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been met with could not be determined. At the same time bones of
the elk were found. Undoubtedly the mastodon remains belong to
Late Wisconsin times; and it is probable that the bison and elk
remains are to be referred to the same.
6. Galena, Jo Daviess County.—In the collection of the Academy of
Natural Science of Philadelphia is a lower hindermost molar
collected in a lead crevice somewhere near Galena. It was presented
to the Academy by Mr. Henry Green, of Elizabeth, a town near
Galena. This, with a metacarpal bone of Megalonyx jeffersonii, had
been found at a depth of 130 feet from the surface. It was described
and figured by Leidy (Contributions to Extinct Vert. Fauna, etc.,
1873, p. 255, plate XXXVII, fig. 4). Leidy thought that it might have
belonged to Bison bison, but not improbably to B. latifrons. J. A.
Allen (The American Bisons, etc., p. 13) concluded that it belonged
undoubtedly to the existing American species. The structure of the
tooth will apparently not decide this matter. It is probable that most
of the animals found in those lead crevices belong to pre-Wisconsin
times; and the tooth in question may belong to an extinct species. A
list of the species found in the lead region of Illinois, Iowa, and
Wisconsin is to be found on page 343.
7. Mitchell, Madison County.—In “Records of Ancient Races in the
Mississippi Valley” (1887), William McAdams, of Alton, Illinois,
stated that in a large mound, square in shape, 300 feet on each side
and 30 feet high, through which the railroads pass in the American
bottom, at Mitchell, had been found, in contact with a number of
copper implements and ornaments, a number of teeth of the buffalo.
These McAdams had in his possession. While these teeth can not be
regarded at all as belonging to Pleistocene times, the fact is of
interest in connection with McAdams’s statement that in all his
explorations during a period of more than 30 years, in no other case
had he been able to find any evidences of the buffalo associated with
the remains of the ancient people of this country. In this connection
may be considered Shaler’s views on the modern coming of the
buffalo east of the Mississippi River. On the other hand, account
must be taken of the finding of a skull of a buffalo deep in lake
deposits at Syracuse, New York.
 WISCONSIN.
(Map 27.)
1. Bluemounds, Dane County.—In his report, made in 1862, on the
geology of the lead region of Wisconsin (Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, vol. I,
p. 136), J. D. Whitney recorded the finding of bison bones in a
crevice at Bluemounds. From the same crevice were obtained bones
and teeth of the mastodon and of a peccary, and bones of a wolf. It
was supposed that these remains were found at a depth of about 40
feet and embedded in the red clay commonly found in such crevices.
These bones were put into the hands of Jeffries Wyman for
identification, who, on page 421, stated that the bison bones were all
of the size of the same parts of the existing buffalo and closely
resembled them. J. A. Allen (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XI, 1876, p. 47), in
referring probably to the same bones, speaks of “an extinct bison,”
without, however, giving any reasons for his conclusion. It is
nevertheless possible that he was correct.
The writer formerly believed that the fossil vertebrates, collected in
the fissures in the lead region, had lived after the close of the
Wisconsin glacial stage. It seems now more probable that they
belong to a pre-Wisconsin time.
2. Oshkosh, Winnebago County.—The writer has received from Dr.
S. Weidman, State geologist of Wisconsin, a humerus, found in a
marsh near Oshkosh, quite evidently that of Bison bison. Although
stained by iron on the outside, the remainder of the bone is white
and full of animal matter. The animal may have lived during the
Recent period.
 KENTUCKY.
(Map 27.)
1. Bigbone Lick, Boone County.—Great numbers of individuals of
Bison bison have been found at Bigbone Lick. Cooper (Monthly
Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, pp. 207, 211) reported numerous bones of
buffaloes and even an entire skeleton, but they appear to have been
near the surface or even on it. Lyell (“Travels in North America,”
Murray’s ed., vol. II, p. 65) stated that he had seen great quantities of
remains of the bison in a superficial stratum in the river bank; but he
was left in doubt whether or not the animals had been
contemporaneous with the mastodon. Shaler (Geol. Surv. Kentucky,
n. s., vol. III, p. 197) found abundant remains of the buffalo at this
place; but the bones were not found at any great depth, except in the
bog about the spring. He regarded it as proven that the musk-ox and
the caribou did not come into contact with the recent buffalo, but
were extinct before it came. Some of the bison materials collected by
Shaler were described by Dr. J. A. Allen, in 1876 (Mem. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. IV; Mem. Geol. Surv. Kentucky, vol. I, pt. 2). It may be
difficult to prove that any of the bison bones and teeth found here are
of Pleistocene age; but there appears to be no good reason why this
species might not have reached that region at the close of the
Wisconsin ice-stage. A list of the species of mammals found here is
given on page 403.
2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County.—In the mass of materials
collected in the spring at Bluelick Springs by Mr. Thomas W. Hunter,
were skulls and parts thereof, teeth, limb-bones, and vertebræ. The
actual geological age of these remains can not be established; but
they were of probably late Wisconsin age.
 FINDS OF CASTOROIDES IN PLEISTOCENE
OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

NEW YORK.
(Map 28.)
1. Clyde, Wayne County.—A skull of the giant beaver was found,
about the year 1846, near Clyde, on the farm of Gen. W. H. Adams.
The locality and the geological conditions were described by James
Hall (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. II, 1846, p. 167; Boston Jour.
Nat. Hist., vol. V, p. 385). The region is on the divide between the
streams flowing north into Lake Erie and those flowing southward
into Clyde River. The actual spot was at the head of a shallow stream
which flows into Lake Ontario. At this point the Sodus Canal was cut
and ran in a north-and-south direction. The farm was only partly
swampy. Hall’s section is as follows from above downward:

1. Vegetable soil, 2 feet or more.

2. Fine sand, with some alternating layers of clay, containing
twigs, leaves, etc., 2 to 3 feet.
