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CFOA SYLLABUS
UNIT-I Introduction to Computers

Introduction, Characteristics of Computers, Block diagram of a computer. Types of computers

and features, Mini Computers, Micro Computers, Mainframe Computers, Super Computers.
Types of Programming Languages (Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, High Level
Languages).Data Organization, Drives, Files, Directories. Types of Memory (Primary And
Secondary) RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM.

Secondary Storage Devices (FD, CD, HD, Pen drive) I/O Devices (Scanners, Plotters, LCD, Plasma
Display) Number Systems

Introduction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal system Conversion, Simple Addition, Subtraction,

Multiplication

UNIT-II Algorithm and Flowcharts

Algorithm: Definition, Characteristics, Advantages and disadvantages, Examples,Flowchart:

Definition, Define symbols of flowchart, Advantages and disadvantages, Examples

UNIT-III Operating System and Services in O.S.

Dos – History, Files and Directories, Internal and External Commands, Batch Files, Types of O.S.

UNIT-IV Windows Operating Environment

Features of MS – Windows, Control Panel, Taskbar, Desktop, Windows Application, Icons,

Windows Accessories, Notepad, Paintbrush.

UNIT-V Editors and Word Processors

Basic Concepts, Examples: MS-Word, Introduction to desktop publishing

UNIT-VI Spreadsheets and Database packages

Purpose, usage, command, MS-Excel, Creation of files in MS-Access, Switching between

application, MS-PowerPoint.
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CONTENT
1. Introduction & Definition of Computer

2. Characteristics of Computers

3. Block diagram of a computer

4. Evolution of computer

5. Types of computers

6. Types of Programming Languages

7. Data Organization, Drives, Files, Directories

8. Objective of File Management System

9. Storage System

10. I/O Devices (Scanners, Plotters, LCD, Plasma Display, printers)

11. LCD & PLASMA display

12. Printers (Inkjet, laser & dot matrix )

13. Number Systems

14. Conversion of Number Systems

Conversion from Decimal Number System to Other Number Systems

Conversion from Binary Number System to Other Number Systems

Conversion from Octal Number System to Other Number Systems

Conversion from Hexadecimal Number System to Other Number Systems

15. Binary Arithmetics (Addition, Subtraction, Division, Multiplication )

Binary Addition

Binary Multiplication

Binary Subtraction

Binary Division
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INTRODUCTION & DEFINATION OF COMPUTER

There are many hypothetical full forms of the computer available today but Computer is not
an acronym it is from the Latin word ‘computare’, which is defined as “to calculate”, “to count”
or ‘to sum up”, etc because when computers were invented, they were kind of calculating
machines only. Charles Babbage introduced the first mechanical computer to the world in
1837. It was called 'Analytical Engine'.

Nowadays term computer stands for: “Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for
Technological and Educational Research”, which is also one of the many hypothetical
full forms of the computer.

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A computer is an electronic machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

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A computer is an electronic machine (device) that accepts input (data), processes it gives
(output) results (information) and saves it as an electronic file.

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DATA -> raw details that require processing for generating useful information

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PROGRAM -> set of instructions that can be executed by the computer in sequential or
non-sequential order
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USER REPLY -> input provided by the user in response to a query asked by the computer
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Nowadays, computers are making jobs easier for people. Computers can be used in
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everything from entertainment to communication to navigation to research. That is why this

era is called the era of IT (Information Technology). And now, one cannot imagine a world
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without computers.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
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1. Speed: Speed is one of the major characteristics of the computer system. A computer works
so fast that it can process any task and provide the output in fractions of seconds. A powerful
computer can handle trillions of instructions per second, which is incredible.
With its incredible speed, computers can reduce the amount of time to perform any digital
task. The speed of a computer is measured in microseconds and nanoseconds. Due to their
incredible speed, computers can quickly retrieve data from storage devices.

2. Storage Capacity: A computer has a built-in memory to store instant data immediately.
Here, we are referring to random access memory (primary memory) that holds data as long as
the computer is connected to a power source. Data is erased from memory after shutting
down the computer. In addition, the computer includes ROM (read-only memory), the cache
memory of different levels, virtual memory, etc., thereby speeding up performance.
It can store vast amounts of data. Today's computers have increased storage capacity

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compared to earlier days. Besides, we also have the option to store data in secondary devices
such as external drives, or floppies, etc.
These secondary devices can be kept separate from the computer or attached to other

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computers. The storage capacity of the computer is commonly measured in Mega-Byte (MB),

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Giga-Bytes (GB), Tera-Bytes (TB), and Peta-bytes (PB).

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3. Accuracy: A computer carries out any calculation with a 100% accuracy. However, this
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depends on the configuration of the system and instruction from the user.
Computers not only provide incredible speed, instead, they are also capable of consistently
working with accuracy. The degree of accuracy in computers is very high; computers can
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perform calculations at almost 100% accuracy. Errors may occur in a computer system, but
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only because of wrong human input or inaccurate data.

4. Reliability: A computer process results with 0 error. Mostly the error generated in the
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computer is due to the user’s fault. The results obtained by the computer are very reliable. But
this is true only when the data given to the computer or program is correct and reliable.
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5. Diligence: A computer can be set to perform repetitive tasks for numerous times and the
result will always be displayed with the same accuracy and efficiency. Computers aren’t
affected by human traits like dizziness, fatigue, distraction, tiredness, etc.
Unlike a human, the computer doesn’t get tired or lacks its concentration. Due to this
characteristic, it overpowers human being in most of the regular tasks. It can work for hours
without any fault. This means that if millions of calculations are to be done, a computer will
perform every calculation and provide all the results with the same accuracy.

