G H Raisoni College, Wagholi, Pune

(An Autonomous Institute)

SYBSC (CS) Semester-IV

Python (BCSP402)
Lab Course

Student Name:

College Name:

Roll No.: Division: Seat No: _

Academic Year:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms.

Seat Number_____________ of SYBSc (CS) Sem-IV has successfully
completed the Laboratory course (Python) in the year _________.
He / She has scored ______mark out of 10 (For Lab Book).

Subject Teacher H.O.D./Coordinator

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 Section-I: Python

Sr. Assignment Name Marks Teacher’s

No. (out of 5) Sign
1 Introduction to Basic Python

2 Working with Strings and List

3 Working with Tuples, Sets and Dictionaries

4 Working with Functions, Modules and Packages

5 Python Classes and Objects

6 Inheritance

7 Exception Handling

8 Python GUI Programming using Tkinter

Total ( Out of 40 )

Total (Out of 5)

Instructor Signature:
 Section – I
Python Programming

1
Assignment 1: Introduction to Basic Python
Basic Python:
Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming. Python
features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports multiple programming
paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and has a large and
comprehensive standard library.

How to Install Python (Environment Set-up):

In order to become Python developer, the first step is to learn how to install or update Python on a local
machine or computer. Now, we will discuss the installation of Python on windows operating systems.

Visit the link https://www.python.org/downloads/ to download the latest release of Python. In this process,
we will install Python 3.8.6 on our Windows operating system. When we click on the above link, it will
bring us the following page.

Step - 1: Select the Python's version to download.

Click on the download button.

Step - 2: Click on the Install Now

Double-click the executable file, which is downloaded; the following window will open. Select Customize
installation and proceed. Click on the Add Path check box, it will set the Python path automatically.

We can also click on the customize installation to choose desired location and features. Other important
thing is to install launcher for the all user must be checked.

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Step - 3 Installations in Process

Starting the Interpreter:

After installation, the python interpreter lives in the installed directory. By default it is
/usr/local/bin/python. X in Linux/Unix and C:\PythonXX in Windows, where the 'X' denotes the version
number. To invoke it from the shell or the command prompt we need to add this location in the search
path. Search path is a list of directories (locations) where the operating system searches for executables.
For example,
In Windows command prompt, we can type set path=%path%;c:\python33 (python33 means version 3.3, it
might be different in your case) to add the location to path for that particular session.
Python Use:
Python is used by hundreds of thousands of programmers and is used in many places. Python has many
standard library which is made up of many functions that come with Python when it is installed. On the
Internet there are many other libraries available that make it possible for the Python language to do more
things. These libraries make it a powerful language; it can do many different things.
Some things that Python is often used for are:
➢ Web development
➢ Game programming
➢ Desktop GUIs
➢ Scientific programming
➢ Network programming.

First Python Program:

This is a small example of a Python program. It shows "Hello World!" on the screen. Type the following
code in any text editor or an IDE and save as helloWorld.py
print ("Hello world!")
Now at the command window, go to the location of this file. You can use the cd command to change
directory. To run the script, type python helloWorld.py in the command window. We should be able to see
the output as follows:
Hello world!

Immediate/Interactive mode:
Typing python in the command line will invoke the interpreter in immediate mode. We can directly type in
Python expressions and press enter to get the output.
>>> is the Python prompt. It tells us that the interpreter is ready for our input. Try typing in 1 + 1 and press
enter. We get 2 as the output. This prompt can be used as a calculator. To exit this mode type exit() or
quit() and press enter.
Type the following text at the Python prompt and press the Enter
>>> print "Hello World"
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2. Script Mode Programming
Invoking the interpreter with a script parameter begins execution of the script and continues until the script
is finished. When the script is finished, the interpreter is no longer active.
Let us write a simple Python program in a script. Python files have extension .py. Type the
following source code in a test.py file −
print"Hello World"
We assume that you have Python interpreter set in PATH variable. Now, try to run this program as follows
$ python test.py
This produces the following result −
Hello, Python!

3. Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

We can use any text editing software to write a Python script file.
We just need to save it with the .py extension. But using an IDE can make our life a lot easier. IDE is a
piece of software that provides useful features like code hinting, syntax highlighting and checking, file
explorers etc. to the programmer for application development. Using an IDE can get rid of redundant tasks
and significantly decrease the time required for application development.
IDEL is a graphical user interface (GUI) that can be installed along with the Python programming
language and is available from the official website. We can also use other commercial or free IDE
according to our preference, the PyScripter IDE can be used for testing. It is free and open source.

Python Comments:
In Python, there are two ways to annotate your code.
Single-line comment – Comments are created simply by beginning a line with the hash (#) character, and
they are automatically terminated by the end of line.
For example:
#This would be a comment in Python

Multi-line comment:
Multi lined comment can be given inside triple quotes.
‘’’This is
example of
multiline comments ‘’’

Indentation:
Most of the programming languages like C, C++, Java use braces { } to define a block of code. Python
uses indentation. A code block (body of a function, loop etc.) starts with indentation and ends with the first
unindented line. The amount of indentation is up to you, but it must be consistent throughout that block.
The enforcement of indentation in Python makes the code look neat and clean. This results into Python
programs that look similar and consistent. In Python, indentation is used to declare a block. If two
statements are at the same indentation level, then they are the part of the same block.

Standard Data Types

Python has five standard data types −
• Numbers
• String
4
 • List
• Tuple
• Dictionary

Python Numbers: Integers, floating point numbers and complex numbers falls under Python numbers
category. They are defined as int, float and complex class in Python.
Python supports four different numerical types
• int (signed integers)
• long (long integers, they can also be represented in octal and hexadecimal)
• float (floating point real values)
• complex (complex numbers)

Python Strings: Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set of characters represented in the
quotation marks. Python allows for either pairs of single or double quotes.
Example: str=’Hello all’

Python Lists:
Lists are the most versatile of Python's compound data types. A list contains items can be of
different data types separated by commas and enclosed within square brackets ([]).
list_obj=['table', 59 ,2.69,“chair”]

Python Tuples:
A tuple is another sequence immutable data type that is similar to the list. A tuple consists of a number of
values separated by commas and enclosed in parentheses ( ( ) ).
Example:
tuple_obj=(786,2.23, “college” )

Python Dictionary
Python's dictionaries are kind of hash table type. They work like associative arrays or hashes found in Perl
and consist of key-value pairs.
Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces ({ })
Example:dict_obj={'roll_no': 15,'name':’xyz’,'per': 69.88}

Python Operators:
Python language supports the following types of operators.
• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison (Relational) Operators
• Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Membership Operators
• Identity Operators
Arithmetic, logical, Relational operators supported by Python language are same as other languages like
C,C++.

i. Arithmetic Operators:
The new arithmetic operators in python are,
5
 a) ** (Exponent) - Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators
Example: a**b =10 to the power 20
b) // (Floor Division) - The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which
the digits after the decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands is negative, the
result is floored, i.e., rounded away from zero (towards negative infinity)
Example: 9//2 = 4 and 9.0//2.0 = 4.0, -11//3 = -4, -11.0//3 = -4.0

ii. Logical operators:

Logical operators are the and, or, not operators.
a) and - True if both the operands are true
b) or - True if either of the operands is true
c) not - True if operand is false (complements the operand)

iii. Relational / Comparison operators:

== (equal to), != (not equal to ), < (less than),<= (Less than or equal to ), > (greater than)
and >= (Greater than or equal to) are same as other language relational operators.
The new relational operator in python is, <>- If values of two operands are not equal, the condition
becomes true.
Example: (a <> b) is true. This is similar to != operator.

iv. Operators: The following are operators in python which are

same as in C, C++. =, +=, - =, *=, /=, %=, **=, //=

v. Bitwise Operators: The following are bitwise operators in python which are same as in
C,C++. &(bitwise AND), |(bitwise OR) ,^ (bitwise XOR),~ (bitwise NOT ),<<( bitwise left
shift ), >>( bitwise right shift )

vi. Membership operators:

in and not in are the membership operators; used to test whether a value or variable is in a
sequence.
in - True if value is found in the sequence
not in - True if value is not found in the sequence

vii. Identity operators:

is and is not are the identity operators both are used to check if two values are located on the
same part of the memory. Two variables that are equal does not imply that they are identical.
is - True if the operands are identical
is not - True if the operands are not identical

Decision making Statement:

Python programming language provides following types of decision making statements.
i. If statement: It is similar to that of other languages
Syntax
if expression:
statement(s)

ii. IF...ELIF...ELSE Statements:

Syntax
6
 if expression:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
iii. nested IF statements:
In a nested if construct, you can have an if...elif...else construct inside
another if...elif...else construct.
Syntax
if expression1:
statement(s)
elif expression2:
statement(s)
elif expression3:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)

Python Loops:
i. while loop:
A while loop statement in Python programming language repeatedly executes a target
statement as long as a given condition is true.
Syntax
while expression:
statement(s)
Example:
count=0
while(count <3):
print('The count is:', count)
count= count +1

ii. for loop:

It has the ability to iterate over the items of any sequence, such as a list or a string.
Syntax
for iterating_var in sequence:
statements(s)
Example:
for x in'Hi':
print x

Command Line Arguments:

You can get access to the command line parameters using the sys module. len(sys.argv) contains the
number of arguments. To print all of the arguments simply execute str(sys.argv)
import sys
print('Arguments:', len(sys.argv))
print('List:', str(sys.argv))

7
 Python Input and Output:
The functions like input() and print() are widely used for standard input and output operations
respectively.

Python Output Using print() function:

We use the print() function to output data to the standard output device (screen).
For example
>>>print(“Python is very easy”) Output: Python is very easy
>>> a=5
>>> print(“The value of a is “,a) Output: The value of a is 5
In the second print() statement, we can notice that a space was added between the string and the value of
variable a. This is by default. The actual syntax of the print() function is
print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
Here, objects is the value(s) to be printed.
The sep separator is used between the values. It defaults into a space character.
After all values are printed, end is printed. It defaults into a new line.
The file is the object where the values are printed and its default value is sys.stdout (screen).
>>>print(1,2,3,4) output: 1 2 3 4
>>>print(1,2,3,4,sep='*') Output:1*2*3*4
>>>print(1,2,3,4,sep='#',end='&') Output: 1#2#3#4&

Python Input: The function input() is used to accept the input from user Syntax of input function is
input(string)

Eg. >>>num=input(“Enter any number=“)

>>> print(num)
Output: Enter any number=10
10

In python each input is accepted in the form of string. To convert it into number we can use int() or float()
function
Eg. >>>num1=int(input(“Enter any Number”))
>>>num2=float(input(“Enter anyNumber”))

Assignments:

Practice Set:
1. A cashier has currency notes of denomination 1, 5 and 10. Write python script to accept the amount to
be withdrawn from the user and print the total number of currency notes of each denomination the
cashier will have to give.
2. Write a python script to accepts annual basic salary of an employee and calculates and displays the
Income tax as per the following rules.
Basic: < 2,50,000 Tax = 0
Basic: 2,50,000 to 5,00,000 Tax = 10%
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 Basic: > 5,00,000 Tax = 20
3. Write python script to accept the x and y coordinate of a point and find the quadrant in which the
point lies.
4. Write a python script to accept the cost price and selling price from the keyboard. Find out if the
seller has made a profit orloss and display how much profit or loss has been made.

Set A:

1. Write python script to calculate sum of digits of a given input number.

2. Write python script to check whether a input number is Armstrong number or not.
3. Write python script to check whether a input number is perfect number of not.
4. Write a program to calculate XY
5. Write a program to check whether a input number is palindrome or not.
6. Write a program to calculate sum of first and last digit of a number.

Set B:

1. Write a program to accept a number and count number of even, odd, zero digits within that number.
2. Write a program to accept a binary number and convert it into decimal number.
3. Write a program which accepts an integer value as command line and print “Ok” if value is between 1 to
50 (both inclusive) otherwise it prints ”Out of range”
4. Write a program which accept an integer value ‘n’ and display all prime numbers till ‘n’.
5. Write python script to accept two numbers as range and display multiplication table of all numbers within
that range.

