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Physics HSSC-1 Chapter# 8

Heat and Thermodynamics

1. A real gas can be approximated to an ideal gas, at:

A. low density. B. high pressure. C. high density. D. low temperature

2. A thermos flask containing milk is shaken vigorously, temperature of milk rises due to process
called:

A. Isochoric. B. Isothermal. C. Isobaric. D. Adiabatic

3. Considering your metabolism as a system, in Ramadan during fasting, it is process

A. Isochoric. B. Isothermal. C. Isobaric. D. Adiabatic

4. Change in internal energy of a gas kept in rigid container when ‘Q’J energy is given to it.

A. Q/2. B. Q/3. C.Q. D. 2Q

5. The volume of an ideal gas increases from 5m3 to 20m3 under constant pressure of 6 x105 Pa.
works done by the gas is:

A. 5 x 10⁵ J. B. 6 x 10⁶ J. C. 9 x 10⁶ J. D. 9 x 10⁷J

6. Which process involves an increase in entropy?

A. Crystallization. B. Sublimation. C. Freezing. D. Condensation

7. A Carnot engine working between 300 K and 600 K, has work output 800 J/cycle, heat supplied is:

A. 1000 J/cycle. B. 1600 J/ cycle C. 1800 J/cycle D. 2000 J/cycle

8.A Carnot engine working between 0°C to 200 °C has efficiency η1. Then same engine works between
0 °C to - 200 °C has efficiency η2. Ratio of its efficiencies is:

A. 0.577 B. 0.638. C. 0.733 D. 0.85

9. Maximum work is obtained by the process called:

A. Isochoric. B. Isothermal. C. Isobaric. D. Adiabatic

10. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator operates at room temperature is 5. Temperature

A. 150K. B. 200K. C. 250K. D. 300k

11. If the temperature of heat source is doubled than before, efficiency increases by:

A. 1.5times. B. 2 times. C. 2.5 times. D. 3 times

12. Thermodynamics is that branch of physics in which we study:

A. No heat transfers to the environment

B. Neither heat nor any mass are transferred to the environment

C. No dissipated energy and heat are transferred

D. No mass transfers to the environment

13. If two objects are in thermal equilibrium with each other, they cannot:

A. Be moving. B. Be undergoing an elastic collision

C. Have different pressures. D. Be at different temperatures

14. What is change in internal energy in the figure?

A. Zero B. 20J C. 40 J D. 160J

15. The change in internal energy is independent of paths, similar to:

A. K. E. B. wave energy C. Gravitational potential energy. D. Solar energy

16. Boltzmann constant k is equal to:

A. NA/ R. B. R/NA C. R/ N0. D. N0/R

17. The value of Boltzmann constant is:

A. 6.02 x 1023 J K-1. B . 1.38 x 10 -23 J K-1

C. 1.38 x 1023 J K-1 C. 6.02 x 10 -23 J K-1

18. The internal energy of 1 mole of an ideal gas depends on:

A. only volume B. only temperature. C. only pressure. D. temperature and pressure

19. If the number of gas molecules in a cubical vessel is increased from N to 3 N, then its pressure and
total energy will become:

A. Four times. B. Three times. C. Two times. D. Half

20. Two spheres of same size are made of the same material but one is hollow and the other is solid.
They are heated to the same temperature. Then:

A. Both spheres will expand equally

B. The hollow sphere will expand more than the solid one

C. The solid sphere will expand more than the hollow one

D. No conclusion can be drawn about their relative expansions unless the nature of the material is
known.

21. Expansion during heating:

A. Occurs at the same rate for all materials.

B. Occurs at different rates for different materials

C. Increase the weight of a material

D. Increase the density of material

Short Response Questions

1. In 60°F walking on the ground weather feels comfortable, but swimming in ocean feels very cold.
Explain.

Ans: In 60°F weather, walking on the ground feels comfortable because air is a poor conductor of heat,
so you don't lose body heat quickly. However, swimming in the ocean feels very cold because water
conducts heat away from your body much faster than air, making you feel colder.

2. Do you think that low temperature is the only reason for snow fall on mountains?

Ans: No, low temperature is not the only reason for snowfall on mountains. Several factors contribute to
this phenomenon:

1. Elevation: Higher altitudes naturally have lower temperatures, which supports snow formation. As
you go higher, the air pressure decreases, causing temperatures to drop.

2. Humidity: Adequate moisture in the air is necessary for any form of precipitation, including snow.
Without sufficient humidity, even cold air won't produce snowfall.