6. Versatility: The same computer can be used for many different tasks for many different
purposes.
Versatility is one of the most wonderful features of computers. This means that the computer
has the ability to perform completely different kinds of works with the same accuracy and
efficiency at the same time. It is not just a calculating machine anymore. For example: for one
moment it can be used to create invoices or bills, and the next moment it can be used for
inventory management or any multimedia task, etc.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

CONTROL

ARTHIMETIC &
LOGIC UNIT

INPUT MAIN MEMORY OUTPUT

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AUXILIARY STORAGE

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A computer system is a combination of three components:
1. Input Output Unit
2. CPU (Central Processing t)ing
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3. Memory Unit
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Input Output Unit

Input Unit consists of input devices such as a mouse, keyboard, scanner, joystick, etc. These
devices are used to input information or instructions into the computer system. Like other
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electronic machines, a computer takes inputs as raw data (binary data) and performs
necessary processing giving out processed data. Therefore, the input unit is the medium of
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communication that takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for
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processing.
The Input Unit performs the following major functions:
The input unit converts the inputted data or instructions into binary form for further
processing.
Input Unit transmits the data to the main memory of the computer.

Output unit consists of devices that are used to display the results or output of processing.
The output data is first stored in the memory and then displayed in human-readable form
through output devices. Some of the widely used output devices are Monitors, Printers, and
Projectors.
The Output Unit performs the following major functions:
The output unit accepts the data or information in binary form from the main memory of
the computer system.
The output unit converts the binary data into a human-readable form for better
understanding.
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Central Processing Unit

This unit of the Computer is also known as the brain of the computer system. It is an
electronic hardware device that processes all the operations, which include:
1. Fetching instructions from memory
2. Decoding the instruction to decide what operations are to be performed
3. Executing Instructions
4. Storing the result back into memory

CONTROL

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ARTHIMETIC &

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LOGIC UNIT

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MEMORY UNIT T
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1. Control Unit
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It controls the flow of data and information. It maintains the sequence of operation being
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performed by the CPU. The control unit fetched instruction from storage area, decode the
instructions and transmit the corresponding signal to ALU and the storage registers.
Acts like the supervisor which determines the sequence in which computer programs and
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instructions are executed. It retrieves instructions from memory, decodes the instructions,
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interprets the instructions and understands the sequence of tasks to be performed

accordingly. It further transmits the instructions to the other parts of the computer system to
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execute them. In short, the control unit determines the sequence of operations to execute the
given instructions.
1. Control Unit
2. Arithmetic/ Logical Unit

Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The

arithmetic unit takes input instruction in the following form:
opcode + operand + format code
opcode – operation
operand – data
format code – format of the operand, e.g. fixed-point or floating-point

The logical unit operates the data logically. Logical operations include greater than (>), less
than (<), equals to (=), not equal to (! =), shift left, shift right, etc. This unit makes use of logical
gates (AND, OR, NAND, NOR, etc.) to perform logical operations.
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2. S
3. Memory Unit

It is an essential part of the computer system which is used to store data and instructions
before and after processing. The memory unit transmits the information to other units of the
computer system when required.
A computer has two types of memories, i.e. internal and external memories. The internal one’s
are termed as main memory while of external is auxiliary memory. RAM is an example of main
memory while peripherals storge devices are some examples of auxiliary storage.

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

There are five different eras of computers beginning with the mechanical era where

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computers were built from mechanical components rather than electronic components, such

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as levers and gears to the latest high-end and portable computers.

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1. Mechanical Era

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A mechanical computer is a computer built from mechanical components such as levers and
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gears rather than electronic components. The most common examples are adding machines
and mechanical counters, which use the turning of gears to increment output displays. More
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complex examples could carry out multiplication and division. eg Hamman Manus R
mechanical.
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Hamman Manus R mechanical

2. First Generation Computer

Employed: 1940 – 1956

Technology used: Vacuum Tube
Tasks done: Mathematical Calculation

Advantages: fast computing in their time, executed complex mathematical problems in an

efficient manner
Disadvantages: Operated on machine language (0s and 1s), not flexible for running different
applications, large and bulky in size and consumed high power.
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3. Second Generation Computer

Employed: 1956 – 1963

Technology Used: Transistors
Improvements: development
development of of printer,
printer, secondary
secondarystorage,
storage, operating system technology,
replacement
operating system
of machine
technology,
languagereplacement
with assembly oflanguage
machine
Tasks done: Mathematical
language with assembly Calculation
language | Tasks done:
Advantages: fast
Mathematical Calculation
computing | Advantages:
in their time, fast
easy
computing
to programin (assembly language), smaller in
size and
their time,
consuming
easy to program
less power(assembly language), smaller in
Disadvantages:
size and consumingI/O devices
less power | Disadvantages:
not improved I/O devices extent, generated a huge amount
to a considerable
not improve
of heat, beyondtothea access
considerable extent, generated a huge
of households
amount of heat, beyond the access of households 4. Third Generation Computer
4. Third Generation Computer

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Employed: 1964 – 1975

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Employed: 1964 – 1975 Technology Used: Integrated Circuits (I.C.)
Technology Used: Integrated Circuits (I.C.) Improvements: I.C.s made the size of computer smaller,

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Improvements: I.C.s made the size of computer smaller, performance efficientefficient
performance and faster and
and reliable
faster and
Advantages: computational time reduced to nano-seconds, use

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reliable
Advantages: computational time reduced to nano-seconds, use of high-level of high-level
languagelanguage
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Disadvantages: low storage, costly Disadvantages: low storage, costly
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5. Fourth Generation Computer

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Employed: 1975 – 1989

Technology Used: LSI, VLSI
Improvements: GUI, new Operating System, development of LAN
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Advantages: Size and cost minimized, accessible by home users

Disadvantages: complex microprocessor design and fabrication,
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6. Fifth Generation Computer

Employed: 1989 onwards

Technology used: ULSI
Improvements: portable computers – laptop, pocket computer, PDA, etc. developed,
computer, PDA, processing,
developed parallel etc. developed, developed
invention of opticalparallel
disk technology, Internet invented
processing,
Advantages:invention of opticalparallel
True AI, advanced disk technology,
processing,Internet
portability, superconductor technology
invented
Disadvantages: sophisticated and complex tools
Advantages: True AI, advanced parallel processing,
portability, superconductor technology
Disadvantages: sophisticated and complex tools

HP Pavilion 35.6 cm Laptop

5th Generation
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TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Analog Computer Digital Computer Hybrid Computer

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Super Mainframe Mini Micro

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Computer Computer Computer Computer