Set C:
1. Write a python script to generate the following pattern upto n lines
1
1 2 1
1 2 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 3 2 1

Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Need Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

9
Assignment 2: Working with String and List
Python String:
In python string is sequence of characters enclosed either in single, double or triple quotes
Ex. str1=“Python”; str2=‘Hi’; str3=‘‘‘Hi’’’;
String “Python” will be stored from index 0 as shown in following figure
0 1 2 3 4 5
P y t h o n

Following are the methods of accessing string in python

>>>print(str1) #output: Python
>>>print(str1[0]) #output: P
>>>for i in str:
print(i,end=“ “) #output: P y t h o n
>>>for i in range(len(str1)):
print(str1[i],end=“ “) #output: P y t h o n

Types of Strings:
There are two types of Strings supported in Python:
a) Single line String- Strings that are terminated within a single line are known as Single line Strings.
Eg:>>> text1=‘hello’
b) Multi line String: A piece of text that is spread along multiple lines is Multiple line String.
There are two ways to create Multiline Strings:
1. Adding black slash at the end of each line.
Eg: >>> text1='hello\
user'
>>> text1 #output: hellouser
2. Using triple quotation marks:
Eg: >>> str2='''welcome
to
SSSIT'''
>>> print str2
# output: welcome
to
SSSIT
String Operators:
1. + : It is concatenation operator used to connect two strings
Ex: str1=“Hi”; str2=“Hello”;
print(str1+str2) #output: HiHello
print(str2+str1) #output: HelloHi
2. * : It is repetition operator used to connect multiple copies of the same string with itself
Ex: str=“Python”
print(str*3) #output: PythonPythonPython
3. [ ] : It is slice operator used to access character of a string from specific index
Ex: print(str[4]) #output: o
4. [:] :It is called as rang slice operator used to access substring of string from the specific range

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 Ex: print(str[2:4]) #output: th
5. in: It is membership operator which return True if substring is available in specified string, False
otherwise
Ex. str=“Python”;
print(“th” in str) #output: True
print(“a” in str) #output: False
6. not in: it is also membership operator which return true if a substring does not available in
specified string, True otherwise
Ex. print(“Py” not in str) #output: False
print(“xyz” not in str) #output: True
7. r/R: It is used to specify raw string. Raw string are string which treat backslash(\) as a string literal.
Ex. Print(“Hi\nHello”) #output: Hi
Hello
print(r”Hi\nHello”) #output: Hi\nHello

Escape Characters:
Following table is a list of escape or non-printable characters that can be represented with
backslash notation.
An escape character gets interpreted; in a single quoted as well as double quoted strings.
Backslash Notation

\a Bell or alert
\b Backspace
\cx or \C-x Control-x
\f Formfeed
\M-\C-x Meta-Control-x
\n Newline
\r Carriage return
\s Space
\t tab
\nnn Octal notation, where n is in the range 0.7
\v Vertical tab
\x Character x

Built in string Methods:

Method Description
capitalize() Converts the first character to upper case
casefold() Converts string into lower case
center() Returns a centered string
count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a string
encode() Returns an encoded version of the string
endswith() Returns true if the string ends with the specified value

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expandtabs() Sets the tab size of the string
find() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found
format() Formats specified values in a string
format_map() Formats specified values in a string
index() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found
isalnum() Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric
isalpha() Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet
isascii() Returns True if all characters in the string are ascii characters
isdecimal() Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals
isdigit() Returns True if all characters in the string are digits
isidentifier() Returns True if the string is an identifier
islower() Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case
isnumeric() Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric
isprintable() Returns True if all characters in the string are printable
isspace() Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces
istitle() Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title
isupper() Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case
join() Converts the elements of an iterable into a string
ljust() Returns a left justified version of the string
lower() Converts a string into lower case
lstrip() Returns a left trim version of the string
maketrans() Returns a translation table to be used in translations
partition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
replace() Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with a specified value
rfind() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where it was found
rindex() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where it was found
rjust() Returns a right justified version of the string
rpartition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts

12
rsplit() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
rstrip() Returns a right trim version of the string
split() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
splitlines() Splits the string at line breaks and returns a list
startswith() Returns true if the string starts with the specified value
strip() Returns a trimmed version of the string
swapcase() Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice versa
title() Converts the first character of each word to upper case
translate() Returns a translated string
upper() Converts a string into upper case
zfill() Fills the string with a specified number of 0 values at the beginning

Python List:
A list can be defined as a collection of values or items of different types.
The items in the list are separated with the comma (,) and enclosed with the square brackets [].
Ex. >>> List=[10,20,"Hi","Hello",4.5]
>>> print(List) #output: [10, 20, 'Hi', 'Hello', 4.5]
>>> for i in List:
print(i,end=" “) #output: 10 20 Hi Hello 4.5
>>> for i in range(len(List)):
print(List[i],end=" “) #output: 10 20 Hi Hello 4.5
>>>print("%d,%d,%s,%s,%f"%(List[0], List[1], List[2], List[3], List[4]))
#output: 10,20,Hi,Hello,4.500000
List indexing and splitting:
The elements of the list can be accessed using the slice operator [].
The index starts from 0 and goes to length - 1. The first element of the list is stored at the 0th index, the
second element of the list is stored at the 1st index, and so on.
Consider the following example.

13
The negative indices are counted from the right.
The last element (right most) of the list has the index -1, its adjacent left element is present at the index -2
and so on until the left most element is encountered.

Ex. >>> print(List[-1]) #output: 5

Updating List Values: List values can be updated by using the slice and operator.
Ex. >>>list=[1,2,3,4]
>>>print(list) #: [1,2,3,4]
>>>list[2]=45
>>>print(list) #:[1,2,45,4]
>>>list[1:3]=[55,56]
>>>print(list) #:[1,55,56,4]

Deleting List Element:

The list elements can be deleted by using the del keyword.
>>> list=[10,20,30,40]
>>> print(list) #[10, 20, 30, 40]
>>> del list[0]
>>> print(list) # [20, 30, 40]
>>> del list[2]
>>> print(list) # [20, 30]
Python List Operator:
The concatenation (+) and repetition (*) operator work in the same way as they were working with the
strings.
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20,30];
>>>L2=[40,50]
>>>print(L1*2) #[10,20,30,10,20,30]
>>>print(L1+L2) #[10,20,30,40,50]
Membership operator in and not in can also be used to perform operation on list
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20,30]
>>> print (20 in L1) #True
>>>print (40 in L1) #False
>>>print(50 not in L1) #True
>>>print(30 not in L1) #False
Adding elements to the list:
➢ Python provides append() function by using which we can add an element to the list. However, the
append() method can only add the value to the end of the list.
➢ Ex.>>>L1.append(40)
>>>print(L1) #[10,20,30,40]
Removing specific elements from the list:
➢ remove() method is used to delete specific element for list
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20,30]
>>>print(L1) # [10,20,30]

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 >>> L1.remove(20)
>>>print(L1) #[10,30]
Python List Built-in functions:
1. cmp(list1, list2): used to compare two list. The function return 0 if both the list are same,-1
otherwise
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20]; L2=[20,30]; L3=[10,20]
>>>cmp(L1,L2) # -1
>>>cmp(L1,L3) #0
2. len(list): It is used to calculate the length of the list.
>>>print(len(L1)) #2
3. max(list): It returns the maximum element of the list.
4. min(list): It returns the minimum element of the list.
Ex. >>>L1=[16,3,24,12]
>>>print(max(L1)) #24
>>>print(min(L1)) #3
5. list(seq): It converts any sequence to the list.
Ex. >>>str=“Python”
>>>L1=list(str)
>>>print(L1) #[‘P’,’y’,’t’,’h’,’o’,’n’]
6. list.count(obj.): It returns the number of occurrences of the specified object in the list.
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20,40,10,20]
>>>print(L1.count(20)) #2
7. list.extend(seq): The sequence represented by the object seq is extended to the list.
Ex. >>> L1=[10,20]; str=“abc”
>>>print(L1) #[10,20]
>>>print(L1.extend(str)) #[10,20,’a’,’b’,’c’]
8. list.index(obj): It returns the lowest index in the list that object appears.
Ex. >>>L1=[10,20,30,20]
>>> print(L1.index(20)) #1
9. list.insert(index, obj): The object is inserted into the list at the specified index.
Ex >>>L1=[10,20,30]
>>>L1.insert(2,40)
>>>print(L1) #[10,20,40,30]
10. list.pop(): It removes and returns the last object of the list.
Ex >>>L1=[10,20,30]
>>print(L1.pop()) #30
11. list.reverse(): It reverses the list.
Ex. >>>print(L1.reverse()) # [30 20 10]
12. list.sort(): It sorts the list

Indexing, Slicing:
we will focus on indexing and slicing operations over Python’s lists.
Indexing:
In Python, list is just like arrays in other scripting languages. It allows you to store set of items in one place
and access an item by its index. In python list, index starts form 0
Ex. City=[‘Pune’, ’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Nagpur’]
Each item in the list have value and index. First value of the list city is ‘Pune’ having index 0, second item
in the list is ‘Mumbai’ having index 1 and so on
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To accsess the element by index we use square brackets
>>> print(city[0], city[2]) #’Pune’ ‘Nasik’
Negative indexing:
Python list also support negative indexing system.
In negative indexing system last element of the list corresponds to index -1, second last element
correspond to -2 and so on
>>> print(city[-1],city[-2]) # ‘Nagpur’ ‘Nasik’
Indexing not only used for accessing the content of a list but also it is possible to change list content using
an operation
Ex. >>> print(city) #[‘Pune’, ’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Nagpur’]
>>> city[0]=“Pimpri’
>>>print(city) #[‘Pimpri’, ’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Nagpur’]
>>> city[-1]=‘Jalgaon’
>>> print(city) #[‘Pimpri’, ’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Jalgaon’]
Deletion:
We can also easily delete any element from the list by using indexing and del statement
Ex. >>>print(city) #[‘Pune’, ’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Nagpur’]
>>> del city[0]
>>> print(city)#[’Mumbai’, ‘Nasik’, ‘Nagpur’]
>>> del city(-2)
>>> print(city) #[’Mumbai’,‘Nagpur’]
Slice Notation:
As it was shown, indexing allows you to access/change/delete only a single cell of a list.
Using slice notation we can access/change/delete sublist of the list.
The full slice syntax is [start: stop: step]
Start refers to the index of the element which is used as a start of our slice.
Stop refers to the index of the element we should stop just before to finish our slice.
Step allows you to take each nth-element within a start: stop range.
Ex. >>>L=[10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80]
>>>print(L[2:6]) # [30,40,50,60]
>>>print(L[:4]) #[10,20,30,40]
>>>print(L[0:]) #[10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80]
>>>print(L[:]) #[10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80]
>>>print(L[-6:4]) #[30,40]
>>>print(L[-3:]) #[60,70,80]
>>>print(L[1:-1]) #[20,30,40,50,60,70]
>>>print(L[-5:-2]) #[40,50,60]
>>>print(L[1:8:2]) #[20,40,60]
>>>print(L[: :3]) #[10,30,60]
>>>print(L[-2:1:-3]) #[70,40]

Slicing and Coping List:

>>>L1=[10,20,30,40,50,60]
>>>L2=L1[1:4]
>>>print(L2) #[20,,30,40]
Slice :
>>>L1[:3]=[7,8,9]
>>>print(L1) #[7,8,9,40,50,60]
16
Replace and Resize part of the list:
It’s also possible to replace a bigger chunk with a smaller number of items:
>>>L1=[10,20,30,40,50,60]
>>>L1[:3]=[1]
>>>print(L1) #[1,40,50,60]
We can also replace part of list with bigger chunk
>>>L1=[10,20,30,40,50,60]
>>>L1[:3]=[6,7,8,9,25]
>>>print(L1) #[6,7,8,9,25,40,50,60]
Slice Deletion:
We can use del statement to remove a slice out of a list:
>>>L1=[10,20,30,40,50,60]
>>>del L1[2:5]
>>>print (L1) #[10,20,60]
➢ We can also provide step parameter to slice and remove each n-th element:
>>>L1=[10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80]
>>>del L1[ : : 2]
>>>print(L1) #[20,40,60,80]

Assignments:

Practice Set
1. Write a python script to create a list and display the list element in reverse order
2. Write a python script to display alternate characters of string from both the direction.
3. Write a python program to count vowels and consonants in a string.

Set A
1. Write a python script which accepts 5 integer values and prints “DUPLICATES” if any of the
values entered are duplicates otherwise it prints “ALL UNIQUE”. Example: Let 5 integers are (32,
45, 90, 45, 6) then output “DUPLICATES” to be printed.
2. Write a python script to count the number of characters (character frequency) in a string. Sample
String : google.com'. Expected Result : {'o': 3, 'g': 2, '.': 1, 'e': 1, 'l': 1, 'm': 1, 'c': 1}
3. Write a Python program to remove the characters which have odd index values of a given string.
4. Write a program to implement the concept of stack using list
5. Write a Python program to get a string from a given string where all occurrences of its first char
have been changed to '$', except the first char itself. Sample String: 'restart' Expected Result :
'resta$t'

Set B

1. Write a Python program to get a string made of the first 2 and the last 2 chars from a given a string.
If the string length is less than 2, return instead of the empty string.
Sample String : 'General12'
Expected Result : 'Ge12'
Sample String : 'Ka'
Expected Result : 'KaKa'
Sample String : ' K'

17
 Expected Result : Empty String

2. Write a Python program to get a single string from two given strings, separated by a space and
swap the first two characters of each string.
Sample String : 'abc', 'xyz'
Expected Result : 'xycabz'
3. Write a Python program to count the occurrences of each word in a given sentence.
4. Write a program to implement the concept of queue using list
5. Write a python program to count repeated characters in a string.
Sample string: 'thequickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog'
Expected output:
o4
e3
u2
h2
r2
t2
Set C:

1. Write a binary search function which searches an item in a sorted list. The function should return
the index of element to be searched in the list.

Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Need Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

18
Assignment 3: Working With Tuples, Sets and Dictionaries

Python Tuple:
A Tuple is a collection of Python objects separated by commas or written in round brackets.
Ex >>>T1=“Hi”, “Hello”
>>>print(T1) #output: ( ‘Hi’, ‘Hello’)
>>>T2=(10,20,4.5,”Monday”)
>>>print(T2) #output: (10,20,4.5,’Mondy’)
Tuples are sequences, just like lists. The differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be
changed unlike lists and tuples use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets.
>>>print(T1[0]) #’Hi’
>>>print(T1[-1]) #’Hello’
>>>T1[0]=“Bye” #Error

Change Tuple Values:

Once a tuple is created, you cannot change its values. Tuples are unchangeable, or immutable
For changing tuple values you can convert the tuple into a list, change the list, and convert the list back
into a tuple.
Ex
>>>T1=(“Hi”, “Hello”) #Tuple T1
>>> T1[0]=“Bye” #Error
>>>T2=list(T1) #Converting Tuple T1 to list T2
>>>T2[0]=“Bye” #Updating List T2
>>>T1=tuple(T2) #Converting List T2 to tuple T1
>>>print(T1) #(‘Bye’, ‘Hello’)
The empty tuple is written as two parentheses containing nothing − >>> tup1 = ();
To write a tuple containing a single value you have to include a comma, even though there is only one
value - >>>tup1 = (50,);
Like string indices, tuple indices start at 0, and they can be sliced, concatenated, and so on.
Different ways of accessing Tuple
>>>T1=(10,20,30,40)
>>>print(T1) #(10,20,30,40)
>>>print(T1[0]) #10
>>>for i in T1:
print(i,end= “ “) #10 20 30 40
>>>for i in range(len(T1)):
print(T1[i],end= “ “) #10 20 30 40
>>>print(“%f”%T1[0]) #10.000

Python Tuple Operator:

The concatenation (+) and repetition (*) operator work in the same way as they were working with the
strings.
Ex. >>>T1=(10,20,30);
>>>L2=(40,50)
>>>print(L1*2) #(10,20,30,10,20,30)
>>>print(L1+L2) #(10,20,30,40,50)

19
Membership operator in and not in can also be used to perform operation on list
Ex. >>>T1=[10,20,30]
>>> print (20 in T1) #True
>>>print (40 in T1) #False
>>>print(50 not in T1) #True
>>>print(30 not in T1) #False

Add Items:
Once a tuple is created, you cannot add items to it. Tuples are unchangeable.
Remove Items:
Note: You cannot remove items in a tuple.
Tuples are unchangeable, so you cannot remove items from it, but you can delete the tuple completely:
The del keyword can delete the tuple completely
Ex. >>>T1=(10,20)
>>>del T1
In-Built Tuple Functions:
1. cmp(): Python tuple method cmp() compares elements of two tuples.
syntax: cmp(tuple1, tuple2)
cmp function return 0 if two tuples are same, 1 if elements of first tuple is greater than elements of
second tuple, otherwise -1
2. len(tuple): It is used to calculate the length of the tuple
>>>T1=(10,20,30)
>>>print(len(T1)) #3
3. max(Tuple): It returns the maximum element of the tuple.
4. min(Tuple): It returns the minimum element of the tuple.
>>>print(max(T1) #30
>>>print(min(T1)) #10
5. sum(tuple): Return sum of all elements within tuple
>>> print(sum(T1)) #60
6. all(tuple): it returns True if all the items in the tuple are true, otherwise it returns false. If the tuple is
empty, the function also returns true.
>>>T1=(10,20,30) T2=(10,0,20)
>>>print(all(T1)) #True
>>>print(all(T2)) #False
7. any(): Python any() function accepts iterable (list, tuple, dictionary etc.) as an argument and return true
if any of the element in iterable is true, else it returns false. If iterable is empty then any() method
returns false.
>>>print(any(T1)) #True
8. tuple(seq): It converts any sequence to the tuple.
>>>str=“Python”
>>>T1=tuple(str)
>>>print(T1) #(‘P’,’y’,’t’,’h’,’o’,’n’)
9. tuple.count(obj.): It returns the number of occurrences of the specified object in the tuple.
>>>L1=(10,20,40,10,20)
>>>print(L1.count(20)) #2
10. tuple.index(obj): It retuurns the lowest index in the tuple that object appears.
>>>T1=(10,20,30,20)
>>> print(T1.index(20)) #1
20
Packing and Unpacking:
In tuple packing, we place value into a new tuple while in tuple unpacking we extract those values back
into variables.
Ex >>> t=(101,”Nilesh”,80.78) #tuple packing
>>> (rollno, name, marks)=t #tuple unpacking
>>> print(rollno) # 101
>>>print(name, marks) #Nilesh 80.78

Python Set:
The set in python can be defined as the unordered collection of various items enclosed within the curly
braces. The elements of the set can not be duplicate. The elements of the python set can not be
changed.There is no index attached to the elements of the set, i.e., we cannot directly access any element of
the set by the index. However, we can print them all together or we can get the list of elements by looping
through the set.

Creating a set:
The set can be created by enclosing the comma separated items with the curly braces.
Python also provides the set method which can be used to create the set by the passed sequence.

Creating set using curly brackets:

>>> city={"Pune", "Mumbai", "Nashik"}
>>> print(city) # {'Pune', 'Nashik', 'Mumbai'}
>>> for i in city:
print(i, end=“ “) # Pune Nashik Mumbai
Creating set using set() method:
>>> names=set([“Shubham”, “Nilesh”, “Pranav”])
>>>print(names) #{'Pranav', 'Shubham', 'Nilesh'}

Adding items to the set:

Python provides the add() method which can be used to add some particular item to the set.
>>> names.add("Rajesh")
>>> print(names) #{'Pranav', 'Shubham', 'Rajesh', 'Nilesh'}
To add more than one item in the set, Python provides the update() method.
>>> print(city) #{'Pune', 'Nashik', 'Mumbai'}
>>> city.update(["Jalgaon","Nagpur","Satara"])
>>> print(city)
# {'Satara', 'Jalgaon', 'Pune', 'Mumbai', 'Nagpur', 'Nashik'}
Removing items from the set:
Python provides discard() method which can be used to remove the items from the set.
>>> city.discard("Mumbai")
>>> print(city) # {'Satara', 'Jalgaon', 'Pune', 'Nagpur', 'Nashik'}
Python also provide the remove() method to remove the items from the set.
>>> print(city) #{'Satara', 'Jalgaon', 'Pune', 'Nagpur', 'Nashik'}
>>> city.remove("Satara")
>>> print(city) #{'Jalgaon', 'Pune', 'Nagpur', 'Nashik'}
We can also use the pop() method to remove the item. However, this method will always remove the first
item.
21
 >>> print(city) #{'Jalgaon', 'Pune', 'Nagpur', 'Nashik'}
>>> city.pop() #'Jalgaon‘
Python provides the clear() method to remove all the items from the set.
>>> print(city) #{'Nashik', 'Dhule'}
>>> city.clear()
>>> print(city) #set()

Difference between discard() and remove():

If the item to be deleted from the set using discard() doesn't exist in the set, the python will not give the
error.
On the other hand, if the item to be deleted from the set using remove() doesn't exist in the set, the python
will give the error.

Union of two Sets:

The union of two sets are calculated by using the or (|) operator. The union of the two sets contains the all
the items that are present in both the sets.
Ex. >>>s1={1,2,3}; s2={3,4,5}
>>>s3=s1|s3
>>>print(s3) #{1,2,3,4,5}
Python also provides the union() method which can also be used to calculate the union of two sets.
>>> print(s1.union(s2)) #{1,2,3,4,5}

Intersection of two sets:

The & (intersection) operator is used to calculate the intersection of the two sets in python.
The intersection of the two sets are given as the set of the elements that common in both sets.
Ex >>> s1={"Pune","Mumbai","Jalgaon"}
>>> s2={"Nahik","Pune","Nagpur","Jalgaon"}
>>> s3=s1&s2
>>> print(s3) #{'Jalgaon', 'Pune'}
➢ using intersection() method
>>>s3=s1.intersection(s2)
>>>print(s3) #{'Jalgaon', 'Pune’}

The intersection_update() method:

The intersection_update() method removes the items from the original set that are not present in both the
sets (all the sets if more than one are specified).
The Intersection_update() method is different from intersection() method since it modifies the original set
by removing the unwanted items, on the other hand, intersection() method returns a new set.
Ex >>> a={1,2,3,4,5}
>>> b={3,5,7,8,9}
>>> a.intersection_update(b)
>>> print(a) #{3, 5}

Difference of two sets:

The difference of two sets can be calculated by using the subtraction (-) operator.
The resulting set consists of all the elements form set 1 which are not available in set2
Ex >>> a={1,2,3,4}
>>> b={3,5,4,8}
22
 >>> c=a-b
>>> print(c) #{1, 2}
>>>print(b-a) #{5,8}
using difference() method
>>>print(a.difference(b)) #{1,2}

The difference_update():
The set difference_update() method modifies the existing set.
If (A – B) is performed, then A gets modified into (A – B), and if (B – A) is performed, then B gets
modified into ( B – A).
Ex. >>>a={1,2,3,4,5}; b={3,4,5,6}
>>>a.difference_update(b)
>>>print(a) #{1,2}

The symmetric_difference():
This in-built function of Python Set helps us to get the symmetric difference between two sets, which is
equal to the elements present in either of the two sets, but not common to both the sets.
>>>print(a.symmetirc_difference(b)) #{1,2,6}

The symmetric_difference_update method:

symmetric_difference() method returns a new set which contains symmetric difference of two sets.
The symmetric_difference_update() method updates the set calling symmetric_difference_update() with
the symmetric difference of sets.
>>>a={1,2,3,4}; b={2,3,6,7}
>>>a.symmetric_difference_update(b)
>>>print(a) #{1,4,6,7}

issuperset() in Python:
The issuperset() method returns True if all elements of a set A occupies set B which is passed as an
argument and returns false if all elements of B not present in A.
This means if A is a superset of B then it returns true; else False
Syntax: A.issuperset(B) checks whether A is a superset of B or not. True if A is a superset of B; otherwise
false.
Ex >>>A={1,2,3,4,5}; B={2,3,4}
>>>A.issuperset(B) #True
>>>B.issuperset(A) #False
issubset() in python:
returns true if first set is a subset of seconds set otherwise false
>>> A.issubset(B) #False
>>>B.issubset(A) #True

isdisjoint() function in Python:

Two sets are said to be disjoint when their intersection is null.
In simple words they do not have any common element in between them.
Syntax: seta.isdisjoint(setb)
>>>a={1,2,3};b={3,4,5}; c={7,8,9}
>>>a.isdisjoint(b) #False
>>>a.isdisjoint(c) #True
23
Set comparisons:
Python allows us to use the comparison operators i.e., <, >, <=, >= , == with the sets by using which we
can check whether a set is subset, superset, or equivalent to other set.
The boolean True or False is returned depending upon the items present inside the sets.
Ex >>>a={1,2,3,4}; b={1,2,3}; c={1,2,3};
>>>print(a>b) #True
>>>print(a<b) #False
>>>print(b>a) #False
>>>print(a==b) #False
>>>print(b==c) #True
>>>print(a>=b) #True

Python Dictionary:
Dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of items in the form of key-value pair.
Dictionary holds key : value pair.
Each key-value pair in a Dictionary is separated by a colon :, whereas each item is separated by a
‘comma’.
Keys of a Dictionary must be unique and of immutable data type such as Strings, Integers and tuples, but
the values associated with key can be repeated and be of any type.
In Python, a Dictionary can be created by placing sequence of elements within curly {} braces, separated
by ‘comma’.
Ex >>> d={1 : ‘Hi’, 2 : ‘Hello’, 3: ‘Hello’}
>>>print(d) #{1 : ‘Hi’, 2 : ‘Hello’, 3: ‘Hello’}

Different ways of accessing dictionary

>>> d={“Rollno”:101, “Name”:“Nilesh”, “Marks”:80.75}
1. Printing whole dictionary using print() method :
>>>print(d)
{“Rollno”:101,“Name”:“Nilesh”, “Marks”: 80.75}
2. Accessing Individual value using index:
>>>print(d[“Name”]) #Nilesh
3. for loop to print all the keys of a dictionary
>>>for x in d:
print(x, end=“ ”) # Name Rollno Marks
4. for loop to print all the values of the dictionary
>>>for x in d:
print(d[x],end= “ ”) # Nilesh 101 80.75
5. for loop to print the values of the dictionary by using values() method
>>> for i in d.values()
print(i, end=“ “) # Nilesh 101 80.75
6. for loop to print the items of the dictionary by using items() method:
>>> for in d.items()
print(i)
#output: (‘Name’, ‘Nilesh’)
(‘RollNo’, 101)
(‘Marks’, 80.75)
7. For loop to print key value pair:
24
>>> for k,v in d.items():
print(k,v)
#output: Name Nilesh
Rollno 101
Marks 80.75
8. Printing individual values of dictionary using format specifier:
>>> d={“Rollno”:101, “Name”:“Nilesh”, “Marks”:80.75}
>>> print("Roll No=%d"%d["Rollno"])
Roll No=101
>>> print("Name of student=%s"%d["Name"])
Name of student=Nilesh
>>> print("Marks Obtained=%f"%d["Marks"])
Marks Obtained=80.750000
Dictionary can also be created by the built-in function dict(). An empty dictionary can be created by just
placing to curly braces{}.
>>>D={ } # empty dictionary
>>>D=dict({1:”Hi”,2:”Hello”})
>>>print(D) #{1:”Hi”,2:”Hello”}
Note – Dictionary keys are case sensitive, same name but different cases of Key will be treated
distinctly.

Updating Dictionary:
You can update a dictionary by adding a new entry or a key-value pair, modifying an existing entry, or
deleting an existing entry
Ex. >>> d={1: “One”, 2: “Two”}
>>>print(d) #{1: 'One', 2: 'Two‘}
>>>d[2]=“Twelve”
>>>print(d) #{1: 'One', 2: 'Tweleve'}
>>>d[3]=“Three”
>>>print(d) #{1: 'One', 2: 'Tweleve', 3: 'Three'}

Delete Dictionary Elements:

You can either remove individual dictionary elements or clear the entire contents of a dictionary.
You can also delete entire dictionary in a single operation.
Ex. >>> del d[2]
>>> print(d) #{1: 'One', 3: 'Three'}
Removing all elements for dictionary
>>> print(d) #{1: 'One', 3: 'Three'}
>>>d.clear() # remove all entries in dict
>>>print(d) #{ }
>>>del d # delete entire dictionary
>>>print(d) #Error

Properties of Dictionary:
1. In the dictionary, we can not store multiple values for the same keys.
If we pass more than one values for a single key, then the value which is last assigned is
considered as the value of the key.
>>>d={"RN":101,"Name":"Suresh","Marks":80,"Name":"Rajesh"}
25
 >>> print(d) #{'Name': 'Rajesh', 'RN': 101, 'Marks': 80}
2. In python, the key cannot be any mutable object.
We can use numbers, strings, or tuple as the key but we can not use any mutable object like the list
as the key in the dictionary.
3. Dictionary keys are case sensitive- Same key name but with the different case are treated as
different keys in Python dictionaries.