3. Atmospheric Conditions: Weather patterns and atmospheric pressure systems can bring moist air
into mountainous regions, where it cools and condenses to form snow.

4. Topography: Mountain slopes can influence wind patterns and force moist air slopes to

snowfall. Mountains can also act as barriers, causing air to ascend, cool, and release moisture as snow.

All these factors combined, not just low temperatures result in snowfall on mountains.

3. Can the temperature of an isolated system change?

Ans: Yes, the temperature of an isolated system can change. This can happen due to internal processes
that redistribute energy within the system.

For example:

1. Chemical Reactions: Exothermic or endothermic reactions within the system can release or absorb
heat, changing the system's temperature.

2. Phase Changes: Transitions between different states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) can absorb or
release latent heat, affecting the temperature.
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3. Redistribution of Internal Energy: Energy can be transferred between different parts of the system,
such as through conduction, convection, or radiation within the isolated system itself.

While no energy or matter is exchanged with the surroundings, these internal processes can still cause
temperature changes within the system.

4. As a result of some process, the internal energy of a system is increased. How can one tell that the
increase was due to orderly macroscopic work W or due to the flow of disorderly microscopic energy
Q?

i. Check for a temperature change: If the temperature of the system increases, it's likely that the
energy transfer was due to heat (Q), as heat transfer is a disorderly process that increases the kinetic
energy of particles.

ii. Look for a change in volume or pressure: If the volume or pressure of the system changes, it may
indicate that work (W) was done on or by the system, as work involves a macroscopic force applied over
a distance.

iii. Examine the process: Consider the nature of the process that led to the energy increase. If it involves
a macroscopic force applied in an organized manner (e.g., a piston compressing a gas), it's likely due to
work (W). If the process involves heat transfer or random molecular motion, it's likely due to heat (Q).

5. At what temperature (in °C) the volume of the gas at 0 °C becomes double its volume, while
temperature remains constant?

Ans: To find the temperature at which the volume of a gas at 0°C doubles, while pressure remains
constant, we use Charles's Law. Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to
its absolute t temperature (in Kelvin) when pressure is held constant.

The formula for Charles's Law is:

V1/T1=V2/T22

VI initial volume at 0°C (273.15 K)

V2=2V1 so

T=2 2T1

T1= 0°C = 273k ( initial temperature)

T2= 2 x 273 = 546k

Convert T2 to 0°C

T2 = 546-273 = 273 0°C

So the volume of the gas will double at a temperature of 273°C assuming constant pressure.
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6.Work done on system puts energy into it. Work done by the system removes energy from it. Give
example.

1. Work Done on the System (Energy Input)

Compression of a Gas in a Piston: When you compress a gas in a cylinder with a piston, work is done on
the gas. For instance, if you push down on the piston, you are applying a force over a distance, thereby
doing work on the gas. This increases the internal energy of the gas, often raising its temperature.

2. Work Done by the System (Energy Output)

Expansion of a Gas in a Piston: Conversely, if the gas expands and pushes the piston outward, it is doing
work on the surroundings. For example, if the gas heats up and expands, it exerts a force on the piston,
moving it outward. This means the gas is using its internal energy to do work on the piston, thus losing
energy and often cooling down as a result.

7. Should the internal energy of a system necessarily increase if heat is added to it?

Ans: No, the internal energy of a system does not necessarily increase if heat is added to it. The first law
of thermodynamics, which states ∆U= Q-W, helps explain this. Here's why:

Heat Added and Work Done: When heat is added to a system, the internal energy (∆U) increases only if
no work is done by the system. However, if the system does work on its surroundings (e.g., expansion of
gas in a piston), some of the added heat energy is used for this work. Therefore, the increase in internal
energy is reduced by the amount of work done (W).

8. Why the slope of adiabatic curve is steeper than the slope of isothermal curve?

Ans: The slope of an adiabatic curve is steeper than that of an isothermal curve because, in an adiabatic
process, no heat is exchanged with the surroundings. This means that all the work done results in a
more significant change in pressure for a given change in volume, compared to an isothermal process
where temperature remains constant and pressure changes more gradually.
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9. What are the limitations of the 1st law of thermodynamics?

Ans:

i. Doesn't provide insights into the direction of processes.

ii. Ignores energy quality and entropy changes.

iii. Doesn't explain spontaneous processes.

iv. Limited to macroscopic systems.

v. Doesn't account for energy transformation efficiency.

