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unit 3 projection

The document discusses the concept of projections, which involves representing n-dimensional objects in n-1 dimensions, specifically converting 3D objects into 2D representations. It outlines various types of projections, including parallel and perspective projections, and details subcategories such as orthographic, oblique, isometric, dimetric, trimetric, cavalier, and cabinet projections. Additionally, it explains the characteristics and applications of perspective projections, including one-point, two-point, and three-point perspectives.

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4 views

unit 3 projection

The document discusses the concept of projections, which involves representing n-dimensional objects in n-1 dimensions, specifically converting 3D objects into 2D representations. It outlines various types of projections, including parallel and perspective projections, and details subcategories such as orthographic, oblique, isometric, dimetric, trimetric, cavalier, and cabinet projections. Additionally, it explains the characteristics and applications of perspective projections, including one-point, two-point, and three-point perspectives.

Uploaded by

ss3324
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Projections

Representing an n-dimensional object into an n-1 dimension is known


as projection. It is process of converting a 3D object into 2D object, we
represent a 3D object on a 2D plane {(x,y,z)->(x,y)}. It is also defined
as mapping or transforming of the object in projection plane or view
plane. When geometric objects are formed by the intersection of lines
with a plane, the plane is called the projection plane and the lines are
called projections.
Types of Projections:
1. Parallel projections
2. Perspective projections
Center of Projection:

 It is an arbitrary point from where the lines are drawn on each


point of an object.
 If cop is located at a finite point in 3D space , Perspective
projection is the result
 If the cop is located at infinity, all the lines are parallel and the
result is a parallel projection.

Parallel Projection:
A parallel projection is formed by extending parallel lines from each
vertex of object until they intersect plane of screen. Parallel projection
transforms object to the view plane along parallel lines. A projection is
said to be parallel, if center of projection is at an infinite distance from
the projected plane. A parallel projection preserves relative proportion
of objects, accurate views of the various sides of an object are obtained
with a parallel projection. The projection lines are parallel to each other
and extended from the object and intersect the view plane. It preserves
relative propositions of objects, and it is used in drafting to produce
scale drawings of 3D objects. This is not a realistic representation, the
point of intersection is the projection of the vertex.

Parallel projection is divided into two parts and these two parts sub divided
into many.
Orthographic Projections

In orthographic projection the direction of projection is normal to the


projection of the plane. In orthographic lines are parallel to each other
making an angle 90 with view plane. Orthographic parallel projections
are done by projecting points along parallel lines that are perpendicular
to the projection line. Orthographic projections are most often used to
procedure the front, side, and top views of an object are called
evaluations. Engineering and architectural drawings commonly employ
these orthographic projections. Transformation equations for an
orthographic parallel projection as straight forward. Some special
orthographic parallel projections involve plan view, side elevations. We
can also perform orthographic projections that display more than one
phase of an object, such views are called monometric orthographic
projections.

Oblique Projections

Oblique projections are obtained by projectors along parallel lines that are
not perpendicular to the projection plane. An oblique projection shows the
front and top surfaces that include the three dimensions of height, width and
depth. The front or principal surface of an object is parallel to the plane of
projection. Effective in pictorial representation.
 Isometric Projections: Orthographic projections that show more than one
side of an object are called axonometric orthographic projections. The most
common axonometric projection is an isometric projection. In this projection
parallelism of lines are preserved but angles are not preserved.
 Dimetric projections: In these two projectors have equal angles with respect
to two principal axis.
 Trimetric projections: The direction of projection makes unequal angle with
their principal axis.
 Cavalier Projections:
 All lines perpendicular to the projection plane are projected with no
change in length. If the projected line making an angle 45 degrees with
the projected plane, as a result the line of the object length will not
change.
Cabinet Projections:

All lines perpendicular to the projection plane are projected to one half of their
length. These gives a realistic appearance of object. It makes 63.4 degrees angle
with the projection plane. Here lines perpendicular to the viewing surface are
projected at half their actual length.

Perspective Projections:
 A perspective projection is the one produced by straight lines radiating from a
common point and passing through point on the sphere to the plane of
projection.
 Perspective projection is a geometric technique used to produce a three
dimensional graphic image on a plane, corresponding to what person sees.
 Any set of parallel lines of object that are not parallel to the projection plane
are projected into converging lines. A different set of parallel lines will have a
separate vanishing point.
 Coordinate positions are transferred to the view plane along lines that
converge to a point called projection reference point.
 The distance and angles are not preserved and parallel lines do not remain
parallel. Instead, they all converge at a single point called center of projection
there are 3 types of perspective projections.
Two characteristic of perspective are vanishing point and perspective force
shortening. Due to fore shortening objects and lengths appear smaller from the
center of projections. The projections are not parallel and we specify a center of
projection cop.
Different types of perspective projections:
 One point perspective projections: In this, principal axis has a finite
vanishing point. Perspective projection is simple to draw.

 Two point perspective projections: Exactly 2 principals have vanishing


points. Perspective projection gives better impression of depth.

 Three point perspective projections: All the three principal axes have
finite vanishing point. Perspective projection is most difficult to draw.

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