Built-in Dictionary functions:

1. len(): It is used to calculate the length of the dictionary.
Ex >>>d={1: “One”, 2: “Two”}
>>>print(len(d)) #2
2. str(dict.): It converts the dictionary into the printable string
>>>s=print(str(d))
>>>print(s) #{1: ‘One', 2: 'Two'}
>>>type(s) # <class 'str'>
3. copy(): It returns a shallow copy of the dictionary.
Ex >>>d1={1: “One”, 2: “Two”}
>>> d2=d1.copy()
>>>print(d2) #{1: “One”, 2: “Two”}
4. keys(): It returns all the keys of the dictionary.
>>> L=list(d1.keys())
>>>print(L) #[1, 2]
5. values(): It returns all the values of the dictionary.
>>>L=list(d1.values())
>>>print(L) #['One', 'Two']
6. popitem(): It remove and returns first item of the dictionary
>>> print(d1.popitem()) #(1: “One”)
>>> print(d1) #{2: “Two”}
7. pop(key): This method removes the specified item from the dictionary and return the value of
specified key.
>>>x=d1.pop(1)
>>>print(x) # One
8. Update(): The update() method inserts the specified items to the dictionary.
Ex >>>print(d)
{'Name': 'Shubham', 'RollNo': 101, 'Marks': 80}
>>> d.update({"Address":"Pimpri"})
>>> print(d)
{'Address': 'Pimpri', 'Name': 'Shubham', 'RollNo': 101, 'Marks': 80}

Assignments:
Practice Set:
1. Write a Python program to add and remove operation on set.
2. Write a Python program to do iteration over sets.
3. Write a Python program to find the length of a set.
4. Write a Python program to create a tuple with numbers and print one item.
5. Write a Python script to add a key to a dictionary.
Sample Dictionary : {0: 10, 1: 20}
Expected Result : {0: 10, 1: 20, 2: 30}
26
Set A:

1. Write a Python program to find maximum and the minimum value in a set.
2. Write a Python program to add an item in a tuple.
3. Write a Python program to convert a tuple to a string.
4. Write a Python program to create an intersection of sets.
5. Write a Python program to create a union of sets.
6. Write a Python script to check if a given key already exists in a dictionary.
7. Write a Python script to sort (ascending and descending) a dictionary by value.

Set B:
1. Write a Python program to create set difference and a symmetric difference.
2. Write a Python program to create a list of tuples with the first element as the number and second
element as the square of the number.
3. Write a Python program to unpack a tuple in several variables.
4. Write a Python program to get the 4th element from front and 4th element from last of a tuple.
5. Write a Python program to find the repeated items of a tuple.
6. Write a Python program to check whether an element exists within a tuple.
7. Write a Python script to concatenate following dictionaries to create a new one. Sample
Dictionary : dic1={1:10, 2:20} dic2={3:30, 4:40} dic3={5:50,6:60}
Expected Result : {1: 10, 2: 20, 3: 30, 4: 40, 5: 50, 6: 60}

Set C:
1. Write a Python program to create a shallow copy of sets.
2. Write a Python program to combine two dictionary adding values for common keys.
d1 = {'a': 100, 'b': 200, 'c':300}
d2 = {'a': 300, 'b': 200, 'd':400}
Sample output: Counter({'a': 400, 'b': 400, 'd': 400, 'c': 300})

Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Need Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

27
Assignment 4: Working with Functions, Modules and Packages

Functions in Python:
Function is named, independent block of statements that perform a specific task and may return a value to
the calling program.
Function is block of reusable code which can be called whenever required

Creating a function:
In python, we can use def keyword to define the function. Syntax is as follows
def my_function():
function-code
return <expression>
The function block is started with the colon (:) and all the same level block statements remain at the same
indentation.
A function can accept any number of parameters that must be the same in the definition and function
calling.

Function calling
In python, a function must be defined before the function calling otherwise the python interpreter gives an
error.
Once the function is defined, we can call it from another function or the python prompt.
To call the function, use the function name followed by the parentheses.
def my_function(): #function code
print(“Python is very esasy”)
my_function() #calling function
#output: Python is very easy
Function Arguments:
You can call a function by using the following types of arguments −
1. Required arguments
2. Keyword arguments
3. Default arguments
4. Variable-length arguments

Python Required Arguments:

When we call a function with some values, these values get assigned to the arguments according to their
position.
These are the arguments which are required to be passed at the time of function calling with the exact
match of their positions in the function call and function definition.
If either of the arguments is not provided in the function call, or the position of the arguments is changed,
then the python interpreter will show the error.

Python Keyword Argument:

Python allows functions to be called using keyword arguments. When we call functions in this way, the
order (position) of the arguments can be changed. This kind of function call will enable us to pass the
arguments in the random order.
Following calls to the above function are all valid and produce the same result.
28
 def sum(a,b):
print(a,b,a+b)
sum(2,3) # Required argument output : 2 3 5
sum(b=2,a=5) # Keyword argument output: 5 2 7

Python Default Arguments:

Function arguments can have default values in Python.
We can provide a default value to an argument by using the operator (=).
Any number of arguments in a function can have a default value. But once we have a default argument, all
the arguments to its right must also have default values.
This means to say, non-default arguments cannot follow default arguments.
def greet(name,msg=“Good Morning”):
print(msg,name)
greet(“Nilesh”, “HI”) #HI Nilesh
greet(“Suresh”, “Hello”) #Hello Suresh
greet(“Ramesh”) #Good Morning Ramesh

Variable length Arguments: (Packing Argument)

Sometimes we may not know the number of arguments to be passed in advance.
In such cases, Python provides us the flexibility to pass any number of arguments which are treated as
tuples at the function call.
However, at the function definition, we have to define the name of argument preceded with * def
greet(*names):
for i in names: #output:
print(“Hi”,i) Hi Nilesh
Hi Ramesh
greet(“Nilesh”, “Ramesh”, “Suresh”) Hi Suresh

Python Anonymous function lambda:

In Python, anonymous function means that a function is without a name.
The lambda keyword is used to create anonymous functions. It has the following syntax:
lambda arguments : expression
This function can have any number of arguments but only one expression, which is evaluated and returned.
You need to keep in your knowledge that lambda functions are syntactically restricted to a single
expression.
Ex. >>>a=lambda x, y : x+y
>>>print(a(3,4)) #7

Recursion:
Recursion is the process of defining something in terms of itself.
The function which calls itself is called as recursion.
A function can call other functions. It is even possible for the function to call itself. These type of construct
are termed as recursive functions.
following is recursive function to calculate sum of digits of a input number
def sumofd(n):
if n==0:
return 0
else
29
 return n%10+sumofd(n//10)
N=int(input(“Enter any Number =“)) #123
print(“Sum of digits= “,sumofd(N)) #Sum of Digits=7

Unpacking argument lists:

We can use * to unpack the list elements so that all elements of list can be passed as different parameters.
Consider a situation where we have a function that receives four arguments. We want to make call to this
function and we have a list of size 4.
If we simply pass list to the function, the call doesn’t work.
Following program illustrate unpacking of arguments
def myfun(a,b,c,d):
print(a,b,c,d)

L=[1,2,3,4]
myfun(L) #error
myfun(*L) #unpacking of argument using *
output : 1 2 3 4

We use two operators * (for list, string and tuple) and ** (for dictionaries) for unpacking of argument
def Myfun(a,b,c):
print(a,b,c)
T=(10,20,30)
D={‘a’:10, ‘b’:20, ‘c’:30}
Myfun(*T) #10 20 30
Myfun(**D) #10 20 30

Packing Arguments:
When we don’t know how many arguments need to be passed to a python function, we can use Packing to
pack all arguments in a tuple.
def myfun(*a):
print(a)
def fun(**d):
print(d)
myfun(10,20,30) #packing to tuple Output: (10, 20, 30)
fun(x=10, y=20) #packing to dictionary Output:{‘x’:10, ‘y’:20}

Generator Function in Python:

If a function contains at least one yield statement, it becomes a generator function.
Both yield and return statement will return some value from a function.
The difference is that, while a return statement terminates a function entirely, yield statement pauses the
function saving all its states and later continues from there on successive calls.
>>> def gen():
n=1
yield n
n=n+1
yield n
n=n+1
yield n
30
 >>>a=gen()
>>>next(a) #1
>>>next(a) #2
>>>next(a) #3

Python Modules:
A python module can be defined as a python program file which contains a python code including python
functions, class, or variables. In other words, we can say that our python code file saved with the extension
(.py) is treated as the module. We may have a runnable code inside the python module. Modules in Python
provides us the flexibility to organize the code in a logical way. To use the functionality of one module
into another, we must have to import the specific module.
Example
#displayMsg prints a message to the name being passed.
def displayMsg(name):
print("Hi "+name)

Loading the module in our python code. We need to load the module in our python code to use its
functionality. Python provides two types of statements as defined below.
1. The import statement
2. The from-import statement

Example:
import file;
name = input("Enter the name?")
file.displayMsg(name)

The from-import statement:

from < module-name> import <name 1>, <name 2>..,<name n>

calculation.py:
#place the below code in the calculation.py
def summation(a,b):
return a+b
def multiplication(a,b):
return a*b;
def divide(a,b):
return a/b;

Main.py:
from calculation import summation
#it will import only the summation() from calculation.py
a = int(input("Enter the first number"))
b = int(input("Enter the second number"))
print("Sum=",summation(a,b)) #we do not need to specify the module name while accessing
summation()

31
The datetime Module:
The datetime module enables us to create the custom date objects, perform various operations on dates like
the comparison, etc. To work with dates as date objects, we have to import the datetime module into the
python source code.

Example
import datetime
#returns the current datetime object
print(datetime.datetime.now())

The calendar module:

Python provides a calendar object that contains various methods to work with the calendars. Consider the
following example to print the calendar for the last month of 2018.

Example
import calendar;
cal = calendar.month(2020,3)
#printing the calendar of December 2018
print(cal)

Packages:
The packages in python facilitate the developer with the application development environment by
providing a hierarchical directory structure where a package contains sub-packages, modules, and sub-
modules. The packages are used to categorize the application level code efficiently.
Let's create a package named Employees in your home directory.
Consider the following steps.
1. Create a directory with name Employees on path /home.
2. Create a python source file with name ITEmployees.py on the path /home/Employees.
ITEmployees.py
def getITNames():
List = ["John", "David", "Nick", "Martin"]
return List;
3. Similarly, create one more python file with name BPOEmployees.py and create a function
getBPONames().

4. Now, the directory Employees which we have created in the first step contains two python modules. To
make this directory a package, we need to include one more file here, that is init .py which contains
the import statements of the modules defined in this directory.

init .py
from ITEmployees import getITNames
from BPOEmployees import getBPONames

5. Now, the directory Employees has become the package containing two python modules. Here we must
notice that we must have to create init .py inside a directory to convert this directory to a package.
32
6. To use the modules defined inside the package Employees, we must have to import this in our python
source file. Let's create a simple python source file at our home directory (/home) which uses the modules
defined in this package.

Test.py
import Employees
print(Employees.getNames())
Output: ["John", "David", "Nick", "Martin"]

Assignments:

Practice Set:

1. Write a Python program to print Calendar of specific month of input year using calendar module
2. Write a Python script to display datetime in various formats using datetime module

a. Current date and time

b. Current year
c. Month of year
d. Week number of the year
e. Weekday of the week
f. Day of year
g. Day of the month
h. Day of week
3. Write an anonymous function to find area of circle.

Set A:

1. Write a recursive function which print string in reverse order.

2. Write a python script using function to calculate XY
3. Define a function that accept two strings as input and find union and intersection of them.
4. Write a recursive function to calculate sum of digits of a given input number.
5. Write generator function which generate even numbers up to n

Set B:

1. Write a python script to generate Fibonacci terms using generator function.

2. Write python script using package to calculate area and volume of cylinder and cuboids.
3. Write a python script to accept decimal number and convert it to binary and octal number using
function.
33
 4. Write a function which print a dictionary where the keys are numbers between 1 and 20
5. (both included) and the values are square of keys
6. Write a generator function which generates prime numbers up to n.

Set C:
1. Write a program to illustrate function duck typing.

Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

34
Assignment 5: Python Classes and Objects

Python OOPs Concepts:

Like other object oriented programming languages, python is also an object-oriented language allows us to
develop applications using an Object Oriented approach.
In Python, we can easily create and use classes and objects.

Creating classes in python:

In python, a class can be created by using the keyword class followed by the class name and colon.syntax
is as follows.
class class_name:
“ “ “ Optional Doc String” ” ”
#data members
#member function
Documentation string can be accessed using class-name. doc method.
>>>class myclass:
“ “ “ This is example of doc string. ”””
rollno=101
name=“Nilesh”
def display(self):
print(self.rollno, self.name)
>>>s=myclass() #creating object
>>>print(myclass. doc ) #accessing doc string
>>>s.display() #101 Nilesh
self is used to refers to the current class object. It is always the first argument in the function.

Creating an instance of the class:

The syntax to create the instance of the class is given below
object-name = class-name(arguments)
Ex. class computer:
cpu=None
ram=None
def config(self,a,b):
self.cpu=a
self.ram=b
def display(self):
print(self.cpu,self.ram)
c1=computer()
c2=computer()
c1.config("i3",4)
c1.display() #i3 4
c2.config("i5",6)
c2.display() #i5 6
35
Data abstraction in python:
In python, we can also perform data hiding by adding the double underscore ( ) as a prefix to the
attribute which is to be hidden.
After this, the attribute will not be visible outside of the class through the object.
>>> class myclass:
a=10
b=20
def display(self):
print(self.a, self. b)
>>> m=myclass()
>>> m.a #10
>>> m. b #Error
>>> m.display() #10 20
>>> myclass.a #10
>>> myclass. b #Error

Python Constructor:
A constructor is a special type of method (function) which is used to initialize the instance members of the
class. Constructors can be of two types.
1. Parameterized Constructor
2. Non-parameterized Constructor
Constructor definition is executed when we create the object of this class.

Creating the constructor in python:

In python, the method init simulates the constructor of the class.
This method is called when the class is instantiated.
We can pass any number of arguments at the time of creating the class object, depending upon init
definition.
It is mostly used to initialize the class attributes.