3. Muck, or peaty soil, with decayed wood, bark, leaves, and
even trunks of large trees, about 4 feet.
4. Fine sand, with fresh-water shells, 2 to 3 feet.
5. Drift, with boulders; depth unknown.
The skull was found at the bottom of No. 3, at a depth of 8 feet. It
is evident that this animal lived here near, or after, the close of the
Wisconsin stage, and after the old Lake Iroquois had withdrawn
from the region.
 2. Canastota, Madison County.—In 1914, Dr. Burnett Smith, of
Syracuse University, reported (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXVIII, p. 463)
the discovery, at this place, of an incisor tooth of the giant beaver.
The exact locality is given as about 225 paces northwest from the
southeast line of lot 10, town of Lenox, on Cowaselon Creek,
otherwise known as the “State ditch.” The tooth was found at a depth
of 9 feet, in a sticky blue clay, containing a few fresh-water shells.
Just above this, at a depth of 7 feet, is a layer made up principally of
shells, with some vegetable matter. This animal could not have lived
here until after the withdrawal of Lake Iroquois, and therefore not
till near the close of the Wisconsin stage.
 PENNSYLVANIA.
(Map 28.)
1. Stroudsburg, Monroe County.—In 1889, Dr. Joseph Leidy
reported (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, 1887, p. 14, plate II,
figs. 7–20) the discovery of teeth of Castoroides ohioensis in
Hartman’s (or Crystal Hill) Cave, about 3 miles southwest of
Stroudsburg and 5 miles from Delaware Water Gap. Its elevation is
about 800 feet above the level of Delaware River. The species
associated with this giant beaver will be listed on page 309. The parts
figured by Leidy are a portion of a palate, with the molars and some
of the premolars, and both rami of the lower jaw, showing the three
temporary molars and the first true molars, with some incisors and
the permanent canines.
 OHIO.
(Maps 28, 29, 36.)
1. Nashport, Muskingum County.—In 1836 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser.
3, vol. XXXI, pp. 79–83), S. P. Hildreth, in an unsigned article, gave
an account of the finding of remains of the type specimen of the giant
beaver, in association with remains of mastodon and of a supposed
fossil sheep, at a point 2 miles north of Nashport. A canal, now
abandoned, was being constructed, which followed two small
streams, one of which flowed into Licking River, the other into
Wakitomika Creek. The land traversed was flat and swampy. The
distance from Nashport to Wakitomika Creek is nearly 4 miles, so
that in saying that the spot was on this creek Hildreth spoke in
general terms. The bones of the mastodon and the right halves of the
lower jaws of two giant beavers were found resting on a bed of gravel
at a depth of 14 feet. Foster (2d Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p.
80) stated that a molar and a tusk of an elephant had also been
found here. Hildreth concluded that the jaws and teeth were perhaps
those of an animal of the beaver family; “or, from the grooved outer
surfaces of the incisors, a marine animal of the walrus or seal race,
and a borderer of the ancient ocean.” It was afterwards described by
J. W. Foster (2d Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1837, p. 80, figs.) under
the name of Castoroides ohioensis. The remains described consisted
of the front end of one side of a lower jaw with its incisor, an upper
incisor, and a radius. They showed signs of some attrition; but in a
region like that they could not have been transported any
considerable distance.
In the mud in which the canal at this point was cut, there were
found three skulls of a species of sheep, which Hildreth thought were
different from those of the domestic sheep and to which he gave the
name of Ovis mamillaris. They are said to have been discovered at a
depth of 8 feet. It seems quite possible that they had been lying on or
near the surface and had made their way to the side of the canal by
the flow of the mud, which gave much trouble by filling up the canal
during the night. Most, if not all, of the differences thought to
separate these skulls from the domestic sheep disappear on
comparison. The specimens of both Castoroides and of the sheep
have probably been lost. They appear not to be at Zanesville. On page
82 of the article above cited, Hildreth stated that he had received,
from some point on Wills Creek, a portion of a tooth similar to the
one found at Nashport; the place was said to be about 40 miles east,
apparently, of Zanesville. This would seem to be in Noble County.
The tooth was described as being embedded in dark-colored
carbonate of lime and as having fallen from a calcareous rock which
lies near the tops of the hills, 150 feet above the bed of the creek. It is
very probable that this was not a tooth of Castoroides. It may have
been the spine of a palæozoic shark.
2. Wilmington, Clinton County.—From Professor W. C. Mills, of
the Ohio State University, the writer in 1913 obtained information
that a fine skull of Castoroides, without the lower jaw, had been
found on the farm of Mr. J. M. Richardson, on the western border of
Wilmington. Nothing more has been learned about the discovery.
The locality is north of the Hartwell moraine, and the animal must
have lived there after the withdrawal of the ice-sheet from that
region.
3. Germantown, Montgomery County.—One mile east of
Germantown, Edward Orton, State geologist of Ohio, found along
Twin Creek a large tooth which (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. L, 1870,
p. 54) he compared with the tusk of a hog. It was later identified by J.
S. Newberry (Proc. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. I, 1870, p. 83) as
belonging to Castoroides. It was found in a bed of peat which is
overlain by from 50 to 100 feet of glacial drift. One might conclude
that the animal had lived there at some time between the Illinoian
and Wisconsin stages. However, opinions have differed.
The geology along Twin Creek has been studied by Orton, Wright,
and Leverett. The last named published his views in 1902 (Monogr.
U. S. Geol. Surv., XLI, pp. 363–365, plate XIV, fig. 1). He states (p.
365) that there seem to be good reasons for believing that the peat-
bed indicates the lapse of a considerable interval of deglaciation.
Whether the interval preceded or followed the formation of the early
Wisconsin moraine is yet to be determined. That seems to mean that
the interval may be mid-Wisconsin or pre-Wisconsin. Wright
thought that but a few hundred years had elapsed between the
deposit of the till below the peat and that above. Orton’s description
of the locality was published in 1870 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. L,
p. 54).