10. What are the conditions for isothermal system?

Ans: The conditions for an isothermal system are:

i. Constant Temperature: The temperature of the system remains constant throughout the process.

ii.Heat Exchange: The system can exchange heat with its surroundings to maintain the constant
temperature.

iii. Thermal Equilibrium: The system must be in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.

11. Why isothermal processes are slow and adiabatic processes are fast?
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Ans: Isothermal processes are typically slow because they require constant heat exchange with the
surroundings to maintain a constant temperature. This heat exchange takes time to occur, ensuring that
the system remains in thermal equilibrium throughout the process.

Adiabatic processes, on the other hand, are typically fast because they involve no heat exchange with
the surroundings. The system is thermally insulated, so any changes in temperature result solely from
internal energy changes due to work done on or by the system. Without the need to transfer heat, the
process can proceed more quickly.

12. Can a process be both adiabatic and isothermal? Explain.

Ans: No, a process cannot be both adiabatic and isothermal simultaneously. In an adiabatic process,
there is no heat exchange between the system and its surroundings. The system is thermally insulated.
Whereas, in an isothermal process, the temperature of the system remains constant. To achieve this,
the system must exchange heat with its surroundings to compensate for any work done on or by the
system.

13. Does the entropy increase for a Carnot engine for each cycle?

Ans: No, the entropy does not increase for a Carnot engine for each cycle. This is because the Carnot
cycle is a reversible process, meaning all entropy changes in the system are balanced and there is no net
entropy change over one complete cycle.

14. Why in practical terms efficiency is defined as W/Q?

Ans: Efficiency is defined as W/Q because it measures how effectively a system converts input energy Q
into useful work W. This ratio directly indicates the performance and energy utilization of the system.

15. Does entropy of the system increases or decreases due to friction?

Ans: The entropy of the system increases due to friction. Friction generates heat, leading to an
irreversible process that increases the system's disorder and thus its entropy.

16. What are the similarities and dissimilarities in working of refrigerator?

Ans: Similarities:

i. Both refrigerators and air conditioners use the same basic refrigeration cycle principles to transfer
heat from a low temperature reservoir (inside the refrigerated space) to a high temperature reservoir
(outside the space).

ii. They both use a refrigerant, which undergoes phase changes (from liquid to gas and vice versa) to
absorb and release heat.

iii. Both appliances have components such as compressors, condensers, expansion valves and
evaporators.
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Dissimilarities:

i. Refrigerators are designed to maintain low temperatures within a confined space to preserve
perishable items, while air conditioners are designed to cool and dehumidify the air in a room or
building

ii. The heat exchange in refrigerators occurs primarily inside the appliance, while air conditioners
exchange heat both inside and outside the conditioned space.

iii. Air conditioners often have additional features such as fans and filters to circulate and clean the air,
which are not typically found in refrigerators.

17. What is meant by reverse entropy? And what is significance of entropy? Explain.

Ans: Reverse entropy refers to a hypothetical process in which entropy decreases, contrary to the
second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy tends to increase in isolated systems. This
concept is not observed in reality. The significance of entropy lies in its role as a measure of the disorder
or randomness of a system. It helps predict the direction of natural processes, indicating whether they
are spontaneous or require external intervention.

18. What is the difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics?

Ans: Heat transfer and thermodynamics are two complementary branches of science. Thermodynamics
deals with equilibrium states by outlining the relationship between energy and work, while heat transfer
describes the physical mechanism to understand the transport of energy.

19.The coffee filled in a thermos is vigorously shaken.

(i) Has any work been done on coffee?

(ii) Does the internal energy of coffee increase?

(iii) Does temperature of coffee rise?

(iv) Does coffee get heat from outside?

Ans: (i) No, work is not done on the coffee when it is vigorously shaken. Work involves the application of
a force over a distance, but shaking the thermos does not involve such force acting over a distance on
the coffee.

(ii) Yes, the internal energy of the coffee increases. When the coffee is shaken vigorously, mechanical
energy is transferred to the coffee, causing its internal energy to increase due to the kinetic energy of
the coffee molecules increasing.

(iii) Yes, the temperature of the coffee may rise. The increase in internal energy due to the mechanical
energy transferred during shaking can lead to an increase in temperature, especially if the shaking is
vigorous enough to cause significant frictional heating.
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(iv) No, the coffee does not necessarily get heat from outside during vigorous shaking. While there may
be some negligible heat transfer due to friction between the coffee and the walls of the thermos, the
primary source of energy input is the mechanical energy applied during shaking.

