Scribd
Upload
9 views21 pages

Study of type of placenta

The document discusses the placenta, a temporary organ formed by maternal and embryonic tissues that facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and developing embryo. It outlines the functions of the placenta, types based on implantation modes, and histological classifications, detailing the structural differences among various mammalian placentas. Key types include epitheliochorial, syndesmo-chorial, endothelio-chorial, haemo-chorial, and haemo-endothelial placentas, each characterized by the number of barriers between maternal and fetal blood streams.

Uploaded by

crystalcrystal529
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views21 pages

Study of type of placenta

The document discusses the placenta, a temporary organ formed by maternal and embryonic tissues that facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and developing embryo. It outlines the functions of the placenta, types based on implantation modes, and histological classifications, detailing the structural differences among various mammalian placentas. Key types include epitheliochorial, syndesmo-chorial, endothelio-chorial, haemo-chorial, and haemo-endothelial placentas, each characterized by the number of barriers between maternal and fetal blood streams.

Uploaded by

crystalcrystal529
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

STUDY OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF

PLACENTA
 Placenta is a Greek word and it means a “flat cake”.
 The term placenta in its broadest sense refers to any region in a viviparous organism
where maternal and embryonic tissues of any kind are closely apposed and which
serves as a site for physiological exchange between mother and embryo.
 Due to little yolk present in mammalian eggs, the embryo depend on the mother for
nourishment and oxygen supply etc.
 A temporary organ which is formed jointly by the extra-embryonic membranes (EEM)
of the foetus and maternal tissues by which the developing embryo or foetus obtains
nourishment from the maternal uterine tissue.
 Though placenta is the characteristic of mammals, it is present in Peripatus,
Salpa, certain lizard.

 Balinsky (1981) gave a simplified definition of placenta. Placenta is a complex


temporary organ composed of maternal & foetal tissues through which
nutrients are supplied to developing embryo from its mother.
 The region of attachment between the embryonic tissue and the
uterine wall forms the organic bridge for physiological exchange of
material. The process involved in implantation of embryo to the
uterine wall is called placentation.

OR

 The mode of formation and fusion of the placenta to the uterine


wall is called Placentation
FUNCTION OF PLACENTA
 It allows the maternal and foetal blood to come in proximity for
exchange of substances.
 It acts as the nutritive respiratory, and excretory organs of the foetus.
 It allows selective diffusion, preventing the passage of harmful
materials from the maternal into the foetal blood.
 It acts as an important endocrine gland during pregnancy.
 It stores glycogen for the foetus before the liver is formed.
 Its trophoblast digests proteins before passing them into the foetal
blood.
IMPLANTATION; describe the attachment of developing embryo to endometrium.

TYPES OF PLACENTA BASED ON THE MODE OF IMPLANTATION


1. Superficial or central – implantation in which the chorionic sacs remains in the
uterine cavity. Eg; most ungulate, dog and monkey

2. Eccentric- chorionic sacs lies for a time in a fold or pocket of the uterine wall which
looses off from the main cavity. Eg; beaver, rat, squirrel and other rodents

3. Interstitial- chorionic sacs completely embedded in the endometrial epithelium into


subepithelial connective tissue.
 The embryo embeds in the endometrial and develop chorionic villi.
 The endometrium which participates in placenta is called decidua.
 Eg; hedgehog, guinea bat, ape and man
TYPES OF PLACENTA BASED ON THE MODE OF IMPLANTATION
TYPES OF PLACENTA BASED ON FOETAL EXTRAEMBRYONIC
MEMBRANES
They are based on the involvement of extraembryonic membrane and
are of different type;
1. Chorio-vitelline/ Yolk-sac placenta – Highly vascular yolk sac fuses
with the chorion. eg. Metatherian mammals–Marsupials, Didelphis and
Macropus
2. Chorio-allantoic placenta- Allantois with its blood vessels fuses with
the chorion eg. Some Marsupials and all Eutherian mammals
DEPENDING ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHORIONIC VILLI ON THE SURFACE:

1. Diffused placenta – Chorionic villi scattered all over the surface of chorion
eg. Ungulates, Mare, Lemur, Pig etc

2. Cotyledonary placenta – Villi distributed in isolated patches eg. Goat and


Ruminants like Deer, Sheep, Cattle etc

3. Zonary placenta– Villi arranged in the form of belt or girdle like band
encircling the middle of blastocyst or chorionic sac eg. Carnivores, Cats, Dogs
etc

4. Discoidal placenta– Villi restricted to a circular disc or plate on the dorsal


surface of blastocyst. eg. Mouse, Rat, Rabbit, Monkey, Apes and Man
HISTOLOGICAL BASIS OF PLACENTA
The placenta is a unique composite structure form by maternal and foetal
tissues. The more the intimacy of the two tissues, more is the erosion of the
placental layers.

1. Maternal component – Uterine endometrium


i. Uterine epithelium
ii. Uterine connective tissue
iii. Endothelium of uterine blood capillaries

2. Fetal component - Chorion (extraembryonic membrane)


i. Endothelium of fetal blood capillaries
ii. Fetal connective tissue
iii. Fetal chorionic epithelium
HISTOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLACENTA
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF BARRIERS OR STRUCTURE
Five types of mammalian placenta have been recognised

1. Epitheliochorial placenta
 The foetal chorionic epithelium and uterine epithelium remain in close
contact but both retain their original layer hence it is called epitheliochorial.
 Most primitive types of placenta.
 In between foetal, maternal parts six barriers are present.
 eg. Marsupials, Ungulates (pig & horses) & Lemur
 Nature of villi-diffuse type
2. Syndesmo-chorial placenta
 Foetal and maternal components are fused so intimately that results in destruction of
uterine epithelium.
 Only five barriers or tissue lies between the two (foetal and uterine) blood stream.
 eg. Sheep & Cow (ruminants)
 Nature of villi-cotyledonary type

1. Endothelium of foetal blood


vessel
2. Chorionic connective tissue
3. Chorionic epithelium
4. Uterine epithelium
5. Endometrial connective tissue
6. Endothelium of maternal blood
vessel
3. Endothelio-chorial placenta
 Both uterine epithelium and connective tissue is eroded so that the chorionic
epithelium comes in contact with endothelium of maternal blood vessel.
 Lies only four barriers between the foetal and maternal blood stream.
 eg. Dogs,Cats & other carnivores
 Nature of villi-zonary type

1. Endothelium of foetal blood vessel


2. Chorionic connective tissue
3. Chorionic epithelium
4. Uterine epithelium
5. Endometrial connective tissue
6. Endothelium of maternal blood vessel
4. Haemo-chorial placenta
 Uterine epithelium, connective tissue and endothelium, all are eroded and the
chorionic epithelium baths directly in the maternal blood.
 Reduction of the barriers to three occurred.
 The placenta connections are more intimate. The chorion of foetus will float in the
blood pools of mother’s uterus. Hence it is called haemochorial placenta.
 eg. Man

1. Endothelium of foetal blood vessel


2. Chorionic connective tissue
3. Chorionic epithelium
4. Uterine epithelium
5. Endometrial connective tissue
6. Endothelium of maternal blood vessel
7. Maternal blood pool
5. Haemo-endothelial placenta
 The chorionic villi lose their epithelial and connective tissue layers to such a degree
that in most places, the bare endothelial lining of their blood vessel alone separates
the foetal blood from maternal blood sinuses. The number of barriers between foetal
and maternal blood stream is reduced to two.
 Foetal capillaries lie freely in maternal blood.
 eg. Rabbit, mouse and rat

1. Endothelium of foetal blood vessel


2. Chorionic connective tissue
3. Chorionic epithelium
4. Uterine epithelium
5. Endometrial connective tissue
6. Endothelium of maternal blood vessel
7. Maternal blood pool

You might also like