4. West Sonora, Preble County.—In 1893 (Amer. Geologist, vol.
XII, p. 73), Professor Joseph Moore reported that a fragment of an
upper incisor of Castoroides had been found at West Sonora. It was
associated with remains of a mastodon. West Sonora is on the
Englewood moraine.
5. Greenville, Darke County.—In 1883 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. VI, p. 238), F. W. Langdon described a tooth of Castoroides,
found at a depth of 4 feet, in a swampy locality near Greenville. In
1893 (Amer. Geol., vol. XII, p. 73), Joseph Moore stated that this
tooth belonged to Dr. J. W. Jay, of Richmond. It may now possibly be
in the collection of Earlham College. Moore said that it had been
found associated with mastodon.
In the public library at Greenville is a fragment of an upper incisor
of Castoroides, found in making a ditch along Bridge Creek, in 1889,
by Mr. Leo Katzenberger, who writes that the place is in the
northwest corner of section 1, township 11, range 2 west, 1.5 miles
southwest of Greenville. These animals likewise lived on or near the
Sidney moraine.
6 New Knoxville, Auglaize County.—In C. W. Williamson’s
“History of Ohio and Auglaize County,” 1905, on page 338, with a
figure, is an account of the finding of a skull of Castoroides ohioensis
in section 29 of Washington Township, which is in township 6 south,
range 5 east, and near New Knoxville. The discovery had been made
that beneath a bed of humus there was a stratum of gravel of a
quality for road making. In removing the upper peaty layer, the head
of the giant beaver was discovered, near the south margin of the
pond. Williamson stated that the house of the animal was uncovered.
It was between 3 and 4 feet high and about 8 feet square; the poles of
which it was constructed were about 3 indies in diameter and were
laid after the manner of the houses of modern beavers. Apparently
the beaver died in the house, and it was thought that after the death
of the beaver wolves or other carnivorous animals had inhabited the
house, since bones of deer and other animals were strewn over the
floor. It is to be regretted that the house, if such it was, was not taken
up in a way that it might have been accurately reconstructed.
Williamson’s account is reproduced in Bulletin 16, Geological Survey
of Ohio, 4th series, 1912, page 39.
In Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, the writer has seen a very
large skull of Castoroides, labeled as found at Wapakoneta, but it is
quite certainly the one found at New Knoxville. Both incisors are
broken off close to their insertion in the skull. Williamson’s figure
represents at least the left one present.
 MICHIGAN.
(Map 28.)
1. Berrien County.—In the American Museum of Natural History,
New York, is a nearly complete skull with the left ramus of the lower
jaw, purchased from Mr. George A. Baker. The exact place in the
county where it was found is unknown, and the writer has been
unable to get into communication with Mr. Baker.
As to the time in the Pleistocene when this individual lived, we
may be sure that it was after the Wisconsin glacial ice-sheet had
abandoned this county. How long after this retirement it is
impossible to say. It is to be noted that both mastodons and
mammoths have been found in this county, in what appear to be
deposits of the same age.
2. Adrian, Lenawee County.—In the U. S. National Museum is a
skull of Castoroides (Cat. No. 197), of which the lower jaw is missing.
This was received June 10, 1880, from Professor J. Kost, then of
Adrian College, Michigan. In his letter Professor Kost wrote as
follows:
“Found in fresh-water marsh, 4 feet under, in Adrian, Lenawee Co., Michigan. In
same place as the Decker mastodon, now in Adrian College; also of lower jaw of
smaller mastodon (sent in this consignment), with various bones of elk, deer, etc.”
The mastodon jaw referred to is in the U. S. National Museum (No.
188). The present writer has not been able to learn exactly where all
these bones were obtained. It would be interesting to know whether
all–mastodons, giant beaver, elk, and deer–were found in the same
excavation. It is probable that they were at least in nearly the same
spot. For remark on the age of the deposits at Adrian see page 81.
3. Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County.—In the collection of the
Department of Geology in the University of Michigan is a skull which
lacks the lower jaw and is otherwise slightly injured. A report of this
specimen was made in 1914 by Mr. N. A. Wood (Science, n. s., vol.
XXXIX, p. 759). This was found several years ago in a peat-bog on the
farm of Professor J. B. Steere, 3 miles south of Ann Arbor, at a depth
said to have been about 3 feet. Beneath the peat and muck is a
gravelly marl. According to the Ann Arbor Folio (No. 155, U. S. Geol.
Surv.), there is, running south from the city, a strip of low ground
designated as occupied by peat and muck. This borders on the east a
part of the Fort Wayne moraine, and must have provided an ideal
spot for colonies of these great beavers. Naturally these specimens
must be credited to the Late Wisconsin stage.
4. Attica, Lapeer County.—In the collection of Alma College, Alma,
Michigan, is a fragment of an upper incisor, found at a depth of 7
feet, in digging the tail-race of a mill in Attica. The statement was
made that at the same place there were often found what appeared to
have been beaver dams made of wood. This wood crumbled on
coming to the air. In cases like this there is a fine opportunity to
determine whether or not the wood had been gnawed by the broad
incisors of Castoroides or by the narrower ones of the existing
beaver. The wood might easily be prevented from crumbling by
replacing the water with a solution of gum arabic or even of glue.
Attica is situated some distance outside of the beaches of old Lake
Maumee, and on low ground between morainic tracts left by the
Saginaw lobe in its retreat. These gigantic beavers must, therefore,
have lived near the close of the Pleistocene.
5. Owosso, Shiawassee County.—In the collection of the
University of Michigan (No. 3109) is the greater part of a lower jaw
of a giant beaver, found somewhere near Owosso, in a swamp
deposit. An account of this specimen was given in 1914 by Mr. N. A.
Wood (Science, n. s., vol. XXXIX, p. 758). It was received from Mr. A.