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A computer that operates on discrete-time signals (or discontinuous-time signals) is called a
digital computer while the one that operates on continuous-time signals, i.e. takes input and
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produces output in the form of signals that vary continuously with time is called an analog
computer.
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Analog computers were very common during the 1950s to 1960s. A digital computer is built
up of digital electronic devices like logic gates, digital ICs, transistors, etc.
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Super Computer
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Supercomputers are large and require huge space for installation. They are the fastest and
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most expensive computers compared to others. They are used for performing huge
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complex calculations.
Supercomputers are the most powerful computers among digital computers. These
consist of several processors running together thereby making them immensely faster and
powerful.
These computers are capable of handling huge amounts of calculations that are beyond
human capabilities.
Supercomputers can perform billions of instructions per second. Some of today's
supercomputers have the computing capability equal to that of 40000 microcomputers.
A Japanese supercomputer has calculated the value of Pi to 16 million decimal places.
Supercomputers are mainly used for the following purposes or applications: Weather
forecasting • Nuclear science research • Aerodynamic modelling • Seismology • Metrology
According to the top500 list, since June 2013 Tianhe-2 is the fastest supercomputer in the
world developed by China’s National University of Defense Technology.
It is capable of performing 33.86 petaflops (quadrillions of calculations per second).
It can best be used for simulation, analysis and government security applications.
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Tianhe-2

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Mainframe Computer

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Mainframe Computers are smaller than supercomputers, still, they are comparatively
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huge. These are not as fast as supercomputers. These are expensive as well as take up
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huge space for the entire setup. Mainframe computers can store huge amounts of data
and they are capable of handling large calculations. These computers are usually found in
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banks and educational sectors.

Mainframe computers are designed to handle huge volumes of data and information.
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These can support more than 100 users at the same time. These very large and expensive
computers have great processing speed and very large storage capacity and memory as
compared to minicomputers.
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These computers even possess and work with more than one processor at the same time.
Thus one can say these are multi-user, multiprocessor systems.
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For mainframe computers, very sophisticated operating systems are needed to control
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and supervise their operation.

Examples of Mainframe computers are ICL39 • CDC 6600 • VAX 8842 • IBM 3090/600 • IBM
4381.

Mini Computer

Mini computers are cheaper and easy to carry. Notebook and Tablet are examples of
minicomputers.
Minicomputers also called mid-range servers, are more powerful computers than
microcomputers in terms of processing power and capabilities.
Minicomputers are mainly multi-user systems where many users simultaneously work on
the systems.
Minicomputers possess greater storage capacity and larger memories as compared to
microcomputers. These are even capable of handling more input/output devices.
Examples of minicomputers are: PDP-11 • VAX • 7500 MAGNUM
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Microcomputer

Microcomputers are inexpensive and support multi-user platforms. These types of

computers are mostly used by small organizations. Microcomputers are slower compared
to supercomputers and mainframe computers. Microcomputers are called Personal
Computer (PC).
Desktop computers, laptops, gaming consoles, sound and navigation systems of a car,
personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets and smartphones are all types of microcomputers.
Microcomputers are widely used and the fastest-growing computers. These computers are
the cheapest among the other three types of computers.
The microcomputers are specially designed for general purpose usage life entertainment,
education, and work purposes.

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TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

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Low Level Middle Level High Level

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Machine Assembly
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Language Langauge
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A programming language is a set of rules that provides a way of telling a computer what
operations to perform, for communicating an algorithm and provides a linguistic framework
for describing computations. It is a notational system for describing computation in a
machine-readable or human-readable form.

Low-Level Language

A low-level language is a programming language that deals with a computer’s hardware

components and constraints. It has no (or only a minute level of) abstraction in reference
to a computer and works to manage a computer’s operational semantics.
A low-level language may also be referred to as a computer’s native language.
Low-level languages are designed to operate and handle the entire hardware and
instructions set architecture of a computer directly.
Low-level languages are considered to be closer to computers. In other words, their prime
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function is to operate, manage and manipulate the computing hardware and

components. Programs and applications written in a low-level language are directly
executable on the computing hardware without any interpretation or translation.

Machine Level Language

Machine language is the lowest level of programming language. It handles binary data i.e.
0’s and 1’s. It directly interacts with the system. Machine language is difficult for human
beings to understand as it comprises the combination of 0’s and 1’s.
There is software which translates programs into machine-level language.
Examples include operating systems like Linux, UNIX, Windows, etc. In this language, there
is no need of compilers and interpreters for conversion and hence the time consumption
is less.

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0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

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0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
T 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
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1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
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1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
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Machine Level Syntax

Assembly Level Language

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Assembly language is a middle-level language. It consists of a set of instructions in a

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specific format called commands. It uses symbols to represent the field of instructions. It is
very close to machine-level language.
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The computer should have an assembler to translate assembly-level programs to

machine-level programs.
Examples include ADA, PASCAL, etc. It is in human-readable format and takes less time to
write a program and debug it. However, it is a machine-dependent language.

ALL MLL

SUB AX. BX 0010101110000011

MOV CX. AX 100010111001000

MOV DX. 0 10111010000000000000000

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Medium-level language

It is a computer programming language that interacts with the abstraction layer of a

computer system. Medium-level language serves as the bridge between the raw hardware
and programming layer of a computer system.
Medium-level language is also known as intermediate programming language and
pseudo-language.
Medium-level language is mainly an output of the programming source code written in a
higher-level language. It is designed to improve the translated code before it is executed
by the processor. The improvement process helps to adjust the source code in accordance
with the computational framework of the target machine.
The source code of the medium-level language is not directly executable by the CPU as it’s
an intermediate step before being converted into machine code. However, after it’s

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analyzed by the primary software program, the medium-level language is interpreted into
machine code for execution.
Because C language has both the feature of high-level and low-level language so it is often

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called middle-level language and Java byte code are also some examples of medium-level

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language.