Example of parameterized constructor:

>>> class computer:
def init (self,a,b):
self.cpu=a
self.ram=b
def display(self):
print(self.cpu,self.ram)

>>> c1=computer("i5",6)
>>> c1.display()
i5 6
>>> c2=computer("i7",8)
>>> c2.display()
i7 8

36
Example of non parameterized constructor
>>> class myclass:
def init (self):
print("Object is created")

>>> obj=myclass()
Object is created
Operator Overloading in Python:
The same built-in operator shows different behavior for objects of different classes, this is called Operator
Overloading.
Operator Overloading means giving extended meaning beyond their predefined operational meaning.
For example operator + is used to add two integers as well as join two strings and merge two lists.
To perform operator overloading, Python provides some special function or magic function that is
automatically invoked when it is associated with that particular operator.
For example, when we use + operator, the magic method add is automatically invoked in which the
operation for + operator is defined.

37
# Python Program illustrate how to overload an binary + operator
class A:
def init (self, a):
self.a = a
def add (self, o):
return self.a + o.a
ob1 = A(10)
ob2 = A(20)
ob3 = A(“DYP")
ob4 = A(“College")
print(ob1 + ob2) #30
print(ob3 + ob4) #DYPCollege

# Python program to overload a comparison operators

class A:
def init (self, a):
self.a = a
def gt (self, other):
if(self.a>other.a):
return True
else:
return False
ob1 = A(2)
ob2 = A(3)
if(ob1>ob2):
print("ob1 is greater than ob2")
else:
print("ob2 is greater than ob1")
Python Method Overloading:
Like other languages (for example method overloading in C++) do, python does not supports
method overloading.
We may overload the methods but can only use the latest defined method.
def product(a, b):
p=a*b
print(p)
def product(a, b, c):
p = a * b*c
print(p)
product(4, 5) #Error
product(4, 5, 5) #14
Assignments:
Practice Set :
1) Write a python program using simple class having class name as Student.
2) Write a python program for Counting the number of students using more objects of a
class.

38
 3) Write a python program for parameterized constructor has multiple parameters along
with the self Keyword.
Set A:

1) Write a Python Program to Accept, Delete and Display students details such as
Roll.No, Name, Marks in three subject, using Classes. Also display percentage of
each student.
2) Write a Python program that defines a class named circle with attributes radius
and center, where center is a point object and radius is number. Accept center and
radius from user. Instantiate a circle object that represents a circle with its center
and radius as accepted input.
3) Write a Python class which has two methods get_String and print_String.
get_String accept a string from the user and print_String print the string in upper
case. Further modify the program to reverse a string word by word and print it in
lower case.
4) Write Python class to perform addition of two complex numbers using binary +
operator overloading.
Set B:
1) Define a class named Rectangle which can be constructed by a length and
width. The Rectangle class has a method which can compute the area and
volume.
2) Write a function named pt_in_circle that takes a circle and a point and returns
true if point lies on the boundry of circle.
3) Write a Python Program to Create a Class Set and Get All Possible Subsets
from a Set of Distinct Integers.
4) Write a python class to accept a string and number n from user and display n
repetition of strings using by overloading * operator.
Set C:
1) Python Program to Create a Class which Performs Basic Calculator Operations.
2) Define datetime module that provides time object. Using this module write a program
that gets current date and time and print day of the week.
Evaluation :
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

39
Assignment 6: Inheritance

Introduction:
A language feature would not be worthy of the name “class” without supporting inheritance. The
syntax for a derived class definition looks like this:

class Derived ClassName(BaseClassName):

<statement-1>
.
.
.
<statement-N>

The name BaseClassName must be defined in a scope containing the derived class definition. In
place of a base class name, other arbitrary expressions are also allowed. This can be useful, for
example, when the base class is defined in another module:

class Derived_Class_Name (modname.BaseClassName):

Execution of a derived class definition proceeds the same as for a base class. When the class
object is constructed, the base class is remembered. This is used for resolving attribute
references: if a requested attribute is not found in the class, the search proceeds to look in the
base class. This rule is applied recursively if the base class itself is derived from some other
class.

There’s nothing special about instantiation of derived classes: Derived_Class_Name() creates a

new instance of the class. Method references are resolved as follows: the corresponding class
attribute is searched, descending down the chain of base classes if necessary, and the method
reference is valid if this yields a function object.

Derived classes may override methods of their base classes. Because methods have no special
privileges when calling other methods of the same object, a method of a base class that calls
another method defined in the same base class may end up calling a method of a derived class
that overrides it. (For C++ programmers: all methods in Python are effectively virtual.)

An overriding method in a derived class may in fact want to extend rather than simply replace
the base class method of the same name. There is a simple way to call the base class method
directly: just call BaseClassName.methodname(self, arguments). This is occasionally useful to
clients as well. (Note that this only works if the base class is accessible as BaseClassName in the
global scope.)

Python has two built-in functions that work with inheritance:

40
 • Use isinstance() to check an instance’s type: isinstance(obj, int) will be True only
if obj. class is int or some class derived from int.
• Use issubclass() to check class inheritance: issubclass(bool, int) is True since bool is a
subclass of int. However, issubclass(float, int) is False since float is not a subclass of int.
Inheritance is an important aspect of the object-oriented paradigm. Inheritance provides code
reusability to the program because we can use an existing class to create a new class instead of
creating it from scratch. In python, a derived class can inherit base class by just mentioning the
base in the bracket after the derived class name. Consider the followingsyntax to inherit a base
class into the derived class.

Syntax is ,

class derived-class (base class):

<class-suite>

A class can inherit multiple classes by mentioning all of them inside the bracket. Consider the
following
Syntax:
class derive-class(<base class 1>, <base class 2>, .......<base class n>):
<class - suite>

Example :
class Human:
def speak(self):
print("Human Speaking")
#child class Mohan inherits the base class Human

41
class Mohan(Human):
def sleep(self):
print("Mohan sleeping")
m = Mohan()
m.sleep()
m.speak()

Multi-Level inheritance:
Multi-Level inheritance is possible in python like other object-oriented languages. Multi-level
inheritance is archived when a derived class inherits another derived class. There is no limit on
the number of levels up to which, the multi-level inheritance is archived in python.

The syntax of multi-level inheritance is given below.

Syntax

class class1:
<class-suite>
class class2(class1):
<class suite>
class class3(class2):
<class suite>

Example:
class Human:
def speak(self):
print("Human Speaking")
#The child class Mohan inherits the base class Human
class Mohan(Human):

42
 def sleep(self):
print("Mohan sleeping")
#The child class Kids inherits another child class Dog
class Kids(Mohan):
def eat(self):
print("Eating Rice ...")
k = Kids()
k.sleep()
k.speak()
k.eat()

Multiple inheritance:
Python provides us the flexibility to inherit multiple base classes in the child class.
Python supports a form of multiple inheritance as well. A class definition with multiple base
classes looks like this:

class DerivedClassName(Base1, Base2, Base3):

<statement-1>
.
.
.
<statement-N>

For most purposes, in the simplest cases, you can think of the search for attributes inherited from
a parent class as depth-first, left-to-right, not searching twice in the same class where there is an
overlap in the hierarchy. Thus, if an attribute is not found in DerivedClassName, it is searched
for in Base1, then (recursively) in the base classes of Base1, and if it was not found there, it was
searched for in Base2, and so on.

In fact, it is slightly more complex than that; the method resolution order changes dynamically to
support cooperative calls to super(). This approach is known in some other multiple-inheritance
languages as call-next-method and is more powerful than the super call found in single-
inheritance languages.

Dynamic ordering is necessary because all cases of multiple inheritance exhibit one or more
diamond relationships (where at least one of the parent classes can be accessed through multiple
paths from the bottommost class). For example, all classes inherit from object, so any case of
multiple inheritance provides more than one path to reach object. To keep the base classes from
being accessed more than once, the dynamic algorithm linearizes the search order in a way that
preserves the left-to-right ordering specified in each class, that calls each parent only once, and
that is monotonic (meaning that a class can be subclassed without affecting the precedence order

43
of its parents). Taken together, these properties make it possible to design reliable and extensible
classes with multiple inheritances.

The syntax to perform multiple inheritance is given below.

Syntax:

class Base1:
<class-suite>

class Base2:
<class-suite>
.
class BaseN:
<class-suite>

class Derived(Base1, Base2, ....... BaseN):

<class-suite>

Example:

class Calculation1:
def Summation(self,a,b):
return a+b;
class Calculation2:
def Multiplication(self,a,b):
return a*b;
class Derived(Calculation1,Calculation2):
def Divide(self,a,b):
return a/b;
d = Derived()
print(d.Summation(10,20))
print(d.Multiplication(10,20))
print(d.Divide(10,20))

44
Hierarchical Inheritance:
When more than one derived classes are created from a single base this type of inheritance is
called hierarchical inheritance. In this program, we have a parent (base) class and two child
(derived) classes.

Example:

# Base class
class Parent:
def func1(self):
print("This function is in parent class.")

# Derived class1
class Child1(Parent):
def func2(self):
print("This function is in child 1.")

# Derived class2
class Child2(Parent):
def func3(self):
print("This fu nction is in child 2.")

# Driver's code
object1 = Child1()
object2 = Child2()
object1.func1()
object1.func2()
object2.func1()
object2.func3()

45
Hybrid Inheritance:
Inheritance consisting of multiple types of inheritance is called hybrid inheritance.
Example:
# Python program to demonstrate
# hybrid inheritance

class School:
def func1(self):
print("This function is in school.")

class Student1(School):
def func2(self):
print("This function is in student 1. ")

class Student2(School):
def func3(self):
print("This function is in student 2.")

class Student3(Student1, School):

def func4(self):
print("This function is in student 3.")

# Driver's code
object = Student3()
object.func1()
object.func2()

IS-A Relationship and HAS-A Relationship:

One of the advantages of an Object-Oriented programming language is code reuse. There are two
ways we can do code reuse either by the implementation of inheritance (IS-A relationship), or
object composition (HAS-A relationship). Although the compiler and Java virtual machine (JVM)
will do a lot of work for you when you use inheritance, you can also get at the functionality of
inheritance when you use composition.

1) IS-A Relationship :
In object-oriented programming, the concept of IS-A is a totally based on Inheritance, which can
be of two types Class Inheritance or Interface Inheritance. It is just like saying "A is a B type of
thing". For example, Apple is a Fruit, Car is a Vehicle etc. Inheritance is uni-directional. For
example, House is a Building. But Building is not a House.
It is a key point to note that you can easily identify the IS-A relationship. Wherever you see an
extends keyword or implements keyword in a class declaration, then this class is said to have IS-A
relationship.
• IS-A relationship based on Inheritance, which can be of two types Class Inheritance or
Interface Inheritance.

46
 2) HAS-A Relationship
Composition (HAS-A) simply mean the use of instance variables that are references to other
objects. For example Maruti has Engine, or House has Bathroom.
Let’s understand these concepts with an example of Car class.

• Has-a relationship is composition relationship which is a productive way of code reuse.

Assignments:

Practice Set :
1) Write a python program to demonstrate single inheritance using findArea() function.
2) Write a python program that will show the simplest form of inheritance using info()
function.

SET A:
1) Write a python program to demonstrate multilevel inheritance by using Base class name
as “Team” which inherits Derived class name as “Dev”.
2) Write a python program by considering Baseclass as TeamMember and Derived class as
TeamLeader use multiple inheritance concept to demonstrate the code.
3) Write a python program to make use of issubclass () or isinstance() functions to check the
relationships of two classes and instances.
SET B :

1) Write a python program to inherit (Derived class) “course“ from (base class)
“University” Using hybrid inheritance concept.
2) Write a python program to show the Hierarchical inheritance of two or more classes
named as “Square “ & “ Triangle” inherit from a single Base class as “Area “ .
3) Define a class named Shape and its subclass (Square/Circle). The subclass has an init
function which takes an argument (length/radius). Both classes have an area and volume

47
 function which can print the area and volume of the shape where Shape's area is 0 by
default.
4) Python Program to Create a Class in which One Method Accepts a String from
the User and Another method Prints it. Define a class named Country which has
a method called print Nationality. Define subclass named state from Country
which has a method called print State . Write a method to print state, country and
nationality.

SET C :
1) Write a Python Program to depict multiple inheritance when method is overridden in both
classes and check the output accordingly.
2) Write a Python Program to describe a HAS-A Relationship(Composition).

Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]
3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of the Instructor

48
Assignment 7: Exception Handling

What is exception?
The exception is an abnormal condition that halts the execution of the program.
An exception can be defined as an abnormal condition in a program resulting in halting of
program execution and thus the further code is not executed.
Python provides us with the way to handle the Exception so that the other part of the code can be
executed without any disruption.
However, if we do not handle the exception, the interpreter doesn't execute all the code that
exists after that.
Common Exceptions:
A list of common exceptions that can be thrown from a normal python program is given below.
1. ZeroDivisionError: Occurs when a number is divided by zero.
2. NameError: It occurs when a name is not found. It may be local or global.
3. IOError: It occurs when Input Output operation fails.
4. EOFError: It occurs when the end of the file is reached, and yet operations are being
performed.
5. ArithmeticError: Base class for all errors that occur for numeric calculation.
6. OverflowError: Raised when a calculation exceeds maximum limit for a numeric type.
7. KeyboardInterrupt: Raised when the user interrupts program execution, usually by
pressing Ctrl+c.
8. IndexError: Raised when an index is not found in a sequence.
9. KeyError: Raised when the specified key is not found in the dictionary.
10. IOError: Raised when an input/ output operation fails, such as the print statement or the
open() function when trying to open a file that does not exist.

Exception handling in python:

If the python program contains suspicious code that may throw the exception, we must place that
code in the try block. The try block must be followed with the except statement which contains a
block of code that will be executed if there is some exception in the try block.
Syntax:
try:
#block of code
except Exception1:
#block of code
except Exception2:
#block of code

49
We can also use the else statement with the try-except statement in which, we can place the code
which will be executed in the scenario if no exception occurs in the try block.
The syntax to use the else statement with the try-except statement is given below.

try:
#block of code
except Exception1:
#block of code
else:
#this code executes if no except block is executed

The except statement with no exception:

Python provides the flexibility not to specify the name of exception with the except statement.
try:
a = int(input("Enter a:"))
b = int(input("Enter b:"))
c = a/b;
print("a/b = %d"%c)
except:
print("can't divide by zero")
else:
print("Hi I am else block")

Points to remember:
Python facilitates us not to specify the exception with the except statement.
We can declare multiple exceptions in the except statement since the try block may contain the
statements which throw the different type of exceptions.
We can also specify an else block along with the try-except statement which will be executed if
no exception is raised in the try block.

