to understand this project better and supporting me with her experience on
the same to make my project worth for my own benefit and also for the overall benefit of the
objective of the project.

My sincere and heartfelt thanks to all my teachers at the department of MMS, Thakur
Institute of Management Studies and Research for their valuable support and guidance.

4
 INDEX

Chapter No. Title Page no.

1. Introduction
1.1 Situation Analysis 8
1.2 Objectives 14

2. Literature Review 15

3. Research Methodology
3.1 Design 19
3.2 Data Collection 19
3.3 Data Analysis tools and Technique 19
3.4 Limitations 20

4. Data analysis 23

5. Waste Management Methods and Government 35

Initiatives

6. Conclusion 41

7. Recommendations 42

8. References 44

9. Appendix 46

10. Annexure 49

5
LIST OF TABLES

Title Page No.

1 Types of Solid waste 13
2 Sources of Solid waste 22
3 Solid Waste Generation In 46 Metricities 23
4 Municipal Solid Waste Generation (MT/day) in the State of 27
Maharashtra (2015-16)
5 Composition of MSW in Indian Metro cities 29
6 Predicted population Growth 31
7 Cumulative land required for waste disposal 33
8 State-wise status of MSW processing facilities in India 35

6
LIST OF FIGURES

Title Page No.

1 State wise statistics of MSW generation in India 26
2 Percentage of solid waste generation in Maharashtra 27
3 Composition of MSW in Indian Metro cities 29
4 Cumulative land required for waste disposal 33

7
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Situation Analysis:

Waste operation is accumulation, transportation, and transfer of trash, sewage and other waste
particulars. Waste operation is the way toward treating strong Wastes and offers
multifariousness of answers for reusing effects that do not have a place with junk. It's about
how junk can be employed as a profitable asset.

Waste operation is commodity that each and each family and trade owner in the world needs.
Waste operation arranges of the particulars and substances that you have use in a safe and
complete manner. “Waste operation or Waste transfer is all the exercises and conditioning
needed to oversee Waste from its inauguration to its last transfer. This incorporates among
other effects, collection, transport, treatment and transfer of Waste together with checking and
control. It also includes the licit and executive system that relates to Waste operation including
direction on resigned.” You'll discover there are eight major bunches of Waste operation
strategies, each of them partitioned into colorful orders. That bunches incorporate source drop
and exercise, critter nutritional, reusing, composting, growing, tips, burning and arrive
operation. You can begin exercising multitudinous strategies right at domestic, like lessening
and exercise, which works to drop the quantum of disposable used.

“Solid waste” refers to the garbage, the solid and semi solid waste matters of a community
except the ordure. Solid waste contains organic still as inorganic matters. Solid waste operation
includes the complete system of managing solid waste, starting from the gathering from the
first force to eventually disposing off it hygienically, in order that it's going to not be a nuisance
or produce any dangerous impact on close to by community. The solid waste operation
involves, operation at waste generation position, storehouse at the force of generation, primary
multifariousness, road sanctification, temporary storehouse at neighborhood position, regular
and periodic transportation of this briefly collected waste to disposing spots and treatment
shops. As per External solid waste operation and running rules-2000, solid waste operation is
within the obligatory perform of civic native bodies, still in factual observe the solid waste
operation is given the last precedence and also the duties square measure either not performed
or inadequately performed accordingly the city must face reliable issues associated with
surroundings and sanitation. As per the reports of the commission brought about by the Hon’ble

8
Supreme Court of Asian nation in March 1999, the deficit of profitable coffers, hamstrung
institutional arrangement, unhappy technology, weak legislative measures and unknowingness
publically towards solid waste operation has created the service most inferior and hamstrung.
The solid waste operation approach in Asian nation is veritably hamstrung, mistreatment
former and obsolete system, technology for storehouse multifariousness process, treatment and
disposal. There is no formal systematized system of isolation of perishable and non perishable
solid waste. The recovery and employment of waste is slightly done by scavengers and scrap
dealers that's veritably audacious to those that square measure concerned during this job

Waste operation rules in India are grounded on the principles of" sustainable development","
palladium" and" polluter pays". These principles dictate cosmopolises and artificial institutions
to act in an environmentally responsible and responsible manner restoring balance, if their
conduct disrupt it. the rise in waste generation as a by- product of profitable development has
led to multitudinous inferior legislations for regulation the style of disposal and addressing
generated waste are created underneath the marquee law of terrain Protection Act, 1986(EPA).
Specific types of waste are the content matter of separate rules and need separate obedience’s,
largely within the nature of authorizations, conservation of records and acceptable disposal
mechanisms. With speedy urbanization, the country is facing large waste operation challenge.
Over 377 million civic individualities board 7,935 metropolises and metropolises and induce
sixty-two million tonnes of external solid waste once a time. Solely 43 million tonnes (MT) of
the waste are collected,11.9 MT is treated and 31 MT is ditched in tableland spots. Solid Waste
Management (SWM) is one of the abecedarian essential services handed by external authorities
within the country to stay civic centres clean. still, utmost external authorities deposit solid
waste at a dump yard among or outside the city aimlessly. Advisers believe that India is
following an amiss system of waste disposal and operation.

9
The key to provident waste operation is to ensure correct isolation of waste at source and to
confirm that the waste goes through completely different aqueducts of exercise and resource
recovery. also reduced final residue is also deposited scientifically in aseptic tips.
Healthy tips are the ultimate means that of disposal for unutilized external solid waste from
waste process installations and different feathers of inorganic waste that cannot be reused or
reclaimed. Major limitation of this methodology is that the precious transportation of MSW to
far- out tableland spots. A report by IIT Kanpur (2006) set up the eventuality of convalescent
a minimum of 15 per cent or 15,000 MT of waste generated on a diurnal base within the
country. This, the report forenamed, may also offer employment openings to concerning
500,000 rag- selectors. The report redundant that despite large eventuality in massive
metropolises in this area, participation from on-profits or community is confined. In some civic
centers, individualities operating within the informal sector collect solid waste for each
doorstep to get a set figure and decide redundant fiscal gain from trade of recyclables. The
informal exercise trade plays a serious part in waste operation. It also ensures that lower waste
reaches tips.