High-level Language
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The high-level language uses a format or language that is most familiar to users. The
instructions in this language are called codes or scripts.
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The computer needs a compiler and interpreter to convert high-level language programs
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to machine-level language.
Examples include C++, Python, Java, etc.
It is easy to write a program using a high-level language and is less time-consuming.
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The main disadvantages of this are that it takes a lot of time for execution and occupies
more space when compared to Assembly- or Machine-level languages.
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CCLASS X{
FLOAT SURFACE()
RETURN B*H/2; High-level program
}

LOAD RL,B LOAD

Low-level program R2,11 MUL RL,R2
DIV R1,#2 RET
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DATA ORGANIZATION, DRIVES, FILES, DIRECTORIES

Data organization is the practice of sorting data by category to make raw data
understandable.
A file is a sequence of bits, bytes, or records whose meaning is defined by the file creator
and user. Every File has a logical location where they are located for storage and retrieval.
A drive is a location that is capable of storing and reading information that is not easily
removed, like a disk. All drives store files and programs used by your computer. For
example, when you press Ctrl + O in your notepad you can see various files available at a
certain location, or you press Ctrl + S to save your current file so it is also saved in some
location.
A directory is another name for a folder. File systems use directories to organize files

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within a storage device. A single directory may or may not contain multiple files. It can also

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have sub-directories inside the main directory. Information about files is maintained by
Directories. In Windows OS, it is called folders.

OBJECTIVE OF FILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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It provides I/O support for a variety of storage device types.
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Minimizes the chances of lost or destroyed data
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Helps OS to standardise I/O interface routines for user processes.
It provides I/O support for multiple users in a multiuser systems environment.
Three types of file structures in OS:
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1. A text file: It is a series of characters that is organized in lines.

2. An object file: It is a series of bytes that is organized into blocks.
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3. A source file: It is a series of functions and processes.

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STORAGE SYSTEM
Besides processing data and getting the results for immediate use computer is used for
storing data as well. Therefore, there are two types of memory in a computer system, one for
storing data that are currently being handled by the CPU and another for storing data and
results for future reference.

1 Byte = 8 Bits
1 KB = 1024 Bytes
1 MB = 1024 KB = 1048576 Bytes
1 GB = 1024 MB = 1073741824 Bytes
1 TB = 1024 GB = 1099511627776 Bytes
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TYPES OF MEMORY

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, CD Rom, Flash Drive

RAM ROM

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SRAM PROM
DRAM EPROM
EEPROM

PRIMARY MEMORY

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The storage system used for handling the running process is called primary memory. They
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are temporary in nature. The storage which is used to store data and information for
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longer-term is called secondary memory.
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The data and information held by the primary memory can be directly accessed by the
CPU using data and address buses. However, the data stored in the secondary memory is
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to be fetched to the primary memory through I/O channel first and the CPU reads the data
from the secondary memory via the primary.
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Primary storage devices store the inputted data and immediate calculation results. The
data stored in primary storage is temporary and will be lost if they are disconnected from
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the power source. Random Access Memory is an example of primary storage.

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RAM

It is volatile in nature and loses all its content once the power of the computer is turned
off. Hence RAM is used for storing the data and instructions only during the processing.
Unlike the Secondary form of memory, it is faster in data transfer. It is the internal memory.
It is also called Read/ Write memory as it can perform both read and write operations.

In SRAM data is stored only until the power of the computer is on. It uses a number of
transistors to store a single bit of data.

In DRAM, data is stored in a storage cell consisting of transistors and capacitors. Unlike
SRAM, DRAM needs to be refreshed continuously with the power supply because the
capacitor has the tendency to get discharged.
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ROM

ROM stores data permanently. This means unlike RAM; it can retain data even after the
computer is turned off. Generally, the contents of ROM cannot be erased, modified or
changed. Devices such as calculators, laser printers, etc. use ROM. It allows sequential
access to data.

Programmable ROM (PROM) is a memory chip on which write operations can be

performed only once. The data on this ROM is written permanently and cannot be erased
afterwards. The writing process on such ROM is called ‘Burning ROM’. It is mostly used in
video games and electronic dictionaries.

Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM) is a type of ROM, in which data can be erased or

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destroyed using Ultraviolet (UV) rays. As such, the facility of changing the content is
available. It facilitates the storage of data for longer terms.

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Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM) is a type of ROM in which data can

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be erased or destroyed electrically with the means of an electric charge. Here, data can be
written or read at the rate of one bit per unit time which makes it slow.
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SECONDARY MEMORY
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Secondary storage devices are used to store the data permanently for future use. The data
stored in them is secure even if there is no power supply. Hard Disk Drive is the widely
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used secondary storage. The reason for their requirement is that the content of memory is
volatile in nature i.e. data will be lost if power is lost hence in order to preserve data for a
longer period or forever we need secondary memory or secondary storage devices.
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Magnetic Tapes are plastic tapes with a magnetic coating that are used for data storage.
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They are similar to normal recording tapes which can be used for storing audio and video.
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Data can be accessed sequentially

Magnetic Disks are flat disks covered with magnetic coating for holding information. It is
used to store digital information in the form of small and magnetized needles. It is large in
storage size and cheaper than RAM. It allows random access to data and provides the
facility of erasing and recording data as many times as required.

Optical Storage System uses laser light as the optical medium to retrieve as well as record
data. Example: CD-ROM, DVD, CR-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW

Solid State Drive (SSD) is a device that contains all the properties of a hard drive to store
data and uses solid-state memory which has no moving part. It uses semiconductors to
store data. Its main principle is to process data electronically. Since it has no mechanical
moving part, the data access time is faster than that in HDD.
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I/O DEVICES (SCANNERS, PLOTTERS, LCD, PLASMA DISPLAY,

PRINTERS)
A scanner is a device that uses light to read an image or
text and turn it into digital information. This media can
then be used to store, change and send the image or
text. There are various types of scanners. The three most
common are drum, flatbed and hand. Drum scanners
mechanically move the document to be scanned past
the sensor. Flatbed scanners use a glass pane on which a
document is placed while the sensor moves underneath
–generally the most accurate method. Hand-held

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scanners are dragged across the image manually.
Most scanners have a flat scanning surface as they are flatbed devices mainly used for
scanning magazines, photographs, and numerous documents. The most popular type of

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optical scanner is a flatbed scanner, which scans documents on a flat surface. These scanners

