ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

1. Main topic of each paragraph from an essay:

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Name : Titin Kartika
NPM : E1I022048
Class :B
Paragraph Main Topic/Controlling Idea
1 Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture play a crucial role in development,
particularly in employment, food security, and trade.
2 With capture fisheries being fully exploited or overexploited, aquaculture will
play a crucial role in meeting the growing demand for fish, but it requires
proper management to address ecological, social, and economic challenges,
especially in Africa.
3 Fisheries and aquaculture are often overlooked in national development
policies due to a lack of data, but appropriate policies and regulations are
crucial for sustainable and inclusive development.
4 Despite their significant contributions, fisheries and aquaculture are often
excluded from national development policies due to difficulties in valuation
and lack of data.
5 The decline or stagnation of capture fishery production highlights the
importance of fisheries policy, as overexploitation is a major challenge.
Sustainable aquaculture development and improvements in the post-harvest
sector can help maintain fish supply and its role in development.
6 Despite incomplete data, trends show that fisheries and aquaculture are
important for developing countries, especially in employment, consumption,
and trade.
7 Employment in fishing and aquaculture has grown significantly, surpassing
global population and agricultural employment growth, mainly driven by
aquaculture expansion in Asia.
8 Employment in fisheries and aquaculture has been steadily increasing in
developing countries but remains stagnant or declining in most industrialized
countries, with the most significant decline in capture fisheries, while
aquaculture employment has grown in some industrialized nations.
9 Women in developing countries play a significant role in fisheries and
 aquaculture, primarily in fish processing, marketing, and various supporting
activities, but they are rarely involved in offshore and deep-sea fishing.
10 The depletion of fish stocks in capture fisheries threatens the livelihoods of
small-scale fisherfolk and traditional fish processors, as competition for
resources increases. Larger-scale operators with better access to capital and
technology are taking over, leading to the centralization of landings, increased
competition, and the marginalization of traditional traders.
11 Data on fisheries in developing countries often overlook artisanal and
subsistence production, while global capture fisheries are already at or near
their maximum capacity. Future growth in fish production will mainly come
from aquaculture, as marine and freshwater capture fisheries are unlikely to
expand significantly.
12 The per capita fish supply in low-income food-deficit countries (LIFDCs) has
increased due to aquaculture growth and inland fisheries production, but in
sub-Saharan Africa, it has declined due to rapid population growth, stagnant
fisheries, and slow aquaculture expansion.
13 The global demand for fish continues to rise due to population growth,
increasing consumption of animal protein, urbanization, and rising incomes,
with developed countries showing a preference for high-value species like
salmon and shrimp.
14 A significant portion of global fish production is traded internationally, with
developing countries now being net exporters of fish to developed countries, a
shift from their previous status as net importers.
15 The export of fishery commodities from developing countries has significantly
increased, largely driven by small-scale fisheries and rising demand for high-
quality fish in developed countries, contributing to foreign exchange earnings.
16 Trade in fish products is increasingly occurring between developing countries
rather than from developing to developed countries, driven by growing
demand due to population growth and increased per capita consumption.
While developing countries demand more high-value fish, they remain net
exporters of high-value fish and importers of low value fish.
17 International trade in fisheries products positively impacts food security in
developing countries by boosting production, generating foreign exchange for
food imports, and improving the incomes of those working in the fisheries
 sector. While concerns exist about export-oriented production reducing local
fish availability, foreign exchange earnings from exports support food imports
and enhance purchasing power. In Thailand, for instance, fisheries exports
have contributed to reducing rural poverty. However, export-oriented fisheries
may also limit fish availability for traditional processors, affecting their
livelihoods.
18 The contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to development is often
underestimated in national and international policies. The extent to which
fisheries are included in development strategies depends on their role in
foreign exchange earnings and food security. However, agriculture and
livestock are generally prioritized over fisheries due to their perceived greater
economic and food security contributions.
19 Many governments prioritize water use for human consumption, agriculture,
hydropower, and industry over inland fisheries and aquaculture. However,
promoting multiple water-use systems, such as integrated aquaculture-
agriculture (IAA), can enhance productivity and improve the resilience of
small farms.
20 Data problems lead to the underestimation of fisheries' contributions to
development, affecting their recognition in policy-making.
21 Fish is a crucial source of protein and essential nutrients, particularly for
people in developing countries, where it significantly contributes to their diets,
especially among the poor. In some coastal and island nations, fish constitutes
more than half of total animal protein consumption.
22 Fish is a vital source of essential nutrients, including iron, zinc, calcium, and
iodine, which are often lacking in staple foods. Small, low-value fish
consumed whole provide more minerals than meat or larger fish, making them
crucial for nutrition, especially for rural poor communities. Additionally, fish
contain essential fatty acids that support brain and body development,
particularly for infants, children, and pregnant or lactating women.
23 Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy is essential for reducing
the risk of low birth weight and supporting infant neurological development,
making fish consumption particularly important during pregnancy and
lactation.
24 The nutritional benefits of fish are crucial for people with HIV/AIDS, as
 proper nutrition enhances the effectiveness of anti-retroviral drugs and helps
reduce susceptibility to secondary diseases.
25 Fish, as a "rich food for poor people," plays a crucial role in achieving the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly in food security,
nutrition, livelihoods, and gender equality.
26 Small-scale fish farming is a low-labor activity that can be managed by
vulnerable groups, providing both food and income, which can help improve
access to healthcare services.
27 The demand for fish continues to rise due to population growth and
urbanization, but in sub-Saharan Africa, capture fisheries have reached their
limit, and aquaculture is not growing fast enough to meet the demand, leading
to a decline in per capita fish consumption.
28 To meet the growing global demand for fish, sustainable aquaculture
development and improved post-harvest processing are essential, as capture
fisheries have reached their maximum sustainable limits.
29 Aquaculture is generally easier to manage than capture fisheries due to clearer
governance structures and property rights, but challenges remain, particularly
regarding water access and competing demands in coastal areas.
30 African aquaculture is developing more slowly compared to Asia, contributing
only a small percentage to global production. Expanding aquaculture in sub-
Saharan Africa could help meet the region’s growing fish demand, but
significant challenges must be overcome to reach its full potential.
31 African aquaculture is predominantly small-scale, relying on family-managed
earthen ponds, but despite its importance for food and income, it has not yet
expanded enough to bridge the fish supply gap in sub-Saharan Africa.
However, commercial interest in aquaculture is increasing in some countries,
such as Nigeria and Ghana.
32 Aquaculture in Africa faces several challenges, including limited access to
quality seed and feed, underdeveloped credit markets, land and water resource
conflicts, lack of access to essential information, and inadequate or
inaccessible output markets.
33 Aquaculture, like any food production system, can have negative
environmental impacts, especially at a commercial scale, due to its demands
on natural resources, feed use, introduction of alien species, and potential
 effects on water quality.
34 Aquaculture interacts with capture fisheries through its resource requirements
and environmental impacts, including water usage, feed demand, competition
for space, and ecological effects such as fish escapes and pollution.
35 Aquaculture provides environmental benefits, such as improving water access
during droughts and reducing excess nutrients in coastal waters.
36 Many countries conduct environmental assessments for aquaculture, but they
often overlook cumulative effects from other sectors. The Ecosystem
Approach to Aquaculture (EAA) offers a more holistic way to manage
interactions between human activities and the natural environment, ensuring
sustainable development without compromising future resources.
37 A comprehensive approach to environmental planning in aquaculture should
consider social impacts and integrate the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture
(EAA) with Integrated Watershed or Coastal Zone Management, rather than
focusing solely on individual sectors.
38 The development of aquaculture has significant social impacts, particularly on
labor relations, rural poverty, and social class structure. Unlike capture
fisheries, aquaculture requires substantial capital investment, creating higher
barriers to entry for the poor. While larger enterprises benefit from economies
of scale and access to export markets, smallholder farmers often struggle with
equity issues. Additionally, aquaculture is less labor-intensive than traditional
farming like rice cultivation, potentially reducing employment opportunities
for landless rural workers.
39 Despite challenges, aquaculture has great potential for poverty alleviation and
rural development. Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture (IAA) can significantly
increase farmers' income, create job opportunities for the landless poor, and
enhance food security by providing essential nutrients and affordable fish
protein. As capture fisheries production stagnates, expanding aquaculture can
help maintain fish affordability for low-income populations.
40 Improvements in the post-harvest sector can enhance the livelihoods of rural
communities and food security by reducing losses through better
infrastructure, preservation technologies, and processing methods.
41 The post-harvest sector plays a crucial role in employment, local economic
growth, and women's livelihoods, especially through small-scale, labor-
 intensive fish processing and trading.
42 The fisheries sector is crucial for livelihoods, nutrition, and foreign exchange
in developing countries, yet it is often overlooked by policymakers. Given the
overexploitation of capture fisheries, expanding sustainable aquaculture is
essential. Governments must play a key role in managing fisheries and
regulating aquaculture to ensure environmental sustainability and economic
benefits, especially for rural communities.