There has been technological advancement for process, treatment and disposal of solid waste.
Energy-from-waste may be a crucial part of SWM as a result of it reduces the amount of waste
from disposal additionally helps in changing the waste into renewable energy and organic
manure. Ideally, it falls within the flow chart once segregation, collection, exercise and before
about to the land fill. However several waste to energy plants in Republic of India don't seem
to be operative to their full potential. Installation of waste-to-compost and bio-methanation
plants would cut back the load of lowland sites. The perishable element of India’s solid waste
is presently calculable at a bit over fifty per cent. Bio-methanation may be a answer for process
perishable waste that is additionally remains underexploited. It's believed that if we have a
tendency to segregate perishable waste from the remainder, it may cut back the challenges.
E-waste elements contain deadly materials and area unit non-biodegradable that gift each
activity and environmental health threats together with deadly smoke from exercise processes
and action from e-waste in lowland into native water tables.

The idea of common waste treatment facility is being wide promoted and accepted because it
uses waste as a resource by either victimization it as a co-fuel or co-raw material in producing

10
processes. This has diode to rise of Public non-public Partnership (PPP) models in waste
management that has open doors for doing business in waste management.

Bio-medical waste (management and handling) rules, 1998 order that there ought to be a typical
medical specialty Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF) at each 150 kms within the country.
CBWTFs are discovered and area unit functioning in cities and cities. However, institution of
useful CBWTF throughout the country should be ensured. Integrated common dangerous waste
management facilities mix secured lowland facility, solidification/stabilization and burning to
treat dangerous wastes generated by numerous industrial units. They contribute concerning
97.8 per cent of total lowland waste and 8 per cent of total incinerable dangerous waste
generated within the country, as per an setting ministry report.

India is speedily shifting from agricultural-based nation to industrial and services-oriented

country. About 31.2% population is currently living in urban areas. Over 377 million urban
folks live in 7935 towns/cities. India may be a immense country divided into twenty nine States
and seven Union Territories (UTs). There are 3 mega cities—Greater Bombay, Delhi, and
Kolkata—having population of quite ten million, fifty three cities have quite one million
population, and 415 cities having population a 100000 or more(Census, 2011a). The cities
having population of ten million are essentially State capitals, Union Territories, and alternative
business/industrial-oriented centers. Republic of India has completely different geographic and
environmental condition regions (tropical wet, tropical dry, semitropic wet climate, and

11
mountain climate) and 4 seasons (winter, summer, rainy, and autumn) and consequently
residents living in these zones have completely different consumption and waste generation
pattern. However, till date, no concrete steps had been taken to investigate regional and
geographical-specific waste generation patterns for these urban cities and researchers ought to
trust the restricted knowledge obtainable supported the study conducted by Central Pollution
instrument panel (CPCB), New Delhi; National Engineering and Environmental analysis
Institute (NEERI), Nagpur; Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET),
Chennai; and Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and trade (FICCI, 2009), New
Delhi. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM), a crucial part towards property
metropolitan development, includes segregation, storage, collection, relocation, carry-age,
processing, and disposal of solid waste to attenuate its adverse impact on atmosphere.
Unmanaged MSW becomes an element for propagation of myriad ailments. Within the
developed countries, solid waste management (SWM) belongs to distinguished thrust areas for
following analysis and economic and technological advancements have initiated
responsiveness of stakeholders towards it. High growth rates, speedily varied waste
characterization and generation patterns, growing urbanization and industrialization in
developing countries are the necessary reasons for being attentive towards MSWM as a lot of
space is needed to accommodate waste. Several studies counsel that reutilizing of solid waste
isn't solely a viable choice to MSWM however conjointly desirable—socially, economically,
and environmentally. One in every of the numerous issues in urban Republic of India is nearly
no segregation of MSW and disposal of construction and demolition trash (C&D), plastic
wastes, industrial and industrial refuses, and e-waste. Annually, concerning twelve million a
lot of inert waste are generated in India from street sweeping and C&D waste and within the
lowland sites, it occupies concerning third of total MSW. In India, MSWM is ruled by
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSWR) and
implementation of MSWR may be a major concern of urban native bodies (ULBs) across the
country.

12
Some of the major types of solid waste management are as follows: a. Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW), b. Hazardous Wastes, c. Industrial Wastes, d. Agricultural Wastes, e. Bio-medical
Wastes, f. Waste Minimization.

Table 1: Types of Solid waste

Common domestic wastes Approximate time taken for degeneration
Organic kitchen waste vegetables, fruits 1-2 weeks
Paper, cardboard paper 15 days-1 month
Cotton clothes 2-5 months
Woolen clothes about a year
Metal cans, tin, aluminium 100-500 years
Plastics 1 million years
Source: CPCB report

13
1.2 Objectives:

• To understand the concept of municipal solid waste management

• To analyze sources of solid waste

• To analyze the policy and regulatory frameworks related to municipal solid waste

management in India.

• To identify best practices and innovative approaches in municipal solid waste

management from India.

14
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: Challenges and Opportunities (2018) - This
review article discusses the challenges and opportunities of municipal solid waste management
in India, including issues such as waste generation, segregation, collection, transportation,
treatment, and disposal. It highlights the need for sustainable waste management practices,
policy interventions, and technological innovations to address the growing waste crisis in India.

Solid Waste Management in India: Status, Challenges, and Road Ahead (2017) - This paper
provides an overview of the current status of solid waste management in India, including the
challenges faced in waste collection, transportation, and disposal. It discusses the regulatory
framework, policy initiatives, and gaps in waste management practices, and suggests strategies
for improving waste management in India.

Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: A Policy Analysis (2016) - This
research article analyzes the policy framework for municipal solid waste management in India,
including the legal, institutional, and regulatory aspects. It examines the challenges and gaps
in policy implementation and suggests measures to improve the sustainability of waste
management practices, including stakeholder engagement, capacity building, and
technological interventions.

Mr. Sujitkumar(2015) “Survey Paper on Domestic Waste Management” in this paper the
survery was covering ideas of household waste administration – waste avoidance, gathering,
reusing and reuse. The investigation demonstrates that there is a low level of family unit
mindfulness about the natural ramifications of residential waste. Waste represents a risk to
general well-being and nature in the event that it is not put away, gathered, and Mr. Sujitkumar
(2015) “Survey Paper on Domestic Waste Management” in this paper the survey was covering
ideas of ménage waste administration – waste avoidance, gathering, reusing and exercise. The
disquisition demonstrates that there's a low position of family unit awareness about the natural
ramifications of domestic waste. Waste represents a threat to general well- being and nature in
the event that it isn't put down, gathered, and discarded meetly. The print of waste as an

15
undesirable material with no natural quality has overwhelmed state of mind towards disposal.
This study explores the domestic waste practices, waste transfer, and perceptiveness about
waste and good in a civic community.