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do not require the document to be moved and can capture all of the document's elements.
A scanner that allows only paper to be scanned, is known as sheetfed scanners. These
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scanners are a little smaller than regular flatbed scanners, and they feature a lesser image
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resolution. Sheetfed scanners allow you to scan multiple documents at once instead of
turning pages manually after each scan. Like photocopiers, these scanners allow you to insert
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papers into a feeder tray and then scan one page at a time.
A portable scanner is a compact manual scanning device that functions
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similarly to a flatbed scanner. It is positioned above the thing to be

scanned. You must place the document inside the scanner for flatback
and sheetfed scanners to scan it. The handheld scanner, on the other
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hand, is dragged over the page to be scanned. It scans physical

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documents into their digital forms, which makes it capable of storing,

modifying, forwarding, and emailing digitally.
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The plotter is a computer printer for printing vector

graphics. In the past, plotters were used in applications
such as computer-aided design, though they have
generally been replaced with wide-format conventional
printers. A plotter gives a hard copy of the output. It
draws pictures on paper using a pen. Plotters are used to
print designs of ships and machines, plans for buildings
and so on. A plotter works in tandem with imaging
software on a computer to create a finished image or
object.
In engineering projects, plotters are widely used. Because they have the ability to draw
continuous lines, whereas ordinary printers use closely spaced dots to conventionally drew
lines. Plotters are designed in different forms, and they use different-different tools to draw
lines on the paper.
 Page 18 of 45

LCD & PLASMA DISPLAY

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. In LCD, a liquid crystalline material is sandwiched
between two polarising material sheets & these liquid crystals are the primary form of
operation here as they have intermediate properties between solid and liquid, and change
optical properties when exposed to electrical current. This kind of display can be commonly
found in computer monitors, instrument panels, smartphones and televisions.

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High-resolution colour displays, such as modern LCD display units, use an active-matrix
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structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the
LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor. Active-matrix-addressed displays look
brighter and sharper than passive-matrix-addressed displays of the same size and generally
F.

have quicker response times, producing much better images.

The front plate is transparent and the back plate is reflective. There is a coating of thin film on
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the front plate. The coating is transparent and conductive. Its sections (segments) are in the
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shape of desired characters. LCDs do not emit their own light. Therefore, a light source is to be
used. LCDs simply change the reflection of available light. Today, most LCDs used are of the
type that produces dark images on a silver background.

Advantages:
Light weight as compared to CRT, Plasma and a few other displays.
Perfectly flat screen.
Consumed low electricity power.
Able to generate higher brightness in images.

Disadvantages:
Fixed resolution that cannot be changed.
Expensive than a CRT display.
Limited viewing angle.
Short life
 Page 19 of 45

LCD & PLASMA DISPLAY

The plasma display or gas discharge display units are one of the oldest display screen
technology. They consist of two parallel glass plates which are separated by a thin gap. The
gap between the glass plates is filled with gases which include neon or xenon contained in
thousands of cells in a grid-like structure. Each cell is a pixel, which has three subpixels. These
subpixels are basically three different coloured phosphors, which blend together when
excited to create the required colour. As said they are one of the oldest display units hence
they are available in black and white modules as well.

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A number of parallel wires run horizontally as well as vertically. A small amount of current is
passed through one horizontal and one vertical wire to cause the gas to glow at a spot at the
F.

intersection of the wires. TV’s computer collects the encoded information in the video signal
to know which level to excite the gas to, which is passed on to a grid of electrodes that use
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the potential difference in them to create a current flow in each cell. The current creates a
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rapid flow of charged particles. The IBM 581 display employs 960 horizontal and 768 vertical
pixels as compared to the IBM-PC colour graphic adapter which is provided with 320 X 200
pixels in medium resolution and 640 X 200 in high resolution.

Advantages:
Large viewing angle.
Thinner in width.
Freestanding or can be easily mounted on the wall.
Clear image, brighter viewing angle, better colour quality & high contrast ratio.

Disadvantages:
The plasma display screens are costly.
These are available on the selected models of portable computers.
More electricity than LCD.
As your plasma get older the brightness gets dimmer.
 Page 20 of 45

Sr. No. Basis Plasma Display LCD

It is the display which depends It is the concept which based
upon the light bulb and also on the liquid crystal material
Technology
1. mixture of gases which are present that is used to block or transmit
Used
in between the two plates of the polarized light which is used to
plasma display. display.

They are in less weight as

2. Weight In weight, they are heavy. compared to the plasma
display.

Plasma panel suffers from burn-in

LCDs does not suffer from such

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3. Burn-in problem; i.e., plasma panels are
kind of problem.

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easily to burn-in of static images.

Their life-span is long, which is

Their life-span is shorter, which is

A
4. Life-Span around 50, 000 to 1, 00, 000
around 20, 000 to 60, 000 hours.
hours.

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5. Cost They are cheaper. They are costly.
T It also shows the same view but
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Viewing It shows the same view from the
6. upto 165 degrees, picture in the
angle every angle.
LCD suffers from the side view.
M

Power
7. It consumes more power. It consumes less power.
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Consumption

They have poor performance at

high attitudes due to the pressure It does not suffer from such
F.

8. Performance
in between the gases and also high issues.
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air pressure at altitudes

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Contrast It has higher contrast ratio which is It has lower contrast ratio which
9.
Ratio upto 3000:1. is upto 350-450:1.

Motion It does not suffers from the motion

10. It suffers from motion lag.
Tracking lag even at fast moving images.

It has lower brightness, so it is It has high brightness, so it is

11. Brightness basically viewed in darkened- basically viewed in brightened
rooms. areas.

As it consumes more power, so it As it consumes less power, so it

12. Heat
also produce more heat. produces less heat.

Screen Screen surface is more

13. Screen surface is less reflective.
Reflection reflective.
 Page 21 of 45

PRINTERS (INKJET, LASER & DOT MATRIX )

A printer is any device that prints text or illustrations on paper.
The printer is the most commonly used output device. It is
used to produce the hard copy output. It prints characters,
symbols & and graphics on the paper. Printer can be
categorised according to the technology used in the printer,
speed, and approach of printing, colours, language & and the
quality of printing. Printers can be classified into two types:
1. Impact printer
2. Non-impact printer

The impact printer works on the same mechanism as the type-writer. It forms a character or

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image by striking a mechanism such as a hammer or wheel against to ink ribbon, leaving an
image on paper It can be capable of printing a single character or line at the same time.
Common types of impact printers are dot matrix, daisy wheel, chain, and drum printer. while

A
the non-impact printer forms characters & and images on paper without actually strikingthe

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paper. Paper & and print heads come in contact & and hence the text or image is formed.
There are many different types of printers.
1. Daisy-wheel
T
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2. Dot-matrix
3. Ink-jet
4. LCD & LED
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5. Line printer
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6. Thermal printer etcetera.