G. Williams in 1892. According to Leverett and Taylor’s glacial map
of Michigan, Owosso lies a few miles outside of the beach of old Lake
Saginaw. This is supposed to have come into existence about the
close of the period of Lake Maumee. The earliest time when this
beaver might have existed, leaving out the question of the climate,
would coincide closely with the time when the one found at Attica
might have lived. It is most probable that both lived at a time when
the glacier front was farther away.
 INDIANA.
(Maps 28, 30.)
1. Vanderburg County.—In 1884 (14th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv.
Indiana, pt. 2, p. 37), in a footnote written probably by John Collett,
State geologist, it is stated that remains of Castoroides ohioensis had
been found in this county. Inasmuch as this county lies outside of the
drift region, and as no details as to place and depth were given, we
can arrive at no conclusion as to the stage of the Pleistocene in which
the possessor of this tooth lived. The reader may consult page 258.
2. Richmond, Wayne County.—About 2 miles east of Richmond,
where a farmer was scooping out wet earth for a fish-pond, there was
found by Joseph Moore (Amer. Geologist, vol. XII, p. 73) a fragment
of an upper incisor of this species. With it were sound and decayed
teeth of the mastodon. Most probably this fish-pond was being
excavated in low ground where a marsh had existed. Richmond is
situated just south of the Bloomington moraine, on an area which is
undulating and more or less morainic. The animal must have lived at
some time after the culmination of the Wisconsin stage.
3. Greenfield, Hancock County.—In 1893 (Amer. Geologist, vol.
XII, p. 73), Joseph Moore mentioned the fact that some remains of
Castoroides had been found near Greenfield and that these were in
the possession of Dr. M. M. Adams. In 1900 (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. for
1899, p. 171, plates I, II), Moore presented figures of the skull and
made some brief statements regarding it. At that time the skull had
come into the possession of Earlham College. If restored this skull
would have had a length of 13 inches. Nothing is known as to the
exact place where it was found, but it can not be doubted that the
animal lived after the Wisconsin ice had retreated further north.
4. Jamestown, Boone County.—In the State Museum at
Indianapolis is a lower jaw of a giant beaver which has all of the
molars, but whose incisors are broken off at the border of the bone.
This specimen was presented by Mr. A. E. Deatley, of Lizton,
Hendricks County, who found it in earth thrown out by a dredging
machine, but the exact locality was not stated. Jamestown is situated
on Eel River where it crosses the Champaign moraine. The geological
age of the animal is therefore Late Wisconsin.
5. Summitville, Madison County.—In the State Museum at
Indianapolis is an upper right incisor of the giant beaver in its
premaxilla, labeled as presented by Mr. J. F. Cartwright. Nothing
more is known of the history of the specimen.
Summitville is surrounded by plains of Wisconsin drift. It is about
12 miles from the place where was found the fine mounted specimen
of Elephas primigenius now in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York.
6. Union City, Randolph County.—Here was found the nearly
complete skeleton of Castoroides ohioensis at Earlham College,
Richmond, Indiana. This was secured by Professor Joseph Moore,
who described and figured it. It was discovered on the farm of John
M. Turner, about 8 miles nearly east of Winchester. Mr. Turner has
informed the writer that the farm is a part of section 15, township 17,
range 1.
The bones occurred in a layer of fine-grained marly silt from 2 to 3
feet thick, overlain by from 3 to 4 feet of dark loose mold abounding
in fragments of shrubby stems and vines in various stages of decay.
Under the silt containing the bones were coarser and finer drift
gravels which formed the bottom of the ditch. In the silts were found
fresh-water gasteropods and bivalve shells. Along the same ditch,
within a distance of 30 rods, other fragments were found which were
supposed to indicate 9 individuals of Castoroides. As this region is
covered by Wisconsin drift, the animal evidently lived after the
Wisconsin ice-sheet had retired from the Union City moraine,
possibly a long time thereafter.
7. Fairmount, Grant County.—Near Fairmount were found some
limb-bones and other parts (but no skull) of the giant beaver. These
were obtained not far from where the large specimen of Elephas
primigenius was discovered which is mounted in the American
Museum of Natural History in New York. The remains of this
Castoroides are in the Field Museum of Natural History. No details
regarding the find have been published. It was stated that near the
bones were parts of trees, as though a dam had been built there; but
this interesting matter appears not to have been investigated.
 The elephant mentioned above was found on the farm of Dora C.
Hitt, in the southeast quarter of section 23, township 23 north, range
8 east.
8. Carroll County.—In 1884 (14th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana,
pt. 2, p. 37) the State geologist, John Collett, wrote that Castoroides
had been found in this county; but nothing was added to this
statement. On the map the number is placed arbitrarily.
9. Logansport, Cass County.—In the U. S. National Museum is a
fine skull of Castoroides, without lower jaw, which, according to the
newspaper report accompanying it (dated January 30, 1894), was
found 2 or 3 miles north of Logansport, by Mr. S. L. McFadin, who
sold it to the National Museum. It lay at a depth of 7 feet on a fine
sand, above which was a foot of solid gravel, then 3 feet of solid clay,
and at the top 3 feet of alluvium. According to Leverett and Taylor’s
map of the region (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. LIII, plate VI), this
place would be on the moraine which lies north of the Wabash River,
the meeting-place of the ice-lobes coming from Lake Michigan, Lake
Erie, and Saginaw Bay.
10. Macy, Miami County.—From Mr. C. F. Fite, Denver, Indiana,
the writer received a photograph of a tooth of Castoroides,
apparently the lower right incisor. This was found in Allen Township.
Mr. Fite gives as the exact locality section 23, township 29, range 3
east. This would be not far from Macy. It lies, therefore, on or near
the northern border of the great moraine which extends from Delphi,
Indiana, to the northeastern corner of the State.