Shailendra Jain and Manjula Jain (2015) published a exploration paper on “External SOLID
WET WASTE operation in PUBLIC PARTICIPATION”. The external solid wet waste is an
organic bit that contributes to around 40 of total waste and it's biodegradable. In the present
script, wet waste is generally mixed with other kinds of waste that isn’t bio-degradable. The
foul smell is generated from the wet waste if not disposed within 24 hrs. This smell creates
problem for people exposed to handling and operation system. All natural treatment
technologies applied to the wet (organic) waste treatment would bear isolation of biodegradable
and on-bio-degradable factors. Once the waste of different orders is mixed it becomes veritably
delicate to insulate them effectively. numerous large size shops in the country are constructed
to treat biodegradable waste with the ideal to recover energy and produce organic ordure but
its smooth operation faces great challenge of accurate isolation performing into factory break
down and failures irrespective of robust technology. This exploration paper focuses on unique
approach of public participation for isolation at source by planting micro position natural
treatment shops of capacity ranging from1.0 MT/ d to 5 MT/d. With the perpetration of below
approach and treatment technology, huge sweats that are presently put to insulate the waste
will be excluded. In addition to this, the energy and organic ordure as end product attained
from the treatment factory makes it as tone-sustainable.

Abhimanyu Singh (2014) has studied the waste operation standing & health goods in Agra
City, UP, as per his study, adding urbanization and assiduity in megacity city are responsible
to extend the generation of waste. Applicable operation of waste by the govt. association has
not been operative and could be a bit poor within the megacity. The number of uncollected
wastes is presumably going to extend daily with adding urbanization. Among the realizable
consequences, it's clear that the two clear choices for effective solid waste operation is either
consolidated or redistributed. still, to attain financial solid waste operation, therefore there is a
necessity to constantly analyses through the strengths and sins of the community yet because
the external pot supported on that an effective redistributed system may be progressed with the
donation of varied stakeholders in megacity city. Sensitization of the community is also

16
important to attain the on top of ideal. The general public may be altered by mindfulness
juggernauts and academic live. We would like to act quick because the city is formerly a parcel
of land of the numerous contagious conditions utmost of that are caused by hamstrung waste
operation. To avoid any epidemic, to produce the city healthy, profitable, and environmentally
property, there is critical need for strategic waste operation set up and a important perpetration
for same.

Akhtari (2014) Solid waste operation is on no account a complete system. System analysis is
one in all the ways in which for looking at its complicatedness and liaison with encompassing.
During this study, an approach has been tried by operation point defining the abecedarian
complications in waste disposal. This redounded in a veritably broad analysis that primarily,
honored the links between the solid waste aqueducts and their surroundings, and what's further,
illustrated the magnitude of environmental consequences connected with the full system.
Another vital issue is that the giant impact of undressed waste on the atmosphere. In many
cases, this impact is fresh dominating the entire image of an increased waste operation system.
The drop of undressed waste through advanced measures and an advanced waste
multifariousness system was known to be the key if vital revision is tried to. It's set up that,
exercising of solid waste in CEC assiduity helps in reducing the impact of solid waste on
atmosphere. There is a noteworthy compass for befitting diligence for exercise and exploitation
similar large quantum of solid wastes as coffers within the product of construction
accoutrements. formerly, ash has come vital material for multitudinous artificial operations,
also it's extensively employed in producing of cement, bricks, cement wares and roads
construction etc. The structure accoutrements attained from artificial, and mining solid wastes
have further compass for introducing new structure corridor that may also satisfy provident
side of construction to some extent. Eventually, the manner of looking at solid waste operation
with a broader perspective, could be a prospective approach to realize fresh simple analysis
and introduce a rational, operative and intertwined programs and programs; trying to greatly
avoid influences from affiliated- systems, and taking into consideration the capabilities of
energy and accoutrements from waste rather of simply see it as an area burden. bettered
mindfulness of call manufacturers could affect in fixing public artificial and socio- profitable
development programs and joined government programs in favor of processing solid waste
operation systems in developing countries.

17
Ranjith Kharvel Annepu (2012)- “Sustainable Solid Waste operation in India”. This study
examined the present status of waste operation in India, its goods on public health and the
terrain, and the prospects of introducing bettered means of disposing external solid waste
(MSW) in India. The systems and ways bandied are Informal and Formal Recycling, Aerobic
Composting and Mechanical Biological Treatment, Small Scale Bio methanation, Refuse
deduced Energy (RDF), Waste- to- Energy Combustion (WTE), and Landfill Mining (or
Bioremediation). This report is the result of over two times of exploration and includes data
collected from the literature, communication with professionals in India, US and Europe; and
expansive field examinations by the author in India and the US.

Ramachandra and Shruthi Bachamanda (2007) “Environmental inspection of External Solid

Waste Management”. The operation of external solid waste has come an acute problem due to
enhanced profitable conditioning and rapid-fire urbanization. Increased attention has been
given by the government in recent times to handle this problem in a safe and aseptic manner.
In this regard, External Solid Waste Management (MSWM) environmental inspection has been
carried out for Bangalore megacity through the collection of secondary data from government
agencies, and interviews with stakeholders and field checks. Field checks were carried out in
seven wards (representative samples of the megacity) to understand the practice and identify
the crunches. The MSWM inspection that was carried out functional-element-wise in named
wards to understand the efficacity and faults, if any, is bandied in this paper.

18
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 DESIGN
The research design is analytical in nature. This study helps to analyze the current position of
MSW in India.

3.2 DATA COLLECTION

This research is a secondary data. The data has been collected from various secondary sources
like reports of the CPCB, Planning commission Books and Magazines.

3.3 DATA ANALYSIS TOOL AND TECHNIQUE

1. Data Collection and Compilation: Data on municipal solid waste generation, collection,
transportation, treatment, and disposal can be collected from various sources, such as waste
management authorities, local government bodies, waste management facilities, and
research reports. This data can be compiled and organized for analysis.

2. Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics can be used to summarize and describe the
characteristics of municipal solid waste, such as waste composition, quantity, and
characteristics. Basic statistical measures such as mean, median, mode, and standard
deviation can be calculated to understand the central tendency and variability of the data.

