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Chapter-Four_Cell-and-Cluster-Planing

The document discusses cellular network planning, focusing on cell and cluster design, frequency reuse, and signal quality measurements. It explains the division of frequency channels into groups, the importance of cell shape for coverage, and the concept of co-channel interference. Additionally, it details the Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) and Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) for managing frequency allocation in GSM networks.

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8 views

Chapter-Four_Cell-and-Cluster-Planing

The document discusses cellular network planning, focusing on cell and cluster design, frequency reuse, and signal quality measurements. It explains the division of frequency channels into groups, the importance of cell shape for coverage, and the concept of co-channel interference. Additionally, it details the Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) and Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) for managing frequency allocation in GSM networks.

Uploaded by

0542549594
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TS 911 : RÉSEAUX

CELLULAIRES
Faculté de Technologie - Département de
Télécommunications

Filière : Télécommunications
Spécialité : TOP
Docteur M.Y.BENDIMERAD
Chapter 4 :
Cell and Cluster Planning
PRE-CELLULAR SYSTEM

 Assume that the system admits S=70 frequency channels.

 System capacity = number of simultaneous users = 70 × 3 = 210


CELLULAR SYSTEM

 Divide the 70 channels into 7 groups (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) of 10 channels.


 Cells that use the same group are far apart.

 System capacity = number of simultaneous users = 10 × 7 × 3 = 210


 =⇒ With the same capacity, the transmission power went from hundreds of Watts
to a few Watts, and even < 1 W per channel.
CELL SHAPE

 Omnidirectional antennas radiate in a circular shape (viewed from above).


 The problem is that circular cells cannot be superimposed on a map without leaving areas uncovered or without
creating overlapping areas.
 3 choices: Equilateral Triangle or Square or Hexagon.
CLUSTER CONCEPT

 A cell must be designed to serve the weakest mobiles within the footprint (shape), and these are generally
located at the cell boundary. The hexagon has the largest surface area among the three countries.
 The hexagon better describes a circle.
CLUSTER SIZE

 Cluster Size N can have precise values according to i and j integers :

 To locate the nearest co-channel: Move i cells along a chain of hexagons,


then Rotate 60 degrees counterclockwise and move j cells.

 ex: i=3; j=2 =⇒ N=19


CELLULAR CONCEPT
CELLULAR CONCEPT
REUSE DISTANCE
 A cluster is a collection of cells in which each cell uses different frequencies.
 The cell's frequencies can be reused by other cells in the system, but these cells will be in other groups and
therefore far enough away not to cause interference.

 Reuse distance D = Minimum distance between


the centers of two cells using the same
frequency channel.
REUSE DISTANCE
FREQUENCY REUSE FACTOR

 Frequency reuse factor=1/N


 Each cell uses 1/N of the existing channels

 (N=4, N=7)
CAPACITY
Total Number of channel in the a
cluster

Cluster size

Capacity Number of channel in each Cell

Frequency Reuse
Factor

Number of Cells in the System


CO-CHANNEL REUSE RATE

 R = Cell radius (center to vertex)


 D = Reuse distance frequency
 Co-channel reuse rate:
SIGNAL QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
MINIMUM TOLERABLE LEVEL OF THE SIR

 The co-channel Cells must be sufficiently spaced to that interference between users in co-channel cells does not
degrade signal quality below a tolerable level.
 In cellular systems, the interference power is much greater than the noise power so we only consider
interference.
 Subjective tests have affirmed that for an FM signal (using a 30 kHz bandwidth channel) the power of the signal
must be at least sixty times greater than the noise or interference power.
CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
 The SIR is :

 It becomes :

 With :
 R: Cell radius;
 Dj: Distance from the BTS of the jth cell and the mobile;
 K: number of co-channel interference cells .
  path loss exponent (between 2 and 4 in urban areas)
CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE

 If Same distance is considered :


CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE

 Worst case: The mobile is at the border of the cell


BSIC : BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE

 The base station identity code (BSIC), is a code used in GSM to uniquely identify a base station. The code is
needed because it is possible that mobile stations receive the broadcast channel of more than one base station on
the same frequency. This is due to frequency re-use in a cellular network.

 Each base-station has its own BSIC, this code is at all times transmitted on the broadcast channel, so the mobile
stations can distinguish between base stations.

 The BSIC consists of 6 bits . The BSIC is composed of a 3-bit network color code (NCC) and a 3-bit base station
color code (BCC).
BSIC : BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE
 The NCC and BCC have values ranging from 0 to 7, where the NCC is fixed for an operator, signifying at any
given point there can be maximum of 8 operators in an area. The BCC defines the cluster number which means a
group of 8 clusters carry unique identity which is re-used for another group of 8 clusters and so on.
 The principal for allocation of the BSIC is the same as for the RF carriers but at cluster level rather than cell level.
ARFCN : ABSOLUTE RADIO-FREQUENCY CHANNEL NUMBER

 When a mobile moves from one BTS to another, the allocated channel number changes. For example for GSM-
850 MHz for a given channel number n .The corresponding frequencies are calculated from the following
equations:
ARFCN : ABSOLUTE RADIO-FREQUENCY CHANNEL NUMBER
ARFCN : ABSOLUTE RADIO-FREQUENCY CHANNEL NUMBER

 For this example the mobile station goes from channel137 to 142 (GSM 850 Band) :The channel allocated by the
BTS-14300 is n = 137 so the client's uplink frequency is equal to 826 MHz and the downlink is 826 + 45 = 871
MHz.

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