11. Kosciusko County.—As in the case of Cass County, we depend
for our knowledge of the discovery of Castoroides in Kosciusko
County on the statement made by John Collett, in the place there
cited.
12. Grovertown, Starke County.—From Dr. E. S. Riggs, of Field
Museum of Natural History, the information has been received that
there is at that museum a fine skull, with the right half pf the
mandible, of a giant beaver which was found 1.5 miles west of
Grovertown, in making an excavation for the abutment of a bridge, 6
feet below the surface in township 34 north, range 1 west. This is
within the region of the Pleistocene Lake Kankakee.
 ILLINOIS.
(Maps 28, 38.)
1. Shawneetown, Gallatin County.—In the collection of the
Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia are a part of one incisor,
two molars, and two petrous bones which were many years ago
obtained by a Dr. Feuchtwanger, from a well at a depth of 40 feet.
These were mentioned by Le Conte in 1852 (Proc. Acad. Phila., vol.
VI, p. 53). Leidy has figured the incisor (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene
Fossils of South Carolina,” 1860, plate XXII, fig. 5; Ann. Rep. Geol.
Surv. Pennsylvania, 1887, plate II, fig. 10). Leverett (Monogr. U. S.
Geol. Surv., vol. XXXVIII, p. 65) states that at Shawneetown a boring
for gas and oil penetrated 112 feet of alluvial and other deposits
before reaching rock. His map (plate VI) indicates that here the valley
of the Ohio is composed of sand and gravel plains of Wisconsin age.
Under the conditions it seems impossible to form any certain
conclusions regarding the geological age of this specimen. It belongs
possibly to the later half of the Pleistocene.
2. Alton, Madison County.—In the McAdams collection, described
on page 338, is a part of a large upper incisor, in two pieces, of a
specimen of Castoroides, with McAdams’s Nos. 209, 210, and a
small fragment of another incisor. All three specimens are more or
less enveloped in nodules of hard materials. In 1883 (Trans. St. Louis
Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. LXXX) McAdams stated that he had seen, both in
true and modified drift, remains of rodents large and small, but one,
an extinct beaver, was of monstrous size.
For conclusions as to the age of the fauna secured by McAdams see
page 339.
3. Charleston, Coles County.—In 1867 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
p. 97), Leidy briefly described a skull of Castoroides, sent to him for
examination by Professor A. H. Worthen. It lacked both zygomatic
arches and the incisor teeth. The length of the skull was 10.5 inches.
This skull had been found by someone while he was plowing in a
field near Charleston. The region about Charleston is covered by the
Shelbyville lobe of the early Wisconsin drift. The animal must have
lived at some time after the deposition of that drift.
4. Naperville, DuPage County.—H. M. Bannister (Geol. Surv.
Illinois, vol. IV, p. 113) reported a skull and other parts of the skeleton
of Castoroides, found by a farmer in a slough not far from
Naperville. The skull went to Colonel Wood’s Museum in Chicago,
and it was probably destroyed in the great fire of 1871. This animal
quite certainly lived after the retirement of the Wisconsin ice-sheet.
 SOUTH CAROLINA.
(Map 28.)
1. Charleston, Charleston County.—In 1860, Dr. Joseph Leidy
(Holmes’s Post-Pl. Foss. South Carolina, p. 114, plate XX, figs. 6–8)
recorded the fact that fragments of the teeth of the giant beaver had
been found in the Pleistocene deposit of Ashley River.
In the Pinckney collection is an upper cheek-tooth, the fourth
premolar. The height of the tooth is 37 mm., the length is 16 mm.,
the width 11.5 mm. It was found in the vicinity of Charleston.
In the Scanlan collection, the property of Yale University, and
made in the vicinity of Charleston, are five more or less injured teeth.
One is a left upper molar, either the second or the third. The length
of the grinding-surface is 12 mm., the width 13 mm. Two fragments
of upper right incisors are interesting. One of these, 140 mm. long,
bears the oblique excavated surface worn by the lower incisors. Each
diameter of the tooth is 25 mm. The other fragment is 123 mm. long
and comes from the middle of the tooth. The two diameters of this
tooth are, as in the other one, 25 mm. Both of these teeth appear to
be more strongly curved than the teeth of more northern specimens.
Also, the striation on the outer face of the tooth is finer, finally
becoming hair-like lines as the rear face is approached. More of the
larger ridges in the front of the tooth are directed obliquely and
terminate along a front groove than in specimens hitherto observed.
It is possible that an undescribed species is indicated. The two teeth
present some differences between themselves. Another fragment,
103 mm. long, has a diameter of 20 mm. At the base is seen a part of
the pulp-cavity.
 GEORGIA.
(Map 28.)
1. Brunswick, Glynn County.—In a small collection of vertebrate
fossils made during dredging operations at Brunswick not many
years ago, and which now belongs to the Geological Survey of
Georgia, Gidley found a fragment of an incisor tooth of Castoroides
ohioensis. The accompanying species will be recorded on page 370.
Gidley’s list is found on page 436 of Bulletin No. 26 of the Geological
Survey of Georgia.
 MISSISSIPPI.
(Map 28.)
1. Natchez, Adams County.—James Hall, in 1846 (Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., vol. II, p. 168; Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. V, p. 380),
announced that remains of this animal had been found in the
neighborhood of Natchez. The exact locality is unknown and likewise
the conditions under which the specimens were discovered. This
species is not included by Leidy in his list of fossil mammals found in
Pleistocene deposits in Mississippi up to 1854 (Wailles, Agri. Geol.
Mississippi, p. 196).
A list of the species found in the vicinity of Natchez is presented on
page 392.
 TENNESSEE.
(Map 28. Figure 23.)
1. Memphis, Shelby County.—In 1850, Dr. Jeffries Wyman
reported (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. III, p. 281) that a part of a
lower jaw of Castoroides had been found at Memphis. With it were a
toe-bone of Megalonyx, a tooth of a young mastodon, and a part of
the lower jaw of a beaver. It was thought that these remains had been
buried in the deposits laid down by Mississippi River. It is to be
regretted that the locality and the height above the river were not
more exactly specified. The specimen of Castoroides, a right ramus
of the lower jaw, is now in the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.