3. Data Visualization: Data visualization techniques, such as charts, graphs, and maps, can
be used to visually represent the data and identify patterns, trends, and relationships. For
example, bar charts, pie charts, and histograms can be used to represent waste composition,
quantity, and characteristics, while maps can be used to show the spatial distribution of
waste management facilities.
4. Trend Analysis: Trend analysis involves examining data over time to identify patterns and
trends. Time series analysis can be used to analyze historical data on waste generation,
collection, and disposal to understand the trends and changes in waste management
practices in India over time.

19
3.4 LIMITATIONS

1. Lack of Infrastructure: One of the main limitations is the inadequate infrastructure for
solid waste management in many cities and towns in India. This includes insufficient
collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal facilities for solid waste. Many cities and
towns lack proper waste collection and transportation systems, leading to improper waste
disposal practices such as open dumping and burning.

2. Limited Financial Resources: Municipalities often face financial constraints in

implementing effective solid waste management practices. The cost of setting up and
maintaining waste management infrastructure, including waste processing and disposal
facilities, can be high, and many municipalities struggle to secure adequate funds for these
activities. This can result in suboptimal waste management practices due to limited
financial resources.

3. Lack of Public Awareness and Participation: Another limitation is the lack of awareness
and participation from the public in waste management practices. Many people in India are
not aware of proper waste disposal practices and may not actively participate in waste
segregation, recycling, or other waste management initiatives. This can hinder the
effectiveness of solid waste management programs and result in improper waste disposal
practices.

4. Inadequate Policy and Regulatory Frameworks: The policy and regulatory frameworks
related to solid waste management in India may be inadequate or not effectively enforced.
There may be gaps in regulations related to waste segregation, collection, transportation,
treatment, and disposal. Additionally, there may be challenges in coordinating and
implementing waste management policies and regulations across different levels of
government, resulting in inconsistencies and inefficiencies.

5. Lack of Technological Solutions: There may be a lack of appropriate and affordable

technological solutions for solid waste management in India. Many waste management
technologies require high capital investments and operational costs, which may not be
feasible for smaller municipalities or financially constrained areas. There may also be a

20
 lack of technologies suitable for the specific waste composition and characteristics in
different regions of India.

6. Social and Cultural Factors: Social and cultural factors can also pose limitations in
municipal solid waste management in India. For example, social attitudes towards waste
segregation, recycling, and composting may not be well established in certain communities
or regions. Cultural practices related to waste disposal, such as burning waste as a form of
ritual or tradition, may also hinder effective solid waste management practices.

7. Lack of Data and Information: Availability and quality of data related to solid waste
management in India may be limited. This can make it challenging to conduct
comprehensive research or analysis on waste management practices, trends, and impacts.
Lack of data can also hinder evidence-based decision-making and policy formulation.

21
 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
Table 2: Sources of solid waste

Source Typical waste generators Types of solid wastes

Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles,
leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes,
Single and multifamily
Residential special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer
dwellings
electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires),
and household hazardous wastes.).

Light and heavy

Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes,
manufacturing, fabrication,
Industrial construction and demolition materials,
construction sites, power and
hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes.
chemical plants.

Stores, hotels, restaurants, Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes,

Commercial
markets, office buildings, etc. glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes.

Schools, hospitals, prisons,

Institutional Same as commercial.
government centers.

New construction sites, road

Construction and
repair, renovation sites, Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
demolition
demolition of buildings

Street cleaning, landscaping,

Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings;
Municipal parks, beaches, other
general wastes from parks, beaches, and other
services recreational areas, water and
recreational areas; sludge.
wastewater treatment plants.

Heavy and light

Process manufacturing, refineries,
Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off-
(manufacturing, chemical plants, power plants,
specification products, slay, tailings.
etc.) mineral extraction and
processing.

Crops, orchards, vineyards, Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes,

Agriculture
dairies, feedlots, farms. hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides).
Source: Web.mit.edu

22
 • MSW is outlined as any waste generated by household, industrial and/or institutional
activities and isn't dangerous.

• Relying upon the source, MSW is categorized into 3 types: Residential or social unit waste
that arises from domestic areas from individual houses; industrial wastes and/or institutional
wastes that arise from separately larger sources of MSW like hotels, workplace buildings,
schools, etc.; municipal services waste that arise from space sources like streets, parks, etc.

• MSW typically contains food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, glass, metals, wood,
street sweepings, landscape and tree trimmings, general wastes from parks, beaches, and
different recreational areas. Typically, different household wastes like batteries and consumer
electronics additionally get involved with MSW.

Table 3: SOLID WASTE GENERATION IN 46 METROCITIES

Population - Waste Generation (TPD)

Rank City
2011
1999-
2000 2004-05 2010-11 2015-16
1 Mumbai (Mh) 12,442,373 5355 5320 6500 11,000
2 Delhi 11,034,555 400 5922 6800 8700
3 Bangalore (Krn) 8,443,675 200 1669 3700 3700
4 Chennai (TN) 7,088,000 3124 3036 4500 5000
5 Hyderabad (Tel) 6,731,790 1566 2187 4200 4000
6 Ahmedabad (Guj) 5,577,940 1683 1302 2300 2500
7 Kolkata (WB) 4,496,694 3692 2653 3670 4000
8 Surat (Guj) 4,467,797 900 1000 1200 1680
9 Pune (Mah) 3,124,458 700 1175 1300 1600
10 Jaipur (Raj) 3,046,163 580 904 310 1000
11 Luck now (UP) 2,817,105 1010 475 1200 1200
12 Kanpur (UP) 2,765,348 1200 1100 1600 1500
13 Nagpur (Mh) 2,405,665 443 504 650 1000
14 Visakhapatnam (AP) 2,035,922 300 584 334 350
15 Indore (MP) 1,960,631 350 557 720 850