50
Declaring multiple exceptions:
The python allows us to declare the multiple exceptions with the except clause.
Declaring multiple exceptions is useful in the cases where a try block throws multiple
exceptions.
Syntax:
try:
#block of code
except (Exception 1, Exception 2,...,Exception n)
#block of code
else:
#block of code

Example Declaring Multiple Exception:

try:
a=10/0
fp=open(“e:\sms2.txt”,”r”)
except (ArithmeticError, IOError):
print "Arithmetic Exception"
else:
print "Successfully Done"

The try-finally Clause:

You can use a finally: block along with a try: block.
The finally block is a place to put any code that must execute, whether the try-block raised an
exception or not.
The syntax of the try-finally statement is this
try:
# block of code
# this may throw an exception
except Exception:
#Exception code
finally:
# block of code
# this will always be executed

Custom Exception:
The python allows us to create our exceptions that can be raised from the program and caught
using the except clause.

51
Raising exceptions:
An exception can be raised by using the raise clause in python. The syntax to use the raise
statement is given below.
Syntax: raise Exception
To raise an exception, raise statement is used. The exception class name follows it.
#Example User defined exception
a=10
b=12
try:
if b>10:
raise Exception
c=a/b
print("c=",c)
except Exception:
print("Error occur")

The assert Statement:

When it encounters an assert statement, Python evaluates the accompanying expression, which is
hopefully true.
If the expression is false, Python raises an Assertion Error exception.
The syntax for assert is −
assert Expression , “Error Msg”
If the assertion fails, Python uses Argument Expression as the argument for the Assertion Error.
Assertion Error exceptions can be caught and handled like any other exception using the try-
except statement, but if not handled, they will terminate the program and produce a traceback.

Assignments:

Practice Set :

1) write a python program that try to access the array element whose index is out of bound
and handle the corresponding exception.
2) Write a Python program to input a positive integer. Display correct message for correct
and incorrect input.

SET A :
1) Define a custom exception class which takes a string message as attribute.
2) Write a function called oops that explicitly raises a IndexError exception when called. Then
write another function that calls oops inside a try/except statement to catch the error.

52
3) Change the oops function you just wrote to raise an exception you define yourself, called
MyError, and pass an extra data item along with the exception. Then, extend the try
statement in the catcher function to catch this exception and its data in addition to
IndexError, and print the extra data item.

SET B :

1) Define a class Date(Day, Month, Year) with functions to accept and display it. Accept
date from user. Throw user defined exception “invalidDateException” if the date is
invalid.
2) Write text file named test.txt that contains integers, characters and float numbers. Write a
Python program to read the test.txt file. And print appropriate message using exception

SET C:

1) Write a function called safe (func, *args) that runs any function using apply, catches any
exception raised while the function runs, and prints the exception using the exc_type and
exc_value attributes in the sys module. Then, use your safe function to run the oops
function you wrote in Exercises 3. Put safe in a module file called tools.py, and pass it
the oops function interactively. Finally, expand safe to also print a Python stack trace
when an error occurs by calling the built-in print_exc() function in the standard traceback
module (see the Python library reference manual or other Python books for details)

2) Change the oops function in question 4 from SET A to raise an exception you define
yourself, called MyError, and pass an extra data item along with the exception. You may
identify your exception with either a string or a class. Then, extend the try statement in
the catcher function to catch this exception and its data in addition to IndexError, and
print the extra data item. Finally, if you used a string for your exception, go back and
change it be a class instance.

Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]
3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of Instructor

53
 Assignment 8: Python GUI Programming using Tkinter

Introduction:
Python provides the standard library Tkinter for creating the graphical user interface for desktop
based applications. Developing desktop based applications with python Tkinter is not a complex
task. An empty Tkinter top-level window can be created by using the following steps.
1. import the Tkinter module.
2. Create the main application window.
3. Add the widgets like labels, buttons, frames, etc. to the window.
4. Call the main event loop so that the actions can take place on the user's computer screen.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
#creating the application main window.
top = Tk()
#Entering the event main loop
top.mainloop()
Output:

Tkinter widgets:
There are various widgets like button, label,entry, canvas, checkbutton,Radio button, frame etc. that
are used to build the python GUI applications.

Python Tkinter Geometry:

The Tkinter geometry specifies the method by using which, the widgets are represented on display.
The python Tkinter provides the following geometry methods.
1. The pack() method
2. The grid() method
3. The place() method

Python Tkinter pack() method:

The pack() widget is used to organize widget in the block. The positions widgets added to the python
application using the pack() method can be controlled by using the various options specified in the
method call.
However, the controls are less and widgets are generally added in the less organized manner. The
syntax to use the pack() is given below.
Syntax: widget.pack(options)
A list of possible options that can be passed in pack() is given below.
➢ expand: If the expand is set to true, the widget expands to fill any space.

54
 ➢ Fill: By default, the fill is set to NONE. However, we can set it to X or Y to determine
whether the widget contains any extra space.
➢ size: it represents the side of the parent to which the widget is to be placed on the
window.

Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
parent = Tk()
redbutton = Button(parent, text = "Red", fg = "red")
redbutton.pack( side = LEFT)
greenbutton = Button(parent, text = "Black", fg = "black")
greenbutton.pack( side = RIGHT )
bluebutton = Button(parent, text = "Blue", fg = "blue")
bluebutton.pack( side = TOP )
blackbutton = Button(parent, text = "Green", fg = "red")
blackbutton.pack( side = BOTTOM)
parent.mainloop()
Output:

Python Tkinter grid() method:

The grid() geometry manager organizes the widgets in the tabular form. We can specify the rows
and columns as the options in t he method call. We can also specify the column span (width) or
rowspan(height) of a widget.
This is a more organized way t o place the widgets to the python application. The syntax to use
the grid() is given below.
Syntax: widget.grid(options)
A list of possible options that can be passed inside the grid() method is given below.
➢ Column- The column number in which the widget is to be placed. The leftmost column is
represented by 0.
➢ Columnspan- The width of the widget. It represents the number of columns up to which,
the column is expanded.
➢ ipadx, ipady- It represe nts the number of pixels to pad the widget inside the widget's
border.
➢ padx, pady- It represents the number of pixels to pad the widget outside the widget's
border.
➢ Row- The row number in which the widget is to be placed. The topmost row is
represented by 0.
➢ Rowspan- The height of the widget, i.e. the number of the row up to which the widget is
expanded.

55
 ➢ Sticky- If the cell is larger than a widget, then sticky is used to specify the position of the
widget inside the cell. It may be the concatenation of the sticky letters representing the
position of the widget. It may be N, E, W, S, NE, NW, NS, EW, ES.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
parent = Tk()
name = Label(parent,text = "Name").grid(row = 0, column = 0)
e1 = Entry(parent).grid(row = 0, column = 1)
password = Label(parent,text = "Password").grid(row = 1, column = 0)
e2 = Entry(parent).grid(row = 1, column = 1)
submit = Button(parent, text = "Submit").grid(row = 4, column = 0)
parent.mainloop()
Output:

Python Tkinter place() method:

The place() geometry manager organizes the widgets to the specific x and y coordinates.
Syntax: widget.place(options)
A list of possible options is given below.
➢ Anchor: It represents the exact position of the widget within the container. The default value
(direction) is NW (the upper left corner)
➢ bordermode: The default value of the border type is INSIDE that refers to i gnore the parent's
inside the border. The other ooption is OUTSIDE.
➢ height, width: It refers to the height and width in pixels.
➢ relheight, relwidth: It is repre sented as the float between 0.0 and 1.0 indicating the fraction of
the parent's height and width.
➢ relx, rely: It is represented a s the float between 0.0 and 1.0 that is the offset in the horizontal
and vertical direction.
➢ x, y: It refers to the horizontal and vertical offset in the pixels.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("400x250")
name = Label(top, text = "Name").place(x = 30,y = 50)
email = Label(top, text = "Email").place(x = 30, y = 90)
password = Label(top, text = "Password").place(x = 30, y = 130)
e1 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 50)
e2 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 90)
e3 = Entry(top).place(x = 95, y = 130)
top.mainloop()

56
 Output:

Tkinter widgets:
1. Python Tkinter Button:
The button widget is used to add various types of buttons to the python application. Python
allows us to configure the look of the button according to our requirements. Various options
can be set or reset depending upon the requirements. We can also associate a method or
function with a button which is called when the button is pressed. The syntax to use the
button widget is given below.
Syntax: W = Button(parent, options)
A list of possible options is given
e below.

SN Option Description
1 activebackground It represents the background of the button when the mouse hover the
button.
2 activeforeground It represents the font color of the button when the mouse hover the
button.
3 Bd It represents the border width in pixels.
4 Bg It represents the background color of the button.
5 Command It is set to the function call which is scheduled when the function is
called.
6 Fg Foreground color of the button.
7 Font The font of the button text.
8 Height The height of the button. The height is represented in the number of
text lines for the textual lines or the number of pixels for the images.
10 Highlightcolor The color of the highlight when the button has the focus.
11 Image It is set to the image displayed on the button.
12 justify It illustrates the way by which the multiple text lines a e represented. It
is set to LEFT for left justification, RIGHT for the right justification,
and CENTER for the center.
13 Padx Additional padding to the button in the horizontal direction.
14 pady Additional padding to the button in the vertical direction.
15 Relief It represents the type of the border. It can be SUNKEN, RAISED,
GROOVE, and RIDGE.
17 State This option is set to DISABLED to make the button unresponsive. The
ACTIVE represents the active state of the button.
18 Underline Set this option to make the button text underlined.
19 Width The width of the button. It exists as a number of letters for textual

57
 buttons or pixels for image buttons.
20 Wraplength If the value is set to a positive number, the text lines will be wrapped
to fit within this length.

Example:

from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x100")

def fun():
messagebox.showinfo("Hello", "Red Button clicked")

b1 = Button(top,text = "Red",command = fun,activeforeground = "red",activebackground = "pink",p

ady=10)
b2 = Button(top, text = "Blue",activeforeground = "blue",activebackground = "pink",pady=10)
b3 = Button(top, text = "Green",activeforeground = "green",activebackground = "pink",pady = 10)
b4 = Button(top, text = "Yellow",activeforeground = "yellow",activebackground = "pink",pady = 10
)
b1.pack(side = LEFT)
b2.pack(side = RIGHT)
b3.pack(side = TOP)
b4.pack(side = BOTTOM)
top.mainloop()
Output:

2. Python Tkinter Entry:

The Entry widget is used to provde the single line text-box to the user to accept a value from
the user. We can use the Entry widget to accept the text strings from the user. It can only be
used for one line of text from the user. For multiple lines of text, we must use the text
widget.The syntax to use the Entry widget is given below.
Syntax: w = Entry (parent, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 bg The background color of the widget.
2 bd The border width of the widget in pixels.
3 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the cursor type set to the

58
 arrow, dot, etc.
4 exportselection The text written inside the entry box will be automatically copied to
the clipboard by default. We can set the exportselection to 0 to not
copy this.
5 fg It represents the color of the text.
6 font It represents the font type of the text.
7 highlightbackground It represents the color to display in the traversal highlight region
when the widget does not have the input focus.
8 highlightcolor It represents the color to use for the traversal highlight rectangle that
is drawn around the widget when it has the input focus.
9 highlightthickness It represents a non-negative value indicating the width of the
highlight rectangle to draw around the outside of the widget when it
has the input focus.
10 insertbackground It represents the color to use as background in the area covered by
the insertion cursor. This color will normally override either the
normal background for the widget.
11 insertborderwidth It represents a non-negative value indicating the width of the 3-D
border to draw around the insertion cursor. The value may have any
of the forms acceptable to Tk_GetPixels.
12 insertofftime It represents a non-negative integer value indicating the number of
milliseconds the insertion cursor should remain "off" in each blink
cycle. If this option is zero, then the cursor doesn't blink: it is on all
the time.
13 insertontime Specifies a non-negative integer value indicating the number of
milliseconds the insertion cursor should remain "on" in each blink
cycle.
14 insertwidth It represents the value indicating the total width of the insertion
cursor. The value may have any of the forms acceptable to
Tk_GetPixels.
15 justify It specifies how the text is organized if the text contains multiple
lines.
16 relief It specifies the type of the border. Its default value is FLAT.
17 selectbackground The background color of the selected text.
18 selectborderwidth The width of the border to display around the selected task.
19 selectforeground The font color of the selected task.
20 show It is used to show the entry text of some other type instead of the
string. For example, the password is typed using stars (*).
21 textvariable It is set to the instance of the StringVar to retrieve the text from the
entry.
22 width The width of the displayed text or image.
23 xscrollcommand The entry widget can be linked to the horizontal scrollbar if we want
the user to enter more text then the actual width of the widget.

59
 Example:

# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("400x250")
name = Label(top, text = "Name").place(x = 30,y = 50)
email = Label(top, text = "Email").place(x = 30, y = 90)
password = Label(top, text = "Password").place(x = 30, y = 130)
sbmitbtn = Button(top, text = "Submit",activebackground = "pink", activeforeground = "blue").place
(x = 30, y = 170)
e1 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 50)
e2 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 90)
e3 = Entry(top).place(x = 95, y = 130)
top.mainloop()
Output:

Entry widget methods:

Python provides various methods to configure the data written inside the widget. There are the
following methods provided by the Entry widget.
SN Method Description
1 delete(first, last = none) It is used to delete the specified characters inside the widget.
2 get() It is used to get the text written inside the widget.
3 icursor(index) It is used to change the insertion cursor position. We can
specify the index of the character before which, the cursor to
be placed.
4 index(index) It is used to place the cursor to the left of the character written
at the specified index.
5 insert(index,s) It is used to insert the specified string before the character
placed at the specified index.
6 select_adjust(index) It includes the selection of the character present at the
specified index.
7 select_clear() It clears the selection if some selection has been done.
8 select_form(index) It sets the anchor index position to the character specified by
the index.
9 select_present() It returns true if some text in the Entry is selected otherwise
returns false.
10 select_range(start,end) It selects the characters to exist between the specified range.
11 select_to(index) It selects all the characters from the beginning to the specified
index.