IMPACT & NON IMPACT

F.

Sr. No. Impact printer Non Impact printer

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Printing character by striking hammer Printing characters or graphics by

1.
against ink ribbon to produce output spraying ink on paper.

2. Slow in speed Faster than impact printer

3. Work with any environment Can’t work with all environment

More expensive than an impact

4. Less expensive than non impact printer
printer.

5. Noisy during printing Silent during printing

Cant able to produced carbon copy

6. Able to produced carbon copy output
output

7. e.g.:daisy wheel, drum, chain, dot matrix e.g.:inkjet, laser

 Page 22 of 45

The impact printer works on the same mechanism as the type-writer. It forms a character or
image by striking a mechanism such as a hammer or wheel against to ink ribbon, leaving an
image on paper It can be capable of printing a single character or line at the same time.
Common types of impact printers are dot matrix, daisy wheel, chain, and drum printer. while
the non-impact printer forms characters & and images on paper without actually strikingthe
paper. Paper & and print heads come in contact & and hence the text or image is formed.
There are many different types of printers.
1. Daisy-wheel
2. Dot-matrix
3. Ink-jet
4. LCD & LED
5. Line printer
6. Thermal printer etcetera.

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Dot matrix printer:

A
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Character printer.
Capable of printing single characters at the same time.
T
Forms characters & and images as a pattern of dots.
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Contains a print head which moves horizontally across the paper.
Uses a 5 × 7 matrix to form a character.
Print by hammering the pins on the inked ribbon to leave ink impressions on the paper.
M

Able to print 30 to 600 characters per second.

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ADVANTAGES:
Low cost & easily available.
F.

Cheap in cost.
Can make a carbon copy of print out.
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Low maintenance cost.

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Work with any type of environment.

DISADVANTAGES:
Railway Ticket Printed via DMP
Slow in speed.
Very noisy.
Cannot work perfectly in graphics
 Page 23 of 45

DAISY WHEEL PRINTER:

Character printer.
Able to print a single character at the same time.
Contains a metal wheel on which the characters & and numbers are raised on each each
petal.
The wheel is rotated very fast when the desired characters arrive at the correct position a
print hammer strikes to produce output.
Different types of font faces can be used to replace the daisy wheel.
Able to print bold letters by striking on specific characters twice or thrice.
Capable to print 10 to 50 characters per second.
ADVANTAGES:

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Low cost.
Can make a carbon copy of print

A
out.

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Low maintenance cost.
Printing quality is similar to a
typewriter.
T
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Able to print bold characters.
Allows using different font-face
in the same document.
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DISADVANTAGES:

Very slow in speed.

F.

Very noisy & cannot print

graphics.
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 Page 24 of 45

DRUM PRINTER:
It’s a line printer.
Able to print a line at the same time.
Consists of a solid cylindrical drum with characters embossed on it in a circular band.
Each band consists of a character set which contains 96 characters.
The drum rotates quickly when desired characters arrive an appropriate hammer strike on
the ribbon & character is printed on paper.
Capable of printing 300 to 2000 lines per minute.

ADVANTAGES:

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Low cost than non-impact printer.
Can make a carbon copy of print out.
Low maintenance cost.

A
Faster than another impact printer.

R
Printing quality is similar to a typewriter.

DISADVANTAGES: T
EE
Very slow in speed.
Very noisy.
M

Large & heavy.

Cannot print graphics.
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Only prints a predefined set of characters.

F.

CHAIN PRINTER:
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1. It’s a line printer.

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2.Able to print a line at the same

time.
3. Consists of a metallic chain on
which all characters of the
character set are embossed.
4. The character set contains 48, 64
or 96 characters.
5. Characters are embossed several
times.
6. The chain rotates at high speed
when the desired characters in
correct position the hammer strikes & and the characters are printed on paper. When the
required character in the chain has revolved to the selected print column, the hammer
pushes the paper into the ribbon and against the type slug of the letter or digit. This printer is
capable of printing 400 to 2,500 lines per minute
 Page 25 of 45

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
Low cost than non-impact printer. Slower than the non-impact printer.
Can make a carbon copy of print out. Very noisy.
The chain can be easily changed. Large & heavy.
Allowed to print different type font. Cannot print graphics.
Printing quality is similar to a Only prints predefined set of
typewriter. characters

INK-JET PRINTER
It’s a non-impact printer.
It’s a character printer.
Forms characters and all kinds of images by spraying drops of ink onto the paper.

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The print head contains 64 tiny nozzles.
To print a character the printer the printer selectively heats the appropriate set of nozzles
as the print head moves horizontally.

A
Inkjet printers can either colour or monochrome.

R
Capable of printing 30 to 400 characters per minute.

ADVANTAGES:
T
EE
High-quality output.
Silent during the operation.
M

Able to print graphics.

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Able to print any characters & and graphics.

Able to generate colour & and monochrome
output.
F.

DISADVANTAGES:
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Working of inkjet printer, image source: Britannica Encyclopedia

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Slower than a dot matrix printer.

Cannot make carbon copies of print out and expensive than the impact printer.

LASER PRINTER:
It’s a non-impact printer.
It’s a page printer.
Three main components laser beam, a
multi-sided mirror, a photoconductive
drum & toner.
To print the page laser beam is focused on
the drum by spinning a multisided mirror.
The drum is electrically charged.
A toner which is composed of oppositely
charged ink particles, sticks to the drum.
 Page 26 of 45

Then toner focused on the paper with heat & and pressure to generate output.
Low-speed laser printers can print 4 to 12 pages per minute while high-speed laser printers
are Capable of printing 500 to 1000 pages per minute.

ADVANTAGES:

High-quality output and very fast in speed.

Silent during the operation.
Able to print graphics.
Able to print any characters & and graphics.
Able to generate colour & and monochrome output.

DISADVANTAGES:

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Very expensive and cannot make a carbon copy of print out.