 ON THE PLEISTOCENE GEOLOGY OF
NORTH AMERICA AND ITS RELATION TO
ITS FOSSIL VERTEBRATES.

ONTARIO.
For a knowledge of the Pleistocene of Canada, the student ought
first to read Dr. J. W. Dawson’s “Canadian Ice Age,” published in
1894. In this will be found references to the earlier literature of the
subject. For the results of more recent studies the reports of the
Canadian Geological Survey are to be consulted, as well as papers
published in the scientific journals. For the more important of these
papers the reader may consult the list published by Dr. H. L.
Fairchild in 1918 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XXIX, pp. 229).
To state the matter briefly, one may say that almost everywhere in
Ontario are deposits of glacial drift of Wisconsin age. In a few
localities have been discovered beds which belong to earlier glacial
and interglacial epochs. On the other hand, around Hudson Bay,
around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along St. Lawrence and Ottawa
Rivers, and the Bay of Fundy are marine deposits, laid down after the
Wisconsin ice had retired from those localities and while the region
which had been occupied by this ice-sheet was depressed so much
that the sea could enter the basins named.
The most interesting locality in Canada for the student of
vertebrate palæontology is doubtless Toronto, because of the
presence there of Pleistocene deposits belonging to more than one
stage, and because of the discovery of several species of extinct
vertebrates and of many mollusks, insects, and plants. For an
understanding of the geology of the region Coleman’s papers must be
studied, as well as those of authors cited by him. On the interglacial
deposits three of Coleman’s papers may be especially cited (Jour.
Geol., vol. IX, 1901, pp. 285–310; 10th Internat. Cong. Geol., 1906,
Mexico, pp. 1237–1258; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XXVI, 1915, pp.
243–254).
According to Coleman’s figure 1 of the first paper cited, the known
interglacial deposits in that region extend from the mouth of
Humber River eastward beyond the mouth of Rouge River, a
distance of about 22 miles, and away from the lake a distance of
about 8 miles. Deposits have been found even 14 miles north of
Toronto (Coleman, 1915, p. 246). Coleman’s sketch map of the
region, taken from his paper of 1901, is here reproduced (fig. 3).
According to Coleman (paper of 1915, p. 243) there are known at
Toronto five well-defined sheets of boulder clay, with four sheets of
interglacial sand and clay separating them. So far as the writer
knows, only the lowest of these beds have been described with any
particularity. These lowest beds constitute the Toronto formation,
and it is these which have furnished nearly all the fossil animals and
plants discovered in that region. This Toronto formation is divisible
into two portions, and these have been designated as the Don beds
and the Scarboro beds. They are regarded as having been deposited
in the valley of an ancient river running from Georgian Bay to
Scarboro. Of these the Don beds are the older. Sections of these are
found in Toronto and outside, especially along Don River. They have
been laid down usually on a boulder clay, 1 to 9 feet thick, which
itself reposes on Hudson River shales. At one point along the Don an
interglacial river had cut through both the boulder clay and the shale
to a depth of 16 feet. The Don deposits consist of varying layers of
sands, gravels, and clays. At one point the section obtained
amounted to about 27 feet; but this, combined with another, made
up about 44 feet. At one place trunks, 12 or 15 feet long, of trees have
been found, which were flattened into the surface of the boulder till;
also shells of unios, which are embedded in clay close to the boulder
till.
 Fig. 3.—Region about Toronto, Ontario, showing
location of Toronto and Scarboro Heights
Pleistocene beds. From Coleman.

In 1913 (Ontario Bur. Mines. Guide Book No. 6, pp. 15–18),

Professor Coleman presented a list of the species found in the Don
beds. Of the plants 32 species of trees had been secured, among them
the pawpaw, the red cedar, and the osage orange; 41 species of fresh-
water mollusks were listed, of which 12 were Unionidæ.
As bearing on the climate, it may be said that there are 12 species
of the genus Unio listed, of which 4 species are now known only from
localities south of the St. Lawrence drainage; while 3 other species
live in Lake Erie, but not in Lake Ontario. The plants are mostly
trees; and several species, as the osage orange and the pawpaw, are
now found only considerably farther south. One species of maple no
longer exists. Penhallow gave it as his opinion that the flora points
conclusively to the existence of climatic conditions of a character
more nearly like that of the middle United States to-day. The unios
now missing from that region give evidence to the same fact. For
these reasons the Don deposits are spoken of as the warm-climate
beds.
The Scarboro beds are finely displayed at Scarboro heights, a few
miles east of Toronto. The thickness of the clay here amounts to
about 94 feet. In these deposits have been found possibly mammoth
or mastodon and caribou, but there is some uncertainty about these.
Only 14 species of plants have been secured and these are trees; but
apparently no mollusks have been reported. As an offset there are
great numbers of beetles. Of these there have been described 72
species, and all are extinct except 2.
The trees, according to Penhallow, indicate a climate somewhat
cooler than that now prevailing in that region. The same conclusion
was reached by Scudder from his study of the insects. In his paper of
1901, Coleman took the view that the Toronto formation had been
laid down in the interval between the Iowan and the Wisconsin
glacial stages, that is, during what is now known as the Peorian. In
the address of 1906, page 44, he appears to have been inclined to
accept Leverett’s view that at least the Don beds belonged to the
Sangamon stage. By 1915 (paper cited, p. 252) he had about
concluded that the Toronto beds were as old as the Aftonian stage.
Dr. G. F. Wright, in 1912 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XXV, pp. 205–
218), accounted for the deposits and fossil animals and plants found
at Toronto in a different way. At a certain time in the Pleistocene the
region about Toronto was occupied by some species of animals and
plants now found only considerably further south. An ice-sheet from
the Keewatin center extended thither and laid down the Don beds.