20. A system undergoes from state P1 V1 to state P2 V2 as shown in figure here. What will be the
change in internal energy?

ANS. The change in internal energy will be zero. Because the system comes back to its initial states after
a complete cycle.

21. What are the conditions for thermodynamic equilibrium?

Ans: Thermodynamic equilibrium occurs when a system satisfies the following conditions:

i.Thermal Equilibrium: All parts of the system are at the same temperature, and there is no net flow of
heat between them.

ii.Mechanical Equilibrium: There is no net force acting on the system, meaning the system's pressure is
uniform throughout and there is no tendency for mechanical motion or deformation.
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iii.Chemical Equilibrium: The chemical composition of the system remains constant over time, indicating
that chemical reactions within the system have reached equilibrium.

22. When the internal energy of a system rises, can its temperature stay the same?

Ans: Yes, the internal energy of a system can rise without a change in temperature if the increase in
internal energy is accompanied by a change in volume or phase.

An example of the internal energy increasing without a change in temperature is during a phase change,
such as when ice melts into water. As heat is added to the ice, its internal energy increases, breaking the
bonds between the ice molecules to form water molecules. However, during this phase change, the
temperature remains constant until all the ice has melted.

23. When a car is driven a certain distance, why does the gas pressure increase in the tyres rise?

Ans: During driving, due to frictional force between road and tyres, temperature of gas increases so gas
inside tyres expands as volume inside the tyres remains constant (Charles's law), hence, temperature of
car tyres increases.

24. Prove that area under P-V graph is equal to work done.

Ans: The work done during a thermodynamic process is equal to the area under the curve as seen in the
diagram below. And since P∆V is just the height width of the rectangle shown above, the work is equal
to the area.

Area of graph= length x width

∆w= (P)(Vf-Vi)

∆W= P(∆V)

∆W= P(A∆Y)

∆W= (PA)∆Y.
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∆W= (F)(∆Y). P=F/A

25. All the reactions going on in the refrigerator are isothermal. Explain?

Ans: All reactions occurring in a refrigerator are isothermal because the system is designed to maintain a
constant internal temperature. This ensures that heat transfer processes, including those involving the
refrigerant, occur at a constant temperature, resulting in isothermal reactions.

26. Define reversible, irreversible and cyclic processes.

Ans: Reversible Process: A reversible process is one that can be reversed without leaving any trace on
both the system and its surroundings. It proceeds infinitely slowly through a series of equilibrium states,
allowing the system to return to its initial state.

Irreversible Process: An irreversible process is one that cannot be reversed without leaving some effect
on the system or its surroundings. It typically proceeds spontaneously and involves dissipative effects
such as friction, turbulence, heat transfer across finite temperature differences, or irreversibility within
the system.

Cyclic Process: A cyclic process is one that returns the system to its initial state after a series of changes.
In other words, the final state of the system is identical to its initial state, resulting in a closed loop on a
thermodynamic diagram.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
8.1 Find the number of moles of air in an inflated balloons of radius 10 cm and pressure 180 kilo Pascal
at room temperature.

Data:

Radius = r = 10cm = 0.1m

Pressure=P= 180,000 Pa

Number of moles=n?

General gas constant= R= 8.3145 J/mol. k

Room temperature=T= 293k

Solution:

Volume of the given balloon= V= 4/3 π r3 = 4/3 x3.14x(0.1)3 = 0.00419 m3

n=PV/RT

n= 180000 x 0.00419/ 8.3145x293

n= 0.032

8.2. A heat engine works between freezing and boiling point of water. Find its efficiency.

Data:

T1= temperature of the cold reservoir = freezing point of water = 273 K

T2 = temperature of the hot reservoir = boiling point of water = 373 K

η = efficiency?

Solution:

By using efficiency formula:

η = 1 - (T1/ T 2)

Plugging in the values:

η = 1 - (273K / 373K) = 1 -0.732 = 0.268

To convert this to a percentage, multiply by 100:

η = 26.8%

So, the efficiency of the heat engine is approximately 26.8%. This means that only about 26.8% of the
heat energy absorbed from the hot reservoir is converted into useful work, while the remaining 73.2% is
rejected to the cold.

8.3 One mole of a perfect gas in a cylinder fixed with a piston has a pressure P volume V and
temperature T if its temperature is increased by 1 kelvin find the increase in volume if initial volume
was 100 cubic meter.