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Working of Laser printer, image source: Wikipedia

Sr. No. Dot Matrix Inkjet Laser Printer

1. Very Cheep More cost than Dot Matrix High Cost

2. Less quality Good quality Excellent quality

3. 20-30 sec-A4 5-10 Sec-A4 1-2 Sec-A4

Less
4. Maintenance High Maintenance cost Low Maintenance cost
cost
 Page 27 of 45

NUMBER SYSTEMS
The number system defines a set of values used to represent quantity. For example, you go
to your college canteen and order the following:
1 Packet Chips
1 Plate Momos
1 1/2 ltr Bottle Cold Drink
4 Chocolates
Number line is a line where all numbers lies. The origin is called zero and from there in right
all numbers are positive numbers till +ve infinity while on the left lies all negative numbers till
-ve infinity. Remember in positive numbers, greater the value when goes to right while in
negative numbers lower the value when going in left.

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Numbers are increasing from left
T to right
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Numbers are decreasing from

right to left
We can find a plethora of numbers on number
line if zoom it to deeper & deeper.

NUMBER SYSTEMS

Weighted Non Weighted

( Decimal Number System, Binary Number System) ( Grey Code, Excess-3 code )
 Page 28 of 45

TYPES OF NUMBERS
Natural Numbers: Natural Numbers are the most basic type of Numbers that range from 1
to infinity. These numbers are also called Positive Numbers or Counting Numbers. Natural
Numbers are represented by the symbol N. Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and so on.

Whole Numbers: Whole Numbers are basically the Natural Numbers, but they also include
‘zero’. Whole numbers are represented by the symbol W. Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.

Integers: Integers are the collection of Whole Numbers plus the negative values of the
Natural Numbers. Integers do not include fraction numbers i.e. they can’t be written in a/b
form. The range of Integers is from the Infinity at the Negative end and Infinity at the
Positive end, including zero. Integers are represented by the symbol Z. Example: ...,-4, -3, -2,

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-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,...

Fractions: Fractions are the numbers that are written in the form of a/b, where, a belongs

A
to Whole numbers and b belongs to Natural Numbers, i.e., b can never be 0. The upper

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part of the fraction i.e. a is termed as a Numerator whereas the lower part i.e. b is called a
Denominator. Example: 1/2, 3/7, 8/3, etc.
T
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Rational Numbers: Rational numbers are the numbers that can be represented in the
fraction form i.e. a/b. Here, a and b both are integers and b≠0. All the fractions are rational
numbers but not all the rational numbers are fractions. Example: -2/5, 0.54, 1/5, 13/4, ...
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Irrational Numbers: Irrational numbers are the numbers that can’t be represented in the
form of fractions i.e. they can not be written as a/b. Example: √2, √3, √.434343, π...
F.

Real and Imaginary Numbers: Real numbers are numbers that can be represented in the
decimal form. These numbers include whole numbers, integers, fractions, etc. All the
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integers belong to Real numbers but all the real numbers do not belong to the integers.
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Imaginary Numbers are all those numbers that are not real numbers. These numbers
when squared will result in a negative number. The √-1 is represented as i. These numbers
are also called complex numbers. Example: √-2, √-5,...

Prime Numbers and Composite Numbers: Numbers that do not have any factors other
than 1 and the number itself are termed as Prime Numbers. All the numbers other than
Prime Numbers are termed as Composite Numbers except 0. Zero is neither a prime nor a
composite number. Example: 2, 3, 5, 7,... are prime numbers and 4, 6, 8, 9, 12,... are
composite numbers
 Page 29 of 45

TYPES OF NUMBER SYSTEMS

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

Number Number Number Number
System System System System
Number Number Number Number
with base 10 with base 2 with base 8 with base 16

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Every number is named because it has a base value and the name of that number is in other

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common languages such as Latin or Greek. For example, the term Decimal comes from Decimus
which is a Latin term which means tenth or 10, its adjective is decem.
Every number system has a base number or R-value which decides the quantity of numbers that the

A
number system can have.
To define the set of numbers in a particular number system we create a formula of :

R
T {0to (R-1)}
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This means that if my system is decimal to its R-value is 10 and the number of numbers this system
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can have is ten numbers now since R=10, therefore the set it’ll have will {0-9}. This system is most
widely used by contemporary societies.
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Using this calculation of the R-number the binary number system has {0,1} and please note this is the
language of the computer. We also have a number system with R-number 1, called Unary or Bijective
number system and it is used for tally marks and counting
Please note in the number system, those who have an R-number beyond 10 i.e 11/12/13 don’t use
numbers after 10 instead they use alphabets to denote the numbers.
For example, in the Undecimal number system, we have R number 11 and hence the set will be {0 to
10} but we’ll write A instead of 10 so our set will be {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A}.
Similarly in the duodecimal system and tredecimal we have R-values of 12 & 13 respectively so
instead of 11 & 12 we’ll write B & C respectively. This way in hexadecimal we have the value of R-
number 16 therefore our set of numbers will {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F}
 Page 30 of 45

LIST OF SOME NUMBER SYSTEMS

Sr. No. Base Value Name Sr. No. Base Value Name

Undecimal, unodecimal,
1 1 Unary 1. 11
undenary

2 2 Binary 2. 12 Duodecimal, dozenal

3 3 Ternary 3. 13 Tredecimal, tridecimal

4 4 Quaternary Quattuordecimal,
4. 14

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quadrodecimal

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5 5 Quinary Quindecimal,
15
pentadecimal

A
6 6 Senary, seximal
Hexadecimal,

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16
sexadecimal, sedecimal
7 7 Septimal
T 17
Septendecimal,
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8 8 Octal heptadecimal

18 Octodecimal
9 9 Nonary, nonal
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Undevicesimal,
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10 10 Decimal, denary 19
nonadecimal

20 Vigesimal
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Tally marks on a chalkboard, image source: Wikipedia

 Page 31 of 45

CONVERSION OF NUMBER SYSTEMS

CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM TO OTHER NUMBER SYSTEMS
Decimal Number System to Binary Number Systems

1. Divide the Decimal Number with the base of the number system to be converted to. Here
the conversion is to binary, hence the divisor will be 2.
2. The remainder obtained from the division will become the least significant digit of the
new number.
3. The quotient obtained from the division will become the next dividend and will be divided
by base i.e. 2.