Later the Labrador glacier pushed into that region and deposited the
Scarboro beds. According to this view the whole succession of events
would be much shortened.
The writer is disposed to accept Leverett’s estimate of the
geological position of the interglacial beds at Toronto. The presence
there of Elephas primigenius, Mammut americanum, and the
probable Ursus americanus hardly counts in the determination of
the geological age, for all these animals appear to have continued on
from at least the Aftonian interglacial to the close of the Wisconsin.
There are no specimens that show that either Rangifer or Cervalces
existed during the Aftonian, although one can hardly doubt that they
did then exist. In order to show that the Toronto formation belongs
to the Aftonian, it would be necessary to produce satisfactory
stratigraphical evidence or to find there genera and species of
mammals which characterize the Aftonian, such as camels, Elephas
imperator, and those horses which belong to the early Pleistocene. If
the deposits belong to the Sangamon stage, such horses as Equus
complicatus and E. leidyi ought in time to be discovered there.
Coleman has discussed the interglacial beds that occur elsewhere
in Canada (10th Internat. Geol. Congr. 1906, Mexico, pp. 1237–1258;
Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XXVI, 1915, pp. 243–254). He refers to
Chalmers’s account of interglacial deposits along Lake Erie; but so
far as the writer has been able to determine, most of the deposits
referred to are of Late Wisconsin age. However, as he says, Spencer
found interglacial materials near Niagara Falls. Other beds have been
discovered along Moose River, south of James Bay; but their
geological position has not been definitely determined, and the
fossils discovered there, mostly proboscideans, are not referred with
certainty to the interglacial deposits.
Most of the vertebrate fossils found in Ontario, excepting many of
those found at Toronto, belong to the Late Wisconsin stage; and in
studying their geological relations one must, as in the States of New
York, Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, take into consideration the
history of the Great Lakes after the Wisconsin ice-sheet began to
retire. According to Leverett and Taylor’s maps (Monogr. LIII, U. S.
Geol. Surv., plate XIV), as early as the time when the glacial ice had
just begun to withdraw from Lakes Michigan and Erie, a
considerable area of land had become cleared of ice in the peninsula
bounded by Georgian Bay, Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario. We can
hardly suppose, however, that any mastodons or any elephants,
except possibly Elephas primigenius, could have made their way to
that area. Even the last-mentioned species would have had to travel
over many miles of glacial ice. Conditions were hardly more
favorable when Lake Whittlesey had come into existence (op. cit.,
plate XVI). At a later stage (op. cit., plate XVII) the ice-free parts of the
peninsula could have been reached only by crossing the lakes or over
wide stretches of glacier. It is possible that some of the mastodons
and elephants that have been found had crossed over into Ontario at
about the stage represented by plate XIX of the work cited, but it is
more probable that they lived there at a later time.
Brief mention is here made of the fossil vertebrates found in
Ontario and their localities. More detailed statements will be found
on the pages cited.
 Beginning in the west, a mastodon has been found at Blythewood,
Essex County (p. 45). In Elgin County a mastodon has been met with
at St. Thomas (p. 45), and a mastodon (p. 45) and an undetermined
species of elephant at Highgate (p. 45). A little farther back from the
lake, at London, Middlesex County, has been found a mastodon (p.
45). At Marburg, not far from the shore of Lake Erie, Dr. H. M. Ami
exhumed a mastodon (p. 45). The writer has not learned how this
locality is related to the ancient beaches. At Dunnville, Haldimand
County, a mastodon has been secured (p. 46). It could hardly have
lived there before the lake had assumed nearly its present level. The
same remark will apply to the time when the mastodon (p. 46),
Elephas columbi (p. 147), and possibly E. primigenius (p. 166) lived
at St. Catharines. From Hamilton, at the extreme western end of
Lake Ontario, have been described remains of Elephas columbi (p.
147), E. sp. indet. (p. 166), elk, Cervus canadensis (p. 235), and the
beaver. Elephas primigenius has been found at Toronto, (p. 130);
also Cervalces, a bison (p. 256), and a reindeer (p. 244). The same
elephant has been discovered at Amaranth, in Dufferin County (p.
130). The elk, Cervus canadensis, has been reported from Strathroy,
Middlesex County, and Kingston, Frontenac County (p. 235). At
Smith’s Falls, Lanark County, the humpback whale, Megaptera
boöps, has been discovered (p. 17). White whales, Delphinapterus
leucas and D. vermontanus, have been found at Pakenham, Lanark
County (p. 17), at Cornwall, Stormont County (p. 18), Nepean
Township (p. 17), Ottawa East, Carleton County, and Williamston,
Glengarry County (p. 18). At Ottawa has been discovered an
assemblage of species, as listed on page 287.
The geology of the Hamilton locality has been described by Logan
(Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 914), by Spencer (Canad. Naturalist, vol. X,
1883, pp. 222–230, 306–308), and by Coleman (Bull. Geol. Soc.
Amer., vol. XV, 1904, p. 351). The remains mentioned were found in
deposits forming what is called Burlington Heights. Here Dundas
Valley opens into the extreme western end of Lake Ontario. The
valley is about a half mile wide. Across this had been formed a bar,
interrupted only at its northern end, with a height of 108 feet above
the level of the lake and a width varying from a few hundred yards to
less than a half mile. Its height is almost that of the Iroquois beach
found on the south shore of the lake and continuing on the northern
shore. Many years ago a canal was cut through the narrowest part of
the bar, and it was in the construction of this that the elephant (p.
166), elk (p. 235), and beaver bones were found. It is evident that the
bones were deposited there while the bar was being built and at a
time when it lacked 38 feet of being as high as it now is. The elephant
jaw is in good condition, and this indicates that the animal died near
the spot.