2. New Paragraph from minimum 3 main topics above:

Name : Titin Kartika

NPM : E1I022048
Class :B
 Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture play a crucial role in economic development,
particularly in developing countries, by providing employment opportunities, improving food
security, and supporting international trade. This sector serves as a primary source of
livelihood for millions of people while ensuring the availability of affordable animal protein
for low-income communities. Additionally, the growing demand for fish has boosted the
export of fishery products, contributing significantly to national foreign exchange earnings and
fostering the development of related industries such as fish processing, transportation, and
market distribution.
Despite its vital contributions, the fisheries and aquaculture sector is often overlooked
in national development policies due to limited data and difficulties in economic valuation.
With capture fisheries already operating at or beyond their maximum sustainable capacity,
aquaculture has become the key alternative to meeting global fish demand. Therefore,
governments must implement strategic policies that support sustainable fisheries management,
ensuring that the sector’s growth does not come at the expense of environmental sustainability
and the livelihoods of small-scale fishers. Regulations must focus on balancing economic
benefits with resource conservation and social equity, allowing for the fair distribution of
opportunities across communities.
Addressing environmental and social challenges in aquaculture requires an integrated
approach to prevent ecosystem degradation, competition over natural resources, and economic
disparities among industry players. The adoption of sustainable management practices, such as
the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture (EAA) and integration with coastal and watershed
management, is essential to achieving long-term production stability. Furthermore, improving
post-harvest infrastructure and increasing women's participation in the fisheries value chain
can strengthen the industry’s competitiveness while supporting poverty alleviation efforts and
enhancing the well-being of coastal and rural populations.