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4. The remainder obtained will become the second least significant digit i.e. it will be added

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in the left of the previously obtained digit.

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Decimal Number System to Octal Number Systems

1. Divide the Decimal Number with the base of the number system to be converted to. Here
the conversion is to octal, hence the divisor will be 8.
2. The remainder obtained from the division will become the least significant digit of the
new number.
3. The quotient obtained from the division will become the next dividend and will be divided
by base i.e. 8.
4. The remainder obtained will become the second least significant digit i.e. it will be added
in the left of the previously obtained digit.
 Page 32 of 45

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Decimal Number System to Hexadecimal Number Systems

A
1. Divide the Decimal Number with the base of the number system to be converted to. Here

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the conversion is to Hex hence the divisor will be 16.
2. The remainder obtained from the division will become the least significant digit of the
new number. T
EE
3. The quotient obtained from the division will become the next dividend and will be divided
by base i.e. 16.
4. The remainder obtained will become the second least significant digit i.e. it will be added
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in the left of the previously obtained digit.

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Practise yourself

Convert the following decimal numbers to binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers:

(a) 43510 (b) 169410

(c) 3210 (d) 13510
 Page 33 of 45

CONVERSION FROM BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM TO OTHER NUMBER

SYSTEMS
Binary Number System to Decimal Number Systems

1. Multiply each digit of the Binary number with the place value of that digit, starting from
right to left i.e. from LSB to MSB.
2. Add the result of this multiplication and the decimal number will be formed.

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Binary Number System to Octal Number Systems

1. Multiply each digit of the Binary number with the place value of that digit, starting from
right to left i.e. from LSB to MSB.
2. Add the result of this multiplication and the decimal number will be formed.

Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

1. Divide the binary number into groups of four digits starting from right to left i.e. from LSB
to MSB.
2. Convert these groups into equivalent hex digits.
 Page 34 of 45

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Practise yourself

Convert the following binary numbers to decimal, octal and hexadecimal numbers:

(a) 1101011 (b) 11010 (c) 10110011

(d) 11011101 (e) 1110101 (f) 1000 (g) 111
(h) 10110001100 (i) 110001 (j) 1010101100
 Page 35 of 45

CONVERSION FROM OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM TO OTHER NUMBER

SYSTEMS
Octal Number System to Decimal Number Systems

1. Multiply each digit of the Octal number with the place value of that digit, starting from
right to left i.e. from LSB to MSB.
Add the result of this multiplication and the decimal number will be formed.

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F.

Octal Number System to Binary Number Systems

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1. Write each digit of the octal number separately.

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2. Convert each digit into an equivalent group of three binary digits.

3. Combine these groups to form the whole binary number.
 Page 36 of 45

Octal Number System to Hexadecimal Number Systems

1. We need to convert the Octal number to Binary first. For that, follow the steps given in the
above conversion.
2. Now to convert the binary number to Hex number, divide the binary digits into groups of
four digits starting from right to left i.e. from LSB to MSB.
3. Add zeros prior to MSB to make it a proper group of four digits(if required)
4. Now convert these groups into their relevant decimal values.
5. For values from 10-15, convert it into Hex symbols i.e from A-F

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Practise yourself

Convert the following octal numbers to decimal, binary and hexadecimal numbers:

(a) 3754 (b) 7777

(c) 247 (d) 735
 Page 37 of 45

CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM TO OTHER

NUMBER SYSTEMS
Hexadecimal Number System to Decimal Number Systems

1. Write the decimal values of the symbols used in the Hex number i.e. from A-F
2. Multiply each digit of the Hex number with its place value. starting from right to left i.e.
LSB to MSB.
3. Add the result of multiplications and the final sum will be the decimal number.

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Hexadecimal Number System to Binary Number Systems

F.

1. Convert the Hex symbols into its equivalent decimal values.

O

2. Write each digit of the Hexadecimal number separately.

3. Convert each digit into an equivalent group of four binary digits.
PR

4. Combine these groups to form the whole binary number.

 Page 38 of 45

Hexadecimal Number System to Octale Number Systems

1. We need to convert the Hexadecimal number to Binary first. For that, follow the steps
given in the above conversion.
2. Now to convert the binary number to Octal number, divide the binary digits into groups of
three digits starting from right to left i.e. from LSB to MSB.
3. Add zeros prior to MSB to make it a proper group of three digits(if required)
4. Now convert these groups into their relevant decimal values.

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Practise yourself

Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to decimal, binary and octal numbers:

(a) 4FB2 (b) 4FB2

(c) 247 (d) FFF
 Page 39 of 45

CONVERSION FROM ANY BASE TO ANY OTHER BASE NUMBER

SYSTEM OTHER THAN DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEMS
1. Convert the original number to a base 10 (decimal) number.
2. Convert the decimal number obtained in Step I to the new base number

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A
//converted using the conversion

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method of other to decimal

T //converted using the

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conversion method of decimal
to other
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F.
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 Page 40 of 45

BINARY ARITHMETICS
Binary Addition

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A
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F.
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 Page 41 of 45

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Practise yourself

1. Add binary numbers 100111 and 11011.

2. Add binary numbers 10111 and 1011.
3. Add binary numbers 1010110 and 1011010.
4. Add binary numbers 1011 and 101 in both decimal and binary forms.
 Page 42 of 45

BINARY ARITHMETICS
Binary Subtraction

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Practise yourself

1. Subtract 0110111 from 1101110

2. Subtract 0110111 from 1101110
3. Subtract 01010 from 10000
4. Subtract 0111000 from 1011100.
5. Subtract 01110 from 10101.
6. Subtract 1 from 11000.
7. Subtract 1 from 1000100
 Page 43 of 45

BINARY ARITHMETICS
Binary Multiplication

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Practise yourself

1. Multiply binary numbers 1100 and 1010.

2. Multiply binary numbers 01101 and 1001.
3. Multiply binary numbers 101111 and 111.
 Page 44 of 45

BINARY ARITHMETICS
Binary Division

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Practise yourself

1. Divide 11001 by 101

2. Divide 0110111 by 0111