Given:

n = 1 mole

R = 8.3145 J/mol·K (gas constant)

P = initial pressure

∆T = 1 K (temperature increase)

Increased in volume= ∆V= ?

Solution:

For a perfect gas, we can use the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

Since the number of moles (n) remains constant, we can rearrange the equation to:

V = nRT / P

To find the increase in volume (∆V) when the temperature increases by 1 Kelvin, we can differentiate
the equation with respect to T:

∆V = nR / P

We're told the initial volume (V1) is 100 cubic meters, so we can find the initial pressure (P) using the
ideal gas law:

P = nRT / V1 = (1 mol x 8.3145 J/mol·K x T) / 100 m3

Since we don't know the initial temperature (T), we'll express the pressure in terms of T.

Now, plug in the values to find the increase in volume (∆V):

∆V = nR / P = (1 mol x 8.3145 J/mol·K) / (1 mol x 8.3145 J/mol K x T) / 100 m3) = 100 m3 /T

To find the numerical value of ∆V, we need the initial temperature (T). If we assume the initial
temperature is around room temperature (T ≈ 293 K), we get:

∆V ≈ 100 m3 / 294 K ≈ 0.36m3

8.4 The high temperature of Carnot engine is 600K. If engine absorbs 600J of heat at low temperature
of 400k. Find the work done by the engine.

Given:

T1 = 400 K, T2 = 600 K, Q1= 600J, Work done= W= ?

Solution:

We know that efficiency is given by: η= 1 - (T2/ T1)

where The efficiency is also related to the heat absorbed (Q1) and the work done (W) by:

η = W/Q1

Let we find the efficiency: η= 1 - (400/ 600 ) = 0.333

Now, use the efficiency to find the work done (W):

W = ηx Q1 = 0.333 x 600J = 200J

So, the work done by the Carnot engine is 200 J.

8.5 A small 220 Watt electric immersion heater is used to boil 136 g of water. Calculate the time
required to bring this water from 23.5 Celsius to boiling point, ignore any heat loss.

Given:

m= mass of water = 136g = 0.136kg

C = specific heat capacity of water= 4200 J/kg k

Power =P = 220 Watt

Change in temperature = ∆T= 100 °C - 23.5°C= 76.5 °C= 76.5 k

Time required= t=?

Solution:

Heat energy = ∆Q = mcAT = 0.136 kg x 4200 J/kgk x 76.5k = 43,444 J

Power= Heat energy/ time

P = ∆Q/ t

t = (time) = ∆Q/ P = 43,444 J/ 220 W = 197.5 s ≈ 3.29 minutes

8.6 If heat engine at room temperature gives 50%, you change the heat source to increase the
efficiency up to 70%. Find the temperature difference between the two heat sources.

Given:

T2= temperature of the cold reservoir at room temperature = 293 K

T1=temperature of the hot reservoir

As efficiency is

η = 1 - (T2/ T 1)

For 50%: 0.5 = 1- (293 K / T1)

Solve for T1:

T1 = 586K

Now, the efficiency is increased to 70%:

0.7 = 1- (293 K/T2)

Solve for T2: T2= 979K

The temperature difference between the two heat sources is: ∆T = T 2 – T1 = 979 K-586 K = 393 K

So, the temperature difference between the two heat sources is 393 K or 393°C.

8.7 A Carnot engine absorbs an amount Q of heat at temperatures T. Find the rejected heat at
temperatures T/3

Given:

T1 = temperature of the hot reservoir = T

T2= the temperature of the cold reservoir = T/3

Q1 = heat absorbed=Q

Q2= heat rejected =Qr=?

The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by: η = 1 - (T2 / T1) , η = 1 - (T/3/T) = 1 - 1/3 = 2/3

The efficiency is also related to the heat is given by:

η = (Q-Qr) / Q

2/3 = (Q-Qr) / Q

Qr = Q/3

So, the rejected heat at temperature T/3 is Q/3.

8.8 500J energy is required to melt 2 grams of ice at O C. Find the change in entropy of 70 g water at
OC, if it Changes into ice is a refrigerator.

First, let's find the entropy change for 2 grams of ice:

As

Entropy ∆S = Q / T = 500 J/ 273 K = 1.83 J/K

Since entropy is an extensive property, we can scale up the entropy change for 70 grams of water: ∆S =
(1.83 J/K) x (70 g/2g) = 64.15 J/K

So, the change in entropy for 70 grams of water at 0°C changing into ice in a refrigerator is 64.15 J/K.