Coleman (op. cit., p. 352) stated that afterwards a railroad cut had
been made across the southern end of the bar, exposing 30 feet of
coarse stratified gravel, followed below by 2 feet of brown clay
(evidently an old soil) and 8 feet of blue till. In the old soil were
found quantities of decayed wood, as well as bones of mammoth and
other animals. About a mile farther west, pits were opened for clay,
sand, and gravel. Coleman gives the following geological section at
this place. The column at the right gives the heights above the lake
level.
feet. feet.
Clay making red brick 6 78
Gravel 30 72
White sand 5 42
Hard pan 4 37
White sand with mammoth tusks and bones 33
Covered to level of the bay 0
The mammoth tusks and bones were not water-worn. It will be
observed that they were found 83 feet below the top of the Iroquois
beach (116 feet above the present lake), while the jaw was only about
45 feet below the beach. Both Coleman, as cited, and Fairchild (Bull.
Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XXVII, p. 247) regard the formation of the bar at
Hamilton as showing that during Iroquois times the lake became
flooded to a height of about 82 feet.
Besides the interglacial species found at Toronto, which have
already been mentioned, there may be noted a tooth of Elephas
primigenius (p. 130), a cast of which was reported by Winchell.
Whether this was derived from interglacial or late Wisconsin beds is
not known. Coleman, as elsewhere cited, reported the finding of
remains of one of the elephants on the Iroquois beach. On the same
beach have been collected antlers of reindeer (p. 244). These animals
must have lived there not earlier than the time when that beach was
forming, perhaps later.

Fig. 4.—Eastern Ontario, showing limit of fresh-

water beaches and marine fossils. Redrawn from
Coleman.

In a buried gorge extending in a northwestern direction from the

whirlpool at Niagara to the Niagara escarpment, Dr. J. W. Spencer
(Bull. Geol. Amer., vol. XXI, p. 433) has discovered what he regards as
deposits equivalent to the Toronto formation, while older glacial and
interglacial beds are found below and more recent ones above. No
fossils were met with except wood. At Amaranth have been secured
considerable parts of a skeleton of Elephas primigenius (p. 130).
This elephant must have existed rather late in the Wisconsin stage.
About Kingston in Frontenac County, at two places, have been
secured remains of the elk (p. 235), but lack of details as to places
and conditions precludes certainty as to their geological age. The fact
that they were found in shell marl is favorable to the idea that they
belonged to the Pleistocene. Here may be mentioned again the bison
horn of uncertain geological age which was found on the north shore
of Nipissing Lake (p. 266). In Algoma County, on the banks of Moose
River, was found a part of a skull of a mastodon, but there is
uncertainty whether it had been buried in interglacial deposits or in
marine Champlain beds. The region in the extreme eastern end of
Ontario is interesting because it furnishes a considerable fauna
belonging to the Champlain stage. During the last glacial stage the
region on which the Wisconsin ice-sheet was resting became
depressed to such an extent that when this ice retreated beyond the
St. Lawrence River, marine waters occupied the basin nearly to the
eastern end of Lake Ontario and Ottawa River as far as Lake
Coulonge. Coleman’s figure of the region (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol.
XII, pp. 129–146, fig. 1) is here reproduced (fig. 4) to show the
western limits of the marine waters, so far as known, and the
corresponding fresh-water beach along the north shore of Lake
Ontario. Figure 5 from Coleman shows how the Champlain Sea was
limited on the south. Marine fossils, especially mollusks, have been
found along the upper St. Lawrence as far as Brockville, Quebec, and
on the opposite side of the river, in New York. On Coleman’s map the
present elevations of the old beaches at important localities are
marked, that at Ottawa having an elevation of 450 feet and at
Coulonge 370 feet. According to Johnston, who has described the
Pleistocene geology in the vicinity of Ottawa (Mem. 101, Canad.
Dept. Mines, 1917), there is a point about 8 miles northwest of the
city where a marine terrace is found at a height of 690 feet above sea-
level. The marine beds at Ottawa are divided into the Leda clays at
the base and Saxicava sands above. The former have a maximum
thickness of about 200 feet, the Saxicava sands, a thickness of about
40 feet. The fossils occur mostly in the Leda clays. In 1897, Dr. H. M.
Ami (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XI, pp. 20–26), and again in 1901 (Geol.
Surv. Ann. Rep., XII, G, pp. 51–56), published lists of the fossils found
in the Ottawa Valley, nearly all of them in the vicinity of Ottawa.
There were listed 26 species of plants, about 13 species of marine
mollusks, and the following vertebrates:

Mallotus villosus, capelin.

Cyclopterus lumpus, lump-sucker.
Osmerus mordax, smelt.
Artediellus atlanticus (Cottus uncinatus), sculpin.
Gasterosteus aculeatus, stickleback.
Phoca vitulina, common seal (p. 22).
Phoca grœnlandica, Greenland seal (p. 23).
Tamias striatus, chipmunk.
 Fig. 5.—South shore-line
of ancient Champlain
sea. Redrawn from
Coleman.

The aquatic forms are all species existing in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence and along the northern Atlantic coast. The chipmunk lives
at Ottawa. Specimens of feathers of birds also have been found in
nodules, but the species have not been determined. The remains of
the chipmunk were probably washed in by some fresh-water stream.
According to Johnston’s paper just cited, there are deposits of
glacial drift underlying the marine Champlain beds, but they have
furnished no fossils. The marine deposits extend up the Ottawa
Valley at least as far as Coulonge Lake, and here has been found
Mallotus villosus. At Welshe’s, 3 miles north of Smith’s Falls, Lanark
County, have been found some remains of the humpback whale,
Megaptera boöps (Dawson, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXV, 1883, p. 200).
It was met with (p. 17) at an elevation of 440 feet above present sea-
level. It appears to have been left there during the time when the
Saxacava sands and gravels were being laid down (Coleman, Bull.
Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XII, p. 133).
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