3.

5 OSPF Routing
•OSPF- Open Shortest Path First
•OSPF use Dijkstra’s Algorithm/Shortest Path First(SPF) Algorithm
•OSPF Versions:
OSPFv1 (1989): Old, not in use anymore

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OSPFv2 (1998): Used for IPv4
OSPFv3 (2008): Used for IPv6

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•LSA - Link State Advertisement
•LSDB - Link State Database
•An OSPF area is a set of routers and links that share the same
LSDB. The Backbone Area (area 0) is an area that all others area must
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connect to.

•Routers with all interfaces in the same area are called Internal Routers.
Routers with interfaces in multiple areas are called Area Border Routers(ABR).
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Routers connected to the backbone area(area 0) are called Backbone
Routers.

•An intra-area route is a route to a destination inside the same OSPF

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area. And inter-area route is a route to a destination in a different

OSPF area.
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•OSPF interfaces in the same subnet must be in the same area. The
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"passive-interface g0/2" command tells the router to stop sending OSPF

hello message out of the interface.

•ASBR - Autonomous System Boundary Router.

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ASBR is an OSPF router that connects the OSPF network to an ex-

ternal network. By using default-information originate command a router
becomes an ASBR.

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•R1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 203.0.113.2
•R1(config)# router ospf 1
•R1(config-router)# default-information originate

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OSPF Cost
•OSPF metric is called cost. It is automatically calculated based
on bandwidth of the interface.
cost = reference bandwidth / interface’s bandwidth
The default reference bandwidth is 100 Mbps. And Ethernet(10

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Mbps), FastEthernet(100 Mbps), GigabitEthernet(1000 Mbps) etc.
All values of cost less than 1 will be converted to 1.
•Change the reference bandwidth:
R1(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth value

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•Change the cost of an interface manually:
R1(config)# interface g0/0 ma
R1(config-if)# ip ospf cost 1000
R1# show ip ospf interface g0/0

•Bandwidth: The bandwidth is just a value that is used to cal-

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culate OSPF cost, EIGRP metric etc. By default the bandwidth

matches the interface speed. But changing the interface bandwidth
doesn’t actually change the speed at which the interface operates.
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R1(config-if)# bandwidth value

Three ways to modify the OSPF Cost

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1. Change the reference bandwidth:

auto-cost reference-bandwidth value
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R1(config-router)#

2. Manual configuration:
R1(config-if)# ip ospf cost 1000
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3. Change the interface bandwidth:

R1(config-if)# bandwidth value
N.B. The OSPF cost to a destination is the total cost of the outgo-

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ing/exit interface.

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OSPF Message Type
1. Hello
It is used for neighbor discovery and maintenance. Hello
message are multicast to 224.0.0.5
2. Database Description(DBD)

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It contains the summary of the LSDB of the router.
3. Link-State Request(LSR)
Request for specific LSAs from the neighbor.

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4. Link-State Update(LSU)
Sends specific LSAs to the neighbour.
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5. Link-State Acknowledgment(LSAck
Used to acknowledge that the router received a message.
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OSPF Neighbor States
1. Down State
Router doesn’t know about any OSPF neighbors yet. It
sends an OSPF Hello message to 224.0.0.5
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2. Init State
Hello packet received.
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3. 2-Way State
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This state means, the router has received a Hello packet

with it’s own RID in it. And they are ready to share LSAs
to build a same LSDB.
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4. Exstart State
They decide which router will start the exchange. They
elect master and slave. The router with higher RID will

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 become the master and thher will slave.
5. Exchange State
In this state the routers exchange DBDs which contain a
list of LSAs

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6. Loading State
Router send LSR message. Then it receive LSU message
and finally it send LSAck message.
7. Full State
In this state the routers have a full OSPF adjacency and

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identical LSDBs. They continue to send and listen for
Hello packets every (10 seconds) to maintain neighbor
adjacency.
Every time a hello packet is received the Dead timer(40

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seconds) is reset. If the dead timer counts down to 0 and
no Hello message is received , the neighbor is removed.
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OSPF DR BDR
•Show OSPF neighbor
R1# show ip ospf neighbor
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•Change the priority of the interface

R1(config-if)# ip ospf priority 40
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R1# clear ip ospf process

N.B. If priority value is zero the router will not be elected as DR/BDR.
Zero is the lowest priority.
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3.6 FHRP
Basics of FHRP
•FHRP - First Hop Redundancy Protocols
•FHRP is a computer networking protocol which is designed to pro-
tect the default gateway used on a subnetwork by allowing two or

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more routers to provide backup for that address; in the event of fail-
ure of an active router, the backup router will take over the address,
usually within a few seconds.
•A virtual IP is configured on the two routers and a virtual MAC

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is generated for the virtual IP
•End hosts in the network are configured to use the virtual IP as
their default gateway
•Gratuitous ARP: ARP reply sent without being requested
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Types of FHRP
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1. HSRP
•Hot Standby Router Protocol
•Cisco Proprietary
•An active and Standby router are elected
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•IPv4 multicast address:

→v1: 224.0.0.2
→v2: 224.0.0.102
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•Virtual MAC address:

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→v1: 0000:0c07:acXX
→v2: 0000:0c9f:f XXX
N.B. XX=HSRP group number
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2. VRRP
•Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
•Industry Standard
•A master and backup router are elected
•IPv4 multicast: 224.0.0.18

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•Virtual MAC address: 0000:5e00:01XX
N.B. XX=VRRP Group Number

3. GLBP

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•Gateway Load Balancing Protocol
•Cisco Proprietary
•Load balances among multiple routers in a singe subnet.
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•An AVG(Active Virtual Gateway) is elected.
•Up to 4 AVF are assigned by the AVG. Each AVF acts as
the default gateway for a portion of the hosts in the subnet.
•AVF - Active Virtual Forwarders
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•IPv4 multicast address: 224.0.0.102
•Virtual MAC address: 0007:b400:XXYY
N.B. XX= GLBP group number, YY= AVF number.
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HSRP Configuration
R1(config)# int g0/0
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R1(config-if)# standby 5 ip 192.168.1.254

R1(config-if)# standby 5 priority 150
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R1(config-if)# standby 5 preempt

R1# show standby
N.B. Higher value of priority will be Active router.
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