23
16 Thane (Mh) 1,818,872 -- - - 700
17 Bhopal (MP) 1,798,218 546 574 350 700
18 Pimpri-chinchwad 1,729,359 - - - 700
19 Patna (Bhr) 1,683,200 330 511 220 450
20 Vadodara (Guj) 1,666,703 400 357 600 700
21 Ghaziabad (UP) 1,636,068 - - - -
22 Ludhiana (Pb) 1,613,878 400 735 850 850
23 Coimbatore (TN) 1,601,438 350 530 700 850
24 Agra (UP) 1,585,704 - 654 520 790
25 Madurai (TN) 1,561,129 370 275 450 450
26 Nashik (Mh) 1,486,973 - 200 350 500
27 Vijayawada (AP) 1,476,931 - 374 600 550
28 Faridabad (Hr) 1,404,653 - 448 700 400
29 Meerut (UP) 1,309,023 - 490 520 500
30 Rajkot (Guj) 1,286,995 - 207 230 450
31 Kalian-dombivali 1,246,381 - - 510 650
(Mh)
32 Vasai-virar (Mh) 1,22,1,233 - - - 600
33 Varanasi (UP) 1,201,815 412 425 450 500
34 Srinagar (JK) 1,192,792 - 428 550 550
35 Aurangabad (Mh) 1,171,330 - - - -
36 Dhanbad (Jh) 1,161,561 - 77 150 180
37 Amritsar (Pb) 1,132,761 - 438 550 600
38 Navi Mumbai (Mh) 1,119,477 - - - 675
39 Allahabad (UP) 1,117,094 - 509 350 450
40 Ranchi (Jh) 1,073,440 - 208 140 150
41 Howrah (WB) 1,072,161 - - - 740
42 Jabalpur (MP) 1,054,336 - 216 400 550
43 Gwalior (MP) 1,053,505 - - 285 300
44 Jodhpur (Rj) 1,033,918 - - - -
45 Raipur (Chh) 1,010,087 - 184 224 230
46 Kota (Rj) 1,001,694 - - - -
Source: CPCB Report

24
• In India, fast urbanization and uncontrolled rate of growth of population are main reasons
for MSW to become an acute drawback.

• In observance with population size per capita waste generation rate and its growth
throughout a decade are indicated in Table 2.

• It's anticipated that population of Asian country would be concerning 1823 million by 2051
and concerning 300 million tons once a year of MSW are going to be generated which will
need around 1450 kilometer of land to dispose it in an exceedingly systematic manner, if
ULBs in Asian country still consider landfill route for MSW management.

• However, these projections are on conservative aspect, keeping 1.33% annual growth in
per capita generation of MSW.

• Therefore, with 5% annual growth in per capita generation landfill space needed for
disposal of waste may be several folds.

25
 Figure 1: State wise statistics of MSW generation in India

Source: CPCB Report

• Waste generation rate depends on factors like population density, economic standard, level
of economic activity, culture and city/region.

• Figure one provides knowledge on MSW generation in numerous states, indicating high
waste generation in Maharashtra (115 364–19 204 tonnes per day), Uttar Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, West Bengal (11 523–15 363 tonnes per day), Andhra Pradesh, Kerala (7683–
11 522 tonnes per day) and Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka and Mizoram
(3842–7662 tonnes per day).

• Lower waste generation happens in Jammu and Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Goa, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Tripura, Nagaland and
manipur (less than 3841 tonnes per day).

26
 Table 4: Municipal Solid Waste Generation (MT/day) in the State of Maharashtra
(2015-16)

NP/Cant./
Region Corporation “A” Class "B" Class “C” Class Other
Mumbai 8600 - - --
Navi Mumbai 675 - 11 --
Thane 1560 30.13 3.32 --
Kalyan 1318 110 63 -- 14
Raigad - 49 25 58.7 --
Kolhapur 355 120 105 95.65 15.5
Pune 2900 126 140.5 121 78
Nashik 1135 47 195 152.14 27
Amravati 370 30 149.1 112.4 --
Aurangabad 935 96 152.5 303.23 6
Nagpur 1000 70 111 68.1 --
Chandrapur 120 28 109 77
Total 18968 676 1080.23 1002.54 140.5
Source: http://mpcb.gov.in

Figure 2: Percentage of solid waste generation in Maharashtra

Source: http://mpcb.gov.in

27
• Corporation – Eg: BMC
• A Class, B Class and C Class – It indicates council eg: Palghar M. Council
• NP – Nagar Panchayat eg: Shahapur Nagarpanchayat
• Cant – eg: Dehu Road Cantonment Board
• In the state of Maharashtra there are total 262 native bodies , comprising of twenty six
Municipal corporations, 13- ‘A’ category Municipal Council, 57- ‘B’ category Municipal
Council, 151- ‘C’ category Municipal Council, 09- Nagar panchayat, 06-Cantonment
Board generating 21,867.27 of municipal solid waste a day, of that the contribution in terms
of proportion by the corporation is 86.74 %, by a category of council is 3.09%, by B
category council is 4.94 % , by C category Council is 4.58% and by Others is 0.64 %.

• The general proportion of treatment is thirty one i.e. 6690.88 MT/day amount is treated and
therefore the remaining is disposed in pseudoscientific manner.

• Out of twenty six Municipal corporations, twenty corporations have obtained authorization
from MPCB for approved sites.

• 10 Nos. of Municipal corporations having process & disposal facilities. Presently solely
eight Municipal corporations have process plants in operations. 52 Nos. of Municipal
Councils having part process & disposal facilities.

• Maharashtra Pollution control Board has ready a outline statement of all native bodies
indicating category, populations, quantum of Solid Waste generations, status of
Authorization and Form–II submission by the native bodies. The total generation of Solid
Waste is 21,867.27 MT/day in Maharashtra.

28
 Table 5: Composition of MSW in Indian Metro cities

Percentage (%) by weight

Compostable Inert Paper Plastic Glass Metals Textile Leather
41 40 6 4 2 2 4 1
Source: http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org

Figure 3: Composition of MSW in Indian Metro cities

Source: Compiled from http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org

• The native economy impacts on waste composition, as high-income people use a lot of
prepacked product, leading to higher volumes of plastics, paper, glass, metals and textiles.

• Changes in waste composition will have a big impact on waste management practices.

• MSW might also contain dangerous wastes like pesticides, paints, used drugs and batteries.

• Compostable organics embody fruits, vegetables and garbage.

29
• Health care waste contains disposable syringes, hygienical materials and blood containing
textiles and is ruled by the biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 and
therefore the Amended Rules, 2003, and will not be mixed with MSW.

• The typical composition of MSW created by Indian cities is close to 41 wt.% organic, close
to 40 wt.% inert, with close to 19 wt.% potentially reusable materials, as shown in table
four.

• Most organic waste is generated from households, and inert waste is generated from
construction, demolition and road sweeping.

• Waste samples collected from Delhi, Ahmadabad and Bangalore indicate that MSW
composition varies between cities.