60
 12 xview(index) It is used to link the entry widget to a horizontal scrollbar.
13 xview_scroll(number,what) It is used to make the entry scrollable horizontally.

3. Python Tkinter Label:

The Label is used to specify the container box where we can place the text or images. This
widget is used to provide the message to the user about other widgets used in the python
application. There are the various options which can be specified to configure the text or the part
of the text shown in the Label. The syntax to use the Label is given below.
Syntax: w = Label (master, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 anchor It specifies the exact position of the text within the size provided to the
widget. The default value is CENTER, which is used to center the text within
the specified space.
2 bg The background color displayed behind the widget.
3 bitmap It is used to set the bitmap to the graphical object specified so that, the label
can represent the graphics instead of text.
4 bd It represents the width of the border. The default is 2 pixels.
5 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the type of the cursor specified, i.e.,
arrow, dot, etc.
6 font The font type of the text written inside the widget.
7 fg The foreground color of the text written inside the widget.
8 height The height of the widget.
9 image The image that is to be shown as the label.
10 justify It is used to represent the orientation of the text if the text contains multiple
lines. It can be set to LEFT for left justification, RIGHT for right
justification, and CENTER for center justification.
11 padx The horizontal padding of the text. The default value is 1.
12 pady The vertical padding of the text. The default value is 1.
13 relief The type of the border. The default value is FLAT.
14 text This is set to the string variable which may contain one or more line of text.
15 textvariable The text written inside the widget is set to the control variable StringVar so
that it can be accessed and changed accordingly.
16 underline We can display a line under the specified letter of the text. Set this option to
the number of the letter under which the line will be displayed.
17 width The width of the widget. It is specified as the number of characters.
18 wraplength Instead of having only one line as the label text, we can break it to the
number of lines where each line has the number of characters specified to this
option.

Example:

# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()

61
top.geometry("400x250")
#creating label
uname = Label(top, text = "Username").place(x = 30,y = 50)
#creating label
password = Label(top, text = "Password").place(x = 30, y = 90)
sbmitbtn = Button(top, text = "Submit",activebackground = "pink", activeforeground = "blue").place
(x = 30, y = 120)
e1 = Entry(top,width = 20).place(x = 100, y = 50)
e2 = Entry(top, width = 20).place(x = 100, y = 90)
top.mainloop()
Output:

4. Python Tkinter Checkbutton:

The Checkbutton is used to track the user's choices provided to the application. In other words,
we can say that Checkbutton is used to implement the on/off selections.
The Checkbutton can contain the text or images. The Checkbutton is mostly used to provide
many choices to the user among which, the user needs to choose the one. It generally implements
many of many selections. The syntax to use the checkbutton is given below.
Syntax: w = checkbutton(master, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 activebackground It represents the background color when the checkbutton is under the
cursor.
2 activeforeground It represents the foreground color of the checkbutton when the
checkbutton is under the cursor.
3 bg The background color of the button.
4 bitmap It displays an image (monochrome) on the button.
5 bd The size of the border around the corner.
6 command It is associated with a function to be called when the state of the
checkbutton is changed.
7 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the cursor name when it is over
the checkbutton.
8 disableforeground It is the color which is used to represent the text of a disabled
checkbutton.
9 font It represents the font of the checkbutton.
10 fg The foreground color (text color) of the checkbutton.
11 height It represents the height of the checkbutton (number of lines). The default
height is 1.
12 highlightcolor The color of the focus highlight when the checkbutton is under focus.

62
 13 image The image used to represent the checkbutton.
14 justify This specifies the justification of the text if the text contains multiple
lines.
15 offvalue The associated control variable is set to 0 by default if the button is
unchecked. We can change the state of an unchecked variable to some
other one.
16 onvalue The associated control variable is set to 1 by default if the button is
checked. We can change the state of the checked variable to some other
one.
17 padx The horizontal padding of the checkbutton
18 pady The vertical padding of the checkbutton.
19 relief The type of the border of the checkbutton. By default, it is set to FLAT.
20 selectcolor The color of the checkbutton when it is set. By default, it is red.
21 selectimage The image is shown on the checkbutton when it is set.
22 state It represents the state of the checkbutton. By default, it is set to normal.
We can change it to DISABLED to make the checkbutton unresponsive.
The state of the checkbutton is ACTIVE when it is under focus.
24 underline It represents the index of the character in the text which is to be
underlined. The indexing starts with zero in the text.
25 variable It represents the associated variable that tracks the state of the
checkbutton.
26 width It represents the width of the checkbutton. It is represented in the
number of characters that are represented in the form of texts.
27 wraplength If this option is set to an integer number, the text will be broken into the
number of pieces.

Methods:

The methods that can be called with the Checkbuttons are described in the following table.
SN Method Description
1 deselect() It is called to turn off the checkbutton.
2 flash() The checkbutton is flashed between the active and normal colors.
3 invoke() This will invoke the method associated with the checkbutton.
4 select() It is called to turn on the checkbutton.
5 toggle() It is used to toggle between the different Checkbuttons.

Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x200")
checkvar1 = IntVar()
checkvar2 = IntVar()
checkvar3 = IntVar()
chkbtn1 = Checkbutton(top, text = "C", variable = checkvar1, onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height = 2,
width = 10)

63
 chkbtn2 = Checkbutton(top, text = "C++", variable = checkvar2, onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height
= 2, width = 10)
chkbtn3 = Checkbutton(top, text = "Java", variable = checkvar3, onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height =
2, width = 10)
chkbtn1.pack()
chkbtn2.pack()
chkbtn3.pack()
top.mainloop()
Output:

5. Python Tkinter Radiobutton:

The Radiobutton widget is used to implement one-of-many selection in the python application. It
shows multiple choices to the user out of which, the user can select only one out of them. We can
associate different methods with each of the radiobutton. We can display the m ultiple line text or
images on the radiobuttons. To keep track the user's selection the radiobutto n, it is associated
with a single variable. Each button displays a single value for that particular variable. The syntax
to use the Radiobutton is given below.

Syntax: w = Radiobutton(top, options)

SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when it has the focus.
2 activeforeground The font color of the widget text when it has the focus.
3 anchor It represents the exact position of the text within the widget if the
widget contains more space than the requirement of the text. The
default value is CENTER.
4 bg The background color of the widget.
5 bitmap It is used to display the graphics on the widget. It can be set to any
graphical or image object.
6 borderwidth It represents the size of the border.
7 command This option is set to the procedure which must be c lled every-time
when the state of the radiobutton is changed.
8 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the specified cursor type. It can be
set to the arrow, dot, etc.
9 font It represents the font type of the widget text.
10 fg The normal foreground color of the widget text.
11 height The vertical dimension of the widget. It is specified as the number
of lines (not pixel).
12 highlightcolor It represents the color of the focus highlight when the widget has
the focus.

64
 13 highlightbackground The color of the focus highlight when the widget is not having the
focus.
14 image It can be set to an image object if we want to display an image on
the radiobutton instead the text.
15 justify It represents the justification of the multi-line text. It can be set to
CENTER(default), LEFT, or RIGHT.
16 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
17 pady The vertical padding of the widget.
18 relief The type of the border. The default value is FLAT.
19 selectcolor The color of the radio button when it is selected.
20 selectimage The image to be displayed on the radiobutton when it is selected.
21 state It represents the state of the radio button. The default state of the
Radiobutton is NORMAL. However, we can set this to
DISABLED to make the radiobutton unresponsive.
22 text The text to be displayed on the radiobutton.
23 textvariable It is of String type that represents the text displayed by the widget.
24 underline The default value of this option is -1, however, we can set this
option to the number of character which is to be underlined.
25 value The value of each radiobutton is assigned to the control variable
when it is turned on by the user.
26 variable It is the control variable which is used to keep track of the user's
choices. It is shared among all the radiobuttons.
27 width The horizontal dimension of the widget. It is represented as the
number of characters.
28 wraplength We can wrap the text to the number of lines by setting this option
to the desired number so that each line contains only that number
of characters.

Methods: The radiobutton widget provides the following methods.

SN Method Description
1 deselect() It is used to turn of the radiobutton.
2 flash() It is used to flash the radiobutton between its active and normal colors few
times.
3 invoke() It is used to call any procedure associated when the state of a Radiobutton is
changed.
4 select() It is used to select the radiobutton.

Example:
from tkinter import *
def selection():
selection = "You selected the option " + str(radio.get())
label.config(text = selection)

top = Tk()

65
top.geometry("300x150")
radio = IntVar()
lbl = Label(text = "Favourite programming language:")
lbl.pack()
R1 = Radiobutton(top, text="C", variable=radio, value=1,command=selection)
R1.pack( anchor = W )

R2 = Radiobutton(top, text="C++", variable=radio, value=2,command=selection)

R2.pack( anchor = W )

R3 = Radiobutton(top, text="Java", variable=radio, value=3,command=selection)

R3.pack( anchor = W)

label = Label(top)
label.pack()
top.mainloop()
Output:

6. Python Tkinter Frame:

Python Tkinter Frame widget is used to organize the group of widgets. It acts like a container
which can be used to hold the other widgets. The rectangular areas of the screen are used to
organize the widgets to the python application. The syntax to use the Frame widget is given
below.

Syntax: w = Frame(parent, options)

A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 bd It represents the border width.
2 bg The background color of the widget.
3 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type set to different
values like an arrow, dot, etc.
4 height The height of the frame.
5 highlightbackground The color of the background color when it is under focus.
6 highlightcolor The text color when the widget is under focus.
7 highlightthickness It specifies the thickness around the border when the widget is
under the focus.
8 relief It specifies the type of the border. The default value if FLAT.
9 width It represents the width of the widget.

66
 Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("140x100")
frame = Frame(top)
frame.pack()
leftframe = Frame(top)
leftframe.pack(side = LEFT)
rightframe = Frame(top)
rightframe.pack(side = RIGHT)
btn1 = Button(frame, text="Submit", fg="red",activebackground = "red")
btn1.pack(side = LEFT)
btn2 = Button(frame, text="Remove", fg="brown", activebackground = "brown")
btn2.pack(side = RIGHT)
btn3 = Button(rightframe, text="Add", fg="blue", activebackground = "blue")
btn3.pack(side = LEFT)
btn4 = Button(leftframe, text="Modify", fg="black", activebackground = "white")
btn4.pack(side = RIGHT)
top.mainloop()
Output:

7. Python Tkinter Listbox:

The Listbox widget is used to display the list items to the user. We can place only text items in
the Listbox and all text items contain the same font and color.
The user can choose one or more items from the list depending upon the c onfiguration. The
syntax to use the Listbox is given below.
w = Listbox(parent, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 bg The background color of the widget.
2 bd It represents the size of the border. Default value is 2 pixel.
3 cursor The mouse pointer will look like the cursor type like dot, arrow, etc.
4 font The font type of the Listbox items.
5 fg The color of the text.
6 height It represents the count of the lines shown in the Listbox. The default
value is 10.
7 highlightcolor The color of the Listbox items when the widget is under focus.
8 highlightthickness The thickness of the highlight.
9 relief The type of the border. The default is SUNKEN.
10 selectbackground The background color that is used to display the selected text.

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 11 selectmode It is used to determine the number of items that can be selected from
the list. It can set to BROWSE, SINGLE, MULTIPLE, EXTENDED.
12 width It represents the width of the widget in characters.
13 xscrollcommand It is used to let the user scroll the Listbox horizontally.
14 yscrollcommand It is used to let the user scroll the Listbox vertically.

Methods: There are the following methods associated with the Listbox.
SN Method Description
1 activate(index) It is used to select the lines at the specified index.
2 curselection() It returns a tuple containing the line numbers of the selected
element or elements, counting from 0. If nothing is selected,
returns an empty tuple.
3 delete(first, last = It is used to delete the lines which exist in the given range.
None)
4 get(first, last = None) It is used to get the list items that exist in the given range.
5 index(i) It is used to place the line with the specified index at the top of
the widget.
6 insert(index, *elements) It is used to insert the new lines with the specified number of
elements before the specified index.
7 nearest(y) It returns the index of the nearest line to the y coordinate of the
Listbox widget.
8 see(index) It is used to adjust the position of the listbox to make the lines
specified by the index visible.
9 size() It returns the number of lines that are present in the Listbox
widget.
10 xview() This is used to make the widget horizontally scrollable.
11 xview_moveto(fraction) It is used to make the listbox horizontally scrollable by the
fraction of width of the longest line present in the listbox.
12 xview_scroll(number, It is used to make the listbox horizontally scrollable by the
what) number of characters specified.
13 yview() It allows the Listbox to be vertically scrollable.
14 yview_moveto(fraction) It is used to make the listbox vertically scrollable by the
fraction of width of the longest line present in the listbox.
15 yview_scroll (number, It is used to make the listbox vertically scrollable by the
what) number of characters specified.
Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x250")
lbl = Label(top,text = "A list of favourite countries...")
listbox = Listbox(top)
listbox.insert(1,"India")
listbox.insert(2, "USA")
listbox.insert(3, "Japan")

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 listbox.insert(4, "Austrelia")
lbl.pack()
listbox.pack()
top.mainloop()
Output:

8. Python Tkinter Message:

The Message widget is used to show the message to the user regarding the behaviour of the
python application. The message widget shows the text messages to the user which can not be
edited. The message text contains more than one line. However, the message ca n only be shown
in the single font. The syntax to use the Message widget is given below.
Syntax: w = Message(parent, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 anchor It is used to decide the exact position of the text within the space provided
to the widget if the widget contains more space than the need of the text.
The default is CENTER.
2 bg The background color of the widget.
3 bitmap It is used to display the graphics on the widget. It can be set to any
graphical or image object.
4 bd It represents the size of the border in the pixel. The default size is 2 pixel.
5 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the specified cursor type. The cursor type
can be an arrow, dot, etc.
6 font The font type of the widget text.
7 fg The font color of the widget text.
8 height The vertical dimension of the message.
9 image We can set this option to a static image to show that onto the widget.
10 justify This option is used to specify the alignment of multiple line of code with
respect to each other. The possible values can be LEFT (left alignment),
CENTER (default), and RIGHT (right alignment).
11 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
12 pady The vertical padding of the widget.
13 relief It represents the type of the border. The default type is FLAT.
14 text We can set this option to the string so that the widget can represent the
specified text.
15 textvariable This is used to control the text represented by the widget. The textvariable
can be set to the text that is shown in the widget.
16 underline The default value of this option is -1 that represents no underline. We can

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 set this option to an existing number to specify that nth letter of the string
will be underlined.
17 width It specifies the horizontal dimension of the widget in the number of
characters (not pixel).
18 wraplength We can wrap the text to the number of lines by setting this option to the
desired number so that each line contains only that number of characters.
Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
var = StringVar()
msg = Message( top, text = "Welcome to Javatpoint")
msg.pack()
top.mainloop()
Output:

9. Python Tkinter Menubutton:

The Menubutton widget can be defined as the drop-down menu that is shown to the user all the
time. It is used to provide the user a option to select the appropriate choice exist within the
application. The Menubutton is used to implement various types of menus in the python
application. A Menu is associated with the Menubutton that can display the choices of the
Menubutton when clicked by the user. The syntax to use the python tkinter Menubutton is given
below.
Syntax : w = Menubutton(Top, options)
A list of various options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when the widget is under focus.
2 activeforeground The font color of the widget text when the widget is under focus.
3 anchor It specifies the exact position of the widget content when the widget is
assigned more space than needed.
4 bg It specifies the background color of the widget.
5 bitmap It is set to the graphical content which is to be displayed to the widget.
6 bd It represents the size of the border. The default value is 2 pixels.
7 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the cursor type specified when
the widget is under the focus. The possible value of the cursor type is
arrow, or dot etc.
8 direction It direction can be specified so that menu can be displayed to the
specified direction of the button. Use LEFT, RIGHT, or ABOVE to

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 place the widget accordingly.
9 disabledforeground The text color of the widget when the widget is disabled.
10 fg The normal foreground color of the widget.
11 height The vertical dimension of the Menubutton. It is specified as the
number of lines.
12 highlightcolor The highlight color shown to the widget under focus.
13 image The image displayed on the widget.
14 justify This specified the exact position of the text under the widget when the
text is unable to fill the width of the widget. We can use the LEFT for
the left justification, RIGHT for the right justification, CENTER for
the centre justification.
15 menu It represents the menu specified with the Menubutton.
16 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
17 pady The vertical padding of the widget.
18 relief This option specifies the type of the border. The default value is
RAISED.
19 state The normal state of the Mousebutton is enabled. We can set it to
DISABLED to make it unresponsive.
20 text The text shown with the widget.
21 textvariable We can set the control variable of string type to the text variable so
that we can control the text of the widget at runtime.
22 underline The text of the widget is not underlined by default but we can set this
option to make the text of the widget underlined.
23 width It represents the width of the widget in characters. The default value is
20.
24 wraplength We can break the text of the widget in the number of lines so that the
text contains the number of lines not greater than the specified value.

Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x250")
menubutton = Menubutton(top, text = "Language", relief = FLAT)
menubutton.grid()
menubutton.menu = Menu(menubutton)
menubutton["menu"]=menubutton.menu
menubutton.menu.add_checkbutton(label = "Hindi", variable=IntVar())
menubutton.menu.add_checkbutton(label = "English", variable = IntVar())
menubutton.pack()
top.mainloop()
Output:

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10. Python Tkinter Menu:
The Menu widget is used to create various types of menus (top level, pull down, and pop up) in
the python application. The top-level menus are the one which is displayed just under the title
bar of the parent window. We need to create a new instance of the Menu widget and add various
commands to it by using the add() method. The syntax to use the Menu widget is given below.
Syntax: w = Menu(top, options)
A list of possible options is given below.
SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when the widget is under the
focus.
2 activeborderwidth The width of the border of the widget when it is under the mouse. The
default is 1 pixel.
3 activeforeground The font color of the widget when the widget has the focus.
4 bg The background color of the widget.
5 bd The border width of the widget.
6 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type when it hovers the
widget. The cursor type can be set to arrow or dot.
7 disabledforeground The font color of the widget when it is disabled.
8 font The font type of the text of the widget.
9 fg The foreground color of the widget.
10 postcommand The postcommand can be set to any of the function which is called
when the mourse hovers the menu.
11 relief The type of the border of the widget. The default typ is RAISED.
12 image It is used to display an image on the menu.
13 selectcolor The color used to display the checkbutton or radiobutton when they
are selected.
14 tearoff By default, the choices in the menu start taking place from position 1.
If we set the tearoff = 1, then it will start taking place from 0th
position.
15 title Set this option to the title of the window if you want to change the
title of the window.

Methods: The Menu widget contains the following methods.

SN Option Description
1 add_command(options) It is used to add the Menu items to the menu.
2 add_radiobutton(options) This method adds the radiobutton to the menu.
3 add_checkbutton(options) This method is used to add the checkbuttons to the menu.
4 add_cascade(options) It is used to create a hierarchical menu to the parent menu by

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 associating the given menu to the parent menu.
5 add_seperator() It is used to add the seperator line to the menu.
6 add(type, options) It is used to add the specific menu item to the menu.
7 delete(startindex, It is used to delete the menu items exist in the specified range.
endindex)
8 entryconfig(index, It is used to configure a menu item identified by the given
options) index.
9 index(item) It is used to get the index of the specified menu item.
10 insert_seperator(index) It is used to insert a seperator at the specified index.
11 invoke(index) It is used to invoke the associated with the choice given at the
specified index.
12 type(index) It is used to get the type of the choice specified by the index.

Example:

from tkinter import Toplevel, Button, Tk, Menu

top = Tk()
menubar = Menu(top)
file = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
file.add_command(label="New")
file.add_command(label="Open")
file.add_command(label="Save")
file.add_command(label="Save as...")
file.add_command(label="Close")
file.add_separator()
file.add_command(label="Exit", command=top.quit)
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=file)
edit = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
edit.add_command(label="Undo")
edit.add_separator()
edit.add_command(label="Cut")
edit.add_command(label="Copy")
edit.add_command(label="Paste")
edit.add_command(label="Delete")
edit.add_command(label="Select All")
menubar.add_cascade(label="Edit", menu=edit)
help = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
help.add_command(label="About")
menubar.add_cascade(label="Help", menu=help)
top.config(menu=menubar)
top.mainloop()

Output:

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11. Python Tkinter Text:
The Text widget is used to show the text data on the Python application. However, Tkinter
provides us the Entry widget which is used to implement the single line text box. The Text
widget is used to display the multi-line formatted text with various styles and attributes. The Text
widget is mostly used to provide the text editor to the user. The Text widget also facilitates us to
use the marks and tabs to locate the specific sections of the Text. We can also use the windows
and images with the Text as it can also be used to display the formatted text. The syntax to use
the Text widget is given below.
Syntax: w = Text(top, options)
A list of possible options that can be used with the Text widget is given below.
SN Option Description
1 bg The background color of the widget.
2 bd It represents the border width of the widget.
3 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the specified cursor type, i.e.
arrow, dot, etc.
4 exportselection The selected text is exported to the selection in the window
manager. We can set this to 0 if we don't want the text to be
exported.
5 font The font type of the text.
6 fg The text color of the widget.
7 height The vertical dimension of the widget in lines.
8 highlightbackground The highlightcolor when the widget doesn't has the focus.
9 highlightthickness The thickness of the focus highlight. The default value is 1.
10 highlighcolor The color of the focus highlight when the widget has the focus.
11 insertbackground It represents the color of the insertion cursor.
12 insertborderwidth It represents the width of the border around the cursor. The default
is 0.
13 insertofftime The time amount in Milliseconds during which the insertion cursor
is off in the blink cycle.
14 insertontime The time amount in Milliseconds during which the insertion cursor
is on in the blink cycle.
15 insertwidth It represents the width of the insertion cursor.
16 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
17 pady The vertical padding of the widget.

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18 relief The type of the border. The default is SUNKEN.
19 selectbackground The background color of the selected text.
20 selectborderwidth The width of the border around the selected text.
21 spacing1 It specifies the amount of vertical space given above each line of
the text. The default is 0.
22 spacing2 This option specifies how much extra vertical space to add
between displayed lines of text when a logical line wraps. The
default is 0.
23 spacing3 It specifies the amount of vertical space to insert below each line of
the text.
24 state It the state is set to DISABLED, the widget becomes unresponsive
to the mouse and keyboard unresponsive.
25 tabs This option controls how the tab character is used to position the
text.
26 width It represents the width of the widget in characters.
27 wrap This option is used to wrap the wider lines into multiple lines. Set
this option to the WORD to wrap the lines after the word that fit
into the available space. The default value is CHAR which breaks
the line which gets too wider at any character.
28 xscrollcommand To make the Text widget horizontally scrollable, we can set this
option to the set() method of Scrollbar widget.
29 yscrollcommand To make the Text widget vertically scrollable, we can set this
option to the set() method of Scrollbar widget.

Methods: We can use the following methods with the Text widget.

SN Method Description
1 delete(startindex, This method is used to delete the characters of the specified range.
endindex)
2 get(startindex, It returns the characters present in the specified range.
endindex)
3 index(index) It is used to get the absolute index of the specified index.
4 insert(index, It is used to insert the specified string at the given index.
string)
5 see(index) It returns a boolean value true or false depending upon whether the
text at the specified index is visible or not.

12. Tkinter messagebox:

The messagebox module is used to display the message boxes in the python applications. There
are the various functions which are used to display the relevant messages depending upon the
application requirements.
The syntax to use the messagebox is given below.
Syntax: messagebox.function_name(title, message [, options])
Parameters:
o function_name: It represents an appropriate message box function.

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 o title: It is a string which is shown as a title of a message box.
o message: It is the string to be displayed as a message on the message box.
o options: There are various options which can be used to configure the message dialog
box.
The two options that can be used are default and parent.

1. default
The default option is used to mention the types of the default button, i.e. ABORT, RETRY, or
IGNORE in the message box.
2. parent
The parent option specifies the parent window on top of which, the message box is to be
displayed.
There is one of the following functions used to show the appropriate message boxes. All the
functions are used with the same syntax but have the specific functionalities.

1. showinfo(): The showinfo() messagebox is used where we need to show some relevant
information to the user.
Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.showinfo("information","Information")
top.mainloop()
Output:

2. showwarning(): This method is used to display the warning to the user. Consider the
following example.
Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.showwarning("warning","Warning")
top.mainloop()
Output:

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 3. showerror(): This method is used to display the error message to the user.
Consider the following example.
Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.showerror("error","Error")
top.mainloop()

Output:

4. askquestion(): This method is used to ask some question to the user which can be
answered in yes or no. Consider the following example.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askquestion("Confirm","Are you sure?")
top.mainloop()
Output:

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 5. askokcancel(): This method is used to confirm the user's action regarding some
application activity. Consider the following example.
Example:
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askokcancel("Redirect","Redirecting you to www.javatpoint.com")
top.mainloop()
Output:

6. askyesno(): This method is used to ask the user about some action to which, the user
can answer in yes or no. Consider the following example.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askyesno("Application","Got It?")
top.mainloop()
Output:

7. askretrycancel(): This method is used to ask the user about doing a particular task
again or not. Consider the following example.
Example
# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askretrycancel("Application","try again?")
top.mainloop()
Output:

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Assignments:

Practice Set:
1. Write a Python GUI program to import Tkinter package and create a window and set its
title.
2. Write a Python GUI program to create two buttons exit and hello using tkinter module.
3. Write a Python GUI program to create a Checkbutton widget using tkinter module.
Write a Python GUI program to create three single line text-box to accept a value from
the user using tkinter module.
4. Write a Python GUI program to create three radio buttons widgets using tkinter module.
5. Write a Python GUI program to create a Listbox bar widgets using tkinter module.

Set A:
1. Write Python GUI program to display an alert message when a button is pressed.
2. Write Python GUI program to Create background with changing colors
3. Write a Python GUI program to create a label and change the label font style (font name,
bold, size) using tkinter module.
4. Write a Python GUI program to create a Text widget using tkinter module. Insert a string
at the beginning then insert a string into the current text. Delete the first and last character
of the text.
5. Write a Python GUI program to accept dimensions of a cylinder and display the surface
area and volume of cylinder.
6. Write Python GUI program that takes input string and change letter to upper case when a
button is pressed.

Set B:
1. Write Python GUI program to take input of your date of birth and output your age when a
button is pressed.
2. Write Python GUI program which accepts a sentence from the user and alters it when a
button is pressed. Every space should be replaced by *, case of all alphabets should be
reversed, digits are replaced by ?.
3. Write Python GUI A program to create a digital clock with Tkinter to display the time.
4. Create a program to generate a random password with upper and lower case letters.
5. Write Python GUI program which accepts a number n to displays each digit of number in
words.
6. Write Python GUI program to accept a decimal number and convert and display it to
binary, octal and hexadecimal number.
7. Write Python GUI program to add items in listbox widget to print and delete the selected
items from listbox on button click. Provide two separate button for print and delete.

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 8. Write Python GUI program to add menu bar with name of colors as options to change the
background color as per selection from menu option.
9. Write Python GUI program to accept a number n and check whether it is Prime, Perfect
or Armstrong number or not. Specify three radio buttons.
10. Write a Python GUI program to create a label and change the label font style (font name,
bold, size). Specify separate checkbuttton for each style.
Set C:
1. Write a Python GUI program to implement simple calculator.

Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]
3: Need Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

Signature of Instructor

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