SECTION A (60 Marks)

Answer only three questions from this section.

1. An organic compound, T contains 60.00% carbon, 13.30%

hydrogen and the rest being oxygen. When 0.23g of an
organic compound, T was vaporized at a temperature of 29ᵒC
and a pressure of 90.2mmHg, it occupied a volume of 800cm3.
(a) Determine the:
(i) The empirical formula of an organic compound, T.
(02
marks)
(ii) The molecular formula of an organic compound, T.

(03 marks)
(b) An organic compound, T reacts with phosphorous
pentachloride at room temperature to produce white fumes.

(i) Name the functional group in an organic compound,

T. (01
mark)
(ii) Write the structural formulae and IUPAC names of all
the possible isomers of an organic compound, T.
(02
marks)
(c) An organic compound, T reacts with a solution of
concentrated hydrochloric acid and anhydrous zinc chloride
to form a cloudy solution after 8 minutes.
(i) Identify an organic compound, T. (0½
mark)
(ii) Explain why a cloudy solution is formed. (01½
marks)
(iii) Write a mechanism for the reaction between an
organic compound, T and concentrated hydrochloric
acid.
(02 marks)
(d) Describe how an organic compound, T can be:
(i) Prepared from 2,2-dibromopropane. (04
marks)
(ii) Converted to butanoic acid. (04
marks)
[Equation(s) are not required]

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2. (a).State Kohlrauch’s law of independent migration of ions. (01
mark)
(b) At 298K,a solution containing 2.84g per litre of anhydrous
sodium sulphate has an electrolytic conductivity of 5.196 X
10-3Ω1cm1. Determine the:
(i) Molar conductivity of sodium sulphate solution.
(03
marks)
(ii) Molar conductivity of sodium ions in the solution.
[The molar conductivity sulphate ions is 159.6Ω-
1
cm2mol-1 at 298K]
(02 marks)
(c) (i).Draw a sketch graph to show how molar conductivity of
sodium sulphate varies with the square root of
concentration.
(02 marks)
(ii).Explain the shape of the graph you have sketched in
(c) (i).
(03 marks)
(d) The table shows the molar conductivity of bromoethanoic
acid at different concentrations.
Concentration (mol/dm3) 0 0.004 0.020 0.200
-1 -
Molar conductivity (Ω cm 41 55 18 7
2
/mol) 1
(i) Explain the trend in the molar conductivity of
bromoethanoic acid. (02
marks)
(ii) Calculate the degree of ionization of bromoethanoic
acid at the dilution of 50/moldm3.
(02½ marks)
(iii) Determine the pH and hence the ionization
constant, Ka of the acid in (d) (ii) above.
(04½ marks)

3. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine are elements of (VII) of

the periodic table.

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 (a) Write the formulae of the hydrides of the elements. (02
marks)
(b) The table below shows the boiling points of the hydrides of
the above elements.
Hydrides F Cl Br I
+
Boiling point (ᵒC) 19. 85.0 66.7 -35.4
- -

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(i) Explain the trend of boiling points of the hydrides of
the above elements.
(04 marks)
(ii) State two other properties in which the hydride of
fluorine differs from hydrides of other group (VII)
elements. (02
marks)
(c) Describe the reaction of the hydrides of the above elements
with:
(i) Concentrated sulphuric acid. (05½
marks)
(ii) Potassium carbonate. (02½
marks)
(d) Describe the preparation of chlorine on a large scale.
[Diagram not required]
(04 marks)

4.(a) State what is meant by the terms activation energy and

order of reaction.
(02 marks)
(b) Ethanal decomposes when heated according to the
following equation below.

Caculate the enthalpy of decomposition of ethanol. [The

standard enthalpies of combustion of ethanal, methane
and carbon mononoxide are -1,187, -884 & -283.5KJ/mol
respectively] (03
marks)

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 (c) The energy of activation for the catalyzed and uncatalysed
decomposition of ethanal are 136 and 190KJ/mol
respectively.
(i) Draw the reaction profile using the same axes for the
catalyzed and uncatalysed reactions. Indicate the values
of activation energy and heat change. (04
marks)
(ii) Explain how a catalyst increase the rate of decomposition
of ethanal. (02
marks)
(d) The rate equation for reaction.

Rate = K[S2O32-][H+]2
(i) Deduce how the rate will be affected when the
concentrations of the reactants are tripled. (02
marks)
(ii) Describe an experiment to determine the order of the
reaction with respect to thiosulphate ions in the laboratory.
(07 marks)

SECTION B (40 Marks)

Answer only two questions from this section.
5. Complete the following equations and outline the possible
mechanism for the reaction in each case.

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6.The atomic numbers of calcium and chromium are 20 & 24
respectively.
(a) Write the electronic configuration of the atom of each
element.
(02 marks)
(b) (i) State three properties in which chromium differ from
calcium.
(01½ marks)
(iii) Explain why chromium has higher melting points
than calcium.
(02 marks)
(c) Describe the reaction of chromium with:

(i) Water. (02½

marks)
(ii) Sulphuric acid. (04
marks)
(d) Explain the reactions that take place when chromium (III)
sulphate solution is treated with:
(i) Potassium sulphite solution. (04
marks)

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 (ii) Excess concentrated ammonia solution. (04
marks)

7. Steam distillation is one of the methods used in purification

below their boiling points.
(a) (i) State three requirements for purifying a substance by
steam distillation. (01½ marks)
(ii) Explain the principle of purifying a substance by steam
distillation method. (03
marks)
(b) Cyclohexane distills on steam at a temperature of 98ᵒC
and a standard pressure of 760mmHg.Calculate the
percentage of cyclohexane in the distillate.[The vapour
pressure of water is 655mmHg at the same temperature]
(03 marks)
(c) Nitric acid and water form non-ideal solution that deviates
from Raoult’s law. The table below shows the composition
of nitric acid in liquid and vapour phases at different
temperatures.
Temperature 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12
(ᵒC) 0 6 1 3 4 6 0 3 6 9 0 1
%age Liquid 9 8 09 18 78 30 43 71 59 66 67 68
of 3 5
HNO3 Vapou 9 9 01 03 90 08 20 81 40 53 58 68
r 8 6
(i) Plot a well-labelled boiling point composition diagram for
the nitric acid-water system. [The boiling points of nitric
acid and water are 86ᵒC and 100ᵒC respectively.
(05 marks)
(ii) Explain why the mixture of nitric acid and water shows
the type of deviation in the diagram in (i) above.
(04 marks)
(iii) Describe what happens when a liquid mixture
containing 40% of nitric acid is fractionally distilled.
(03½ marks)

8. Explain the following observations.

(a) A mixture of 50cm3 of 0.1M ammonium hydroxide solution
and 50cm3 of 0.1M hydrochloric acid gives a resultant

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 solution whose pH is less than 7.
(04½ marks)
(b) The solubility of lithium chloride in ethanol is higher than
the solubility of potassium chloride in ethanol.
(03 marks)
(c) When iodine crystals are added to cold dilute sodium
hydroxide solution, a grey solid dissolves to a pale yellow
solution which turns colourless on standing.
(04 marks)
(d) When carbon dioxide gas was bubbled through an aqueous
solution of potassium manganate (VII) solution, the green
solution turns purple and a black precipitate is formed.
(04
marks)
(e) When methanoic acid was warmed with Fehling’s solution, a
red precipitate is formed while ethanoic acid, No observable
change occurs.

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  ===END===
WELCOME TO SENIOR SIX, YEAR 2023
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