30
 Table 6: Predicted population Growth

Year Population (×106) Per capita generation (kg per day) Total waste generation (x 103 Tonnes per year)
2001 197.3 0.439 31.63
2011 260.1 0.498 47.3
2021 342.8 0.569 71.15
2031 451.8 0.649 107.01
2036 518.6 0.693 131.24
2041 595.4 0.741 160.96

Source: Compiled from http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org

• World waste production is anticipated to be around 27 billion tonnes p.a. by 2050, third of
which can return from Asia, with major contributions from China and India.

• Waste generation in urban areas of India is 0.7 kg per person per day in 2025, around four
to 6 times more than in 1999.

• The issues related to waste become additional acute because the size of communities
increase and this provides opportunities for suburbanized waste management by aid teams
and NGOs.

• The waste created in urban areas of India is around 170 000 tonnes per day, equivalent to
about 62 million tonnes annually, and this is often expected to extend by five-hitter annually
attributable to increases in population and dynamic lifestyles.

• Table 5 shows that urban India generated 31.6 million tonnes of waste in 2001 and is
presently generating 47.3 to 71.15 million tonnes. By 2041, waste generation is expected
to be 161 million tonnes, a quintuple increase in four decades.

31
 Table 7: Cumulative land required for waste disposal

Years Land Required KM^2

1990 170
2000 375
2010 555
2020 780
2030 980
2040 1180
2050 1320
Source: Compiled from http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org

Figure 4: Cumulative land required for waste disposal

Source: Compiled from http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org

• SWM disposal is at an important stage of development in India. There's a desire to develop

facilities to treat and eliminate increasing amounts of MSW.

• More than 90% of waste in India is believed to be drop in a disappointing manner.

• It's calculable that about 1400 km2 was occupied by waste dumps in 1997 and this can be
expected to extend within the future, as shown in figure 4.

32
• Properly designed waste disposal protects public health and preserves key environmental
resources like well water, surface water, soil fertility and air quality.

• Indian cities with containment lowland sites include Bombay, Kolkata, Chennai, Nashik,
Vadodara, Jamshedpur, Allahabad, Amritsar, Rajkot, Shimla, Thiruvananthapuram and
Dehradun.

33
 Table 8: State-wise status of MSW processing facilities in India
State Composting Vermicomposting Biomethanation Pelletization Waste to energy
Andaman and Nicobar 1 nil nil nil nil
Andhra Pradesh 24 nil nil 11 2
Assam 1 nil nil nil nil
Chandigarh Nil nil nil 1 nil
Chattisgarh 6 nil nil nil nil
Delhi 3 nil nil nil 3
Goa 14 nil nil nil nil
Gujarat 3 93 nil 6 nil
Himachal Pradesh 10 nil nil nil nil
Jammu and Kashmir 1 nil nil nil nil
Jharkhand 4 nil nil nil nil
Kerala 21 7 10 1 1
Madhya Pradesh 7 nil nil 2 nil
Maharashtra 6 2 5 5 2
Meghalaya 1 1 nil nil nil
Nagaland 1 1 nil nil nil
Orissa 1 nil nil nil nil
Punjab 1 3 nil nil nil
Sikkim 1 nil nil nil nil
Tamil Nadu 162 24 nil 3 nil
Tripura 1 nil nil nil nil
West Bengal 13 7 nil nil nil
Total 279 138 172 29 8

Source: Planning Commission 2014

• Table 7 states status of MSW processing facilities in India.

• Tamil Nadu has the highest composting facilities i.e., 162 and 0 facilities in Chandigarh
• Again, vermi compost facility is the highest in Kerala and West Bengal
• Waste to energy facility is present hardly in any state, Delhi has the highest i.e., 3 facilities.

34
CHAPTER 5: WASTE MANAGEMENT METHODS AND GOVERNMENT
INITIATIVES
• METHODS:
o Landfills:
Landfills are occasionally set within the civic areas particularly within the open space, where
the layers of solid waste are carpeted with soil. tips are generally created within the areas where
the massive volume of waste is generated and want to be disposed of. The waste or scrap is
disposed off within the massive hole dug within the ground. There are also chemicals or
unwelcome substances within the waste that bear to be carpeted duly.

On the contrary hand it jointly prevents the parentage of canvases and mosquitoes over the
rubbish. If the tableland is not designed duly it can unsanitary and extremely dangerous too.
thus at the tip of the day the cell is encamped by the 3- 6 in. thick subcaste of soil. Though in
step with the experimenter’s tableland may be terribly dangerous because it'll pollute the
underground water and soil and might beget the pollution.

o Incineration:
In the combustion, shops applicable waste is separated and also the remaining is burnt in the
giant furnaces. Once the system is completed solely the ash is left at the top. Throughout the
whole system the number of ash that's left is extremely concentrated of dangerous poisons. The
advantage of the burning is that the ash that's left will be employed in the development of roads.
Incineration methodology is also called because of the Thermal treatment, it's the foremost
sensible methodology of disposing the dangerous waste like natural medical waste.

o Recovery and Recycling

Resource recovery is that the system of taking helpful discarded effects for a named coming
use. These discarded effects are also refused to prize or recover accoutrements and coffers or
convert them to energy within the kind of useable heat, electricity or energy.

Recycling is that the system of changing waste wares into new wares to forestall energy
operation and consumption of contemporary raw accoutrements. recycling is that the third part
of scale back, process and Reclaim waste scale. the conception behind recycling is to gauge

35
back energy operation, cut back volume of tips, cut back air and pollution, cut back gas
emigrations and save natural coffers for unborn use.

o Plasma Gasification
Tube chemical process is another type of waste operation. Tube could be a primarily an
electrically charged or a extremely ionizing gas. Lighting is one kind of tube that produces
temperatures that exceed 12,600 °F. With this fashion of waste disposal, a vessel uses
characteristic tube firebugs in operation at 10,000 °F that's making a chemical process zone
until 3,000 °F for the conversion of solid or liquid wastes into a syngas.

During the treatment solid waste by tube chemical process, the waste’s molecular bonds are
weakened as results of the violent heat within the vessels and also the essential corridor.
Because of this system, destruction of waste and dangerous accoutrements is set up. this
manner of waste disposal provides renewable energy and an multifariousness of different
fantastic advantages.

o Composting
Composting may be a straightforward and naturalbio-degradation system that takes organic
wastes i.e. remains of shops and theater and kitchen waste and turns into nutrient fat food for
your shops. Composting, generally used for organic husbandry, happens by permitting organic
accoutrements to sit down in one place for months until microbes putrefy it. Composting is one
of the most effective ways of waste disposal because it'll flip unsafe organic product into safe
compost. On the contrary aspect, it's slow system and takes ton of space.

o Waste to energy
Waste to energy (WtE) system involves converting ofnon-recyclable waste effects into useable
heat, electricity, or energy through a spread of processes. This kind of force of energy may be
a renewable energy force as non-recyclable waste is used over and yet again to make energy.
It also can grease to cut back carbon emigrations by negativing the necessity for energy from
reactionary sources. Waste- to- Energy, jointly well known by its signifier WtE is that the
generation of energy within the type of heat or electricity from waste.

36
 o Source reduction
The easiest methodology of waste operation is to gauge back creation of waste accoutrements
thereby reducing the volume of waste reaching to tips. Waste reduction is done through
recovering old accoutrements like jar, bags, repairing broken effects rather than shopping for
new one, avoiding use of disposable wares like plastic luggage, reusing used effects, and
shopping for effects that uses lower designing.

Recycling and composting are a many of the simplest strategies of waste operation.
Composting is over to now solely attainable on a small scale, either by particular people or in
areas where waste is frequently mixed with husbandry soil or used for landscaping functions.
Application is wide habituated round the world, with plastic, paper and essence leading the list
of the foremost useful effects. utmost material reclaimed is reused for its original purpose.

37
GOVERNMENT INTIATIVES:

A. Swachha Bharat Mission:

Today, our country facing one of the biggest challenges of management of MSW not only in
the term of environmental and aesthetic problems, but also has the potential risk to public health
due to the improper and nonscientific handling of municipal solid waste. Accepting the
importance of this challenge in India, behalf of the government of India, our Indian Prime
Minister Shree Narendrabhai Modi launched “Swachha Bharat Mission” on 2nd October 2014
with the goal to make our country clean and open defecation free by 2nd October 2019 as a
mark of tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th birth anniversary. It is also the goal to achieve
the 100 % scientific management of municipal solid waste by 2019.

B. Mahatma Gandhi Swachhata Mission

The Government of Gujarat has launched Mahatma Gandhi Swachhata Mission to achieve the
charge, pretensions and objects which is same as the Swachha Bharat Abhiyan launched by the
Government of India. The dream of the Mahatma Gandhi was all the metropolises,
municipalities and townlets should be clean, to have fully worked sewerage system important
for advanced health. The terrain of the metropolises, municipalities and townlets should be
clean for their living. Under the Mahatma Gandhi Swachhata Mission, Government has
released the of Rs. 1 crore to all the External pots of Gujarat State and Rs. 55 lakhs, Rs. 45
Lakh, Rs. 30 Lakh and Rs. 20 Lakh released to the A, B, C and D order on cosmopolises of
Gujarat. The Government has released this fund to initiate the mega cleanliness movement in
the reputed metropolises. The Government is also working in a full flag to achieve the thing of
SBM with reference to external solid waste operation.

C. Swachhata App
The Swachhata App is a 4th generation mobile and web operation by which is initiated by the
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs with the association of Swachha Bharat Mission. This
app is originally launched in 4041 pots, municipalities and metropolises of India. Anyone can
download the app from the Google Play Store or from other sources and train complaint on app
if he she set up ditched waste or overflowing sties or other cleanliness regarding problems and
want to clear it and for that person need to just click the picture and post it to on the Swachhata
App. Once a complaint has been posted, it'll automatically further to the concerned external
authority. For this, all the civic original authority counterplotted to this app. For the quick

38
resolution of the complaints, the time was fixed for colorful conditioning like overflowing sties,
scrap dumps and sweeping has to done within 12 hours of form of a biddable; 12 hours for no
water force or electricity or blockage in public toilets; 48 hours for dead beast lying on the
road. All the complaints entered will the regular updates and announcements on the status of
their complaint.

D. Swachha Helpline
The Government also started the four integers Swachhata Helpline “1969” to involve further
citizens to reduce solid waste operation or swachhata regarding issues through one call. Then
the citizen can call and file the complaint, interrogate about information of Swachh Bharat
Mission in civic areas including the current status of their complaint and also for their
operations for construction of toilets.

E. Swachha Survekshan
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (a former Ministry of Urban Development) conducting
the Swachha Survekshan since 2016. This is introduced to encourage metropolises to
ameliorate their civic sanitation, including open defecation and to reduce the problems
regarding solid waste operation by perfecting waste operation practices. The objects of
survekshan are to encourage large position participation of citizens; to produce mindfulness
among all parts of society; to work together to make municipalities and metropolises a better
place to survive. It's also encouraging a spirit to the metropolises and municipalities to
ameliorate their service for society to produce megacity clean through healthy competition
between them. The Ministry conducted “Swachh Survekshan- 2016” for the standing of 73
metropolises in January 2016; “Swachh Survekshan- 2017” for 434 metropolises in January
February 2017. “Swachh Survekshan- 2018” is listed to assess further than 4000 metropolises
or municipalities in January 2018- March 2018. Participation of citizen is buttressing in check
in to insure significantly advanced situations of citizen participation.

F. Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual

Ministry of Urban Development with the cooperation of The Government of Germany
published the revised External Solid Waste Management Manual 2016 to help States and
metropolises to understand and effective perpetration of External Solid Waste Management
System with the association of Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. This primer is prepared
as a practical text and guideline for the Original Civic Body as well as it can also useful to the
39
policy makers, itineraries and professionals to achieve the pretensions of the Swachha Bharat
Mission. It can also help to take effective decision for MSW operation in the civic as well as
pastoral areas. This primer provides the comprehensive information on external solid waste
generation, isolation, collection, transfer, transportation, treatment and disposal. The External
Solid Waste Manual 2016 astronomically distributed into three sections which is briefed as
below
Part- I provides the most important features of the External Solid Waste Management Manual
particularly for decision makers, designated office liaisons and elderly director at colorful
phases of authority.

Part II The Manual This part is the main section of the primer which is essential for the fiscal
and specialized heads of the department of Urban Local Body, health officers, specialized staff,
and private workers.

Part III The Compendium This section consists the rules and guideline regarding solid waste
operation, practices carried out at transnational position to minimize the waste, the significant
and full details and designs of tip and compost shops.

G. Fund Allocation:
It's essential to allocate the finances to the state or original civic bodies to enhance the
pretensions and objects of Swachha Bharat Mission to fulfil before 2nd October, 2019. The
Government of India allocated Rs. 4,260 crores in time 2014- 15; in 2015- 16, a budget was
allocated just Rs. 2,625 crores, but it was increased up to Rs. 6,525 crores in revised
estimates; Rs. 9,000 crore was allocated in the time 2016- 17 but it was revised to Rs. 10,500
crores by the end of the time; Rs. 14,000 crores allocated in time 2017- 18 and to achieve
Swachh Bharat by October 2, 2019, Rs. 30,000 crores would be needed in 2018- 19.

H. Rules Regarding Municipal Solid Waste Management in India:

i. Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
ii. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
iii. Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016
iv. Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016
v. E-Waste Management Rules, 2016
vi. Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
40
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

It is fact that Municipal Solid Waste Management problems are everywhere in India and in
many other countries that become the burning issue of the India as well as the entire World. It
is essentially required the participation of Government to combat the MSWM problems. After
reviewing, it was revealed that the Indian Government has initiated many good activities and
initiatives that may improve the solid waste management practices in India and can reduce the
problems of municipal solid waste management in India with the proper planning and using
resources made available by Indian Government. There is no doubt that the Indian Government
is doing at their level best.

Solid waste management is one among the tough threats before of world, the amendment in
habitats of individuals, speedy development are to blame for giant generation of waste, in India
cities like Delhi & Bombay are generating over 5000 MT of waste per day.

This waste is making issues to public health, drainage, aesthetics, of the cities, thus there's
intense want for efficient waste management systems within the town similarly as villages.

The system ought to adopt correct assortment, storage, processing, transport & disposal of
waste in order that the impacts of waste is minimised & the standard of life is improved

Recycling, composting and waste-to-energy are integral elements of the answer and that they
are all required; none of them will solve the India’s SWM crisis alone.

The success of use in India|Bharat|Asian country|Asian nation} depends upon leverage the
advantage India has within the variety of informal use sector. there's a world-wide agreement
that the requirement of recycled materials can spike within the next decade. The informal sector
ought to be able to meet this demand. This conjointly will increase opportunities for private
firms which might mixture massive amounts of waste to produce in bulk.

41
CHAPTER 7: RECOMMENDATIONS

▪ There is a dire have to be compelled to educate and create aware the individuals to vary
their habits, so as to store waste at source, and dispose of the waste as per the direction of
Municipal council and effectively participate within the activities of Municipal council.

▪ Clear tips concerning the type of storage receptacles, segregation of waste etc. ought to be
issued, offenders ought to be fined.

▪ There ought to be segregation of nonperishable /recyclable waste at sources or at secondary

assortment purpose and strategies like compositing ought to be used for perishable waste.

▪ There should be segregation of waste at the town level conjointly for disposing the useful
waste and dangerous waste properly.

▪ The waste, vegetable and organic waste made at source that are perishable ought to be keep
in non-corrosive container ideally with cover / lid.

▪ Dry and useful waste ought to be stored in bag / sacks product of plastic / paper / fabric etc.

▪ All the domestic dangerous waste, electronic equipment waste ought to be keep in bags /
sacks and will be disposed in notified safe areas.

▪ Separate community bins ought to be provided for dry and wet waste.

▪ For business areas and hotels, the dustbins ought to be containers no more than 100 lts in
size with handles on high or on sides with rim at base.

▪ Just in case of vegetable markets massive containers complementing the transportation

ought to be provided.

▪ For waste in meat and fish markets the containers ought to be non-corrosive and no more
than 100lts.

42
▪ Medicine waste from hospitals and nursing homes ought to be treated as per the provisions
contained in Government of India, Ministry of environment and Forest biomedical wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules -1998.

▪ The Government of India and native authorities ought to work with their partners to market
source separation, accomplish higher percentages of utilization and manufacture top quality
compost from organics. Whereas this is often being achieved and recycling is enlarged,
provisions ought to be created to handle the non-recyclable wastes that are being generated
and can still be generated within the future.

▪ Implement waste segregation at source: Encourage and enforce waste segregation at the
source, which means separating waste into different categories like organic, recyclable, and
non-recyclable at the point of generation. This will help in efficient waste management and
enable proper treatment and disposal of different waste types.

▪ Strengthen recycling infrastructure: Establish robust recycling infrastructure for recyclable

waste such as paper, plastic, glass, and metal. Set up recycling facilities and promote
recycling practices among communities, industries, and commercial establishments.

▪ Invest in technology and innovation: Explore and invest in innovative technologies and
solutions for municipal solid waste management, such as waste-to-energy, waste-to-fuel,
and other emerging technologies that can convert waste into valuable resources or energy.

43
REFERENCES:
Research paper:

• Mr. Sujitkumar(2015) - “Survey Paper on Domestic Waste Management” - International

Research Journal of Engineering and Technology Oct 2015 - ISSN: 2395-0056

• Shailendra Jain and Manjula Jain (2015) - “MUNICIPAL SOLID WET WASTE
MANAGEMENT BY PUBLIC PARTICIPATION” - Social Issues and Environmental
Problems,Vol.3 (Iss.9:SE): Sep, 2015 ISSN- 2350-0530

• Mr. Abhimanyu Singh (2014) - “The waste management standing & health effects in Agra
City, UP” - Pelagia Research Library- ISSN: 0976-8610 - 2014

• M.N. Akhtari (2014) – “Solid waste management is on no account a complete system.”

Advances in Applied Science Research, 2014, 5(3):397-403

• Ranjith Kharvel Annepu (2012) - “Sustainable Solid Waste management in India” -

Columbia University in the City of New York – Jan 2012

• T.V. Ramachandra and Shruthi Bachamanda(2007) - “Environmental audit of Municipal

Solid Waste Management” - Int. J. Environmental Technology and Management, Vol. 7,
Nos. 3/4, 2007

• Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: Challenges and Opportunities (2018)

• Solid Waste Management in India: Status, Challenges, and Road Ahead (2017)

• Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: A Policy Analysis (2016)

44
Bibliography: -

• https://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311843.2016.1139434
• http://cpcb.nic.in/trend-of-solid-waste-generation-in-46-cities/
• http://mpcb.gov.in/muncipal/pdf/Annual_Report_MSW_2015_16.pdf
• http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/sectors/solid-waste-sources.html
• http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/3/160764
• http://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/india-s-challenges-in-waste-management-56753

45
Appendix
Physical Visit of BMC Dry waste Collection Center

46
47
48
 Annexure
Plagiarism Report

49
50