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Radar Systems
Analysis and Design
Using
MATLAB
Bassem R. Mahafza, Ph.D.
COLSA Corporation
Huntsville, Alabama
This book conta ins informa tion obta ine d from a uthe ntic a nd highly re ga rde d s ource s . Re printe d ma te ria l
is quote d with pe rmis s ion, a nd s ource s a re indica te d. A wide va rie ty of re fe re nce s a re lis te d. Re a s ona ble
e fforts ha ve be e n ma de to publis h re lia ble da ta a nd informa tion, but the a uthor a nd the publis he r ca nnot
a s s ume re s pons ibility for the va lidity of a ll ma te ria ls or for the cons e que nce s of the ir us e .
The cons e nt of CRC P re s s LLC doe s not e xte nd to copying for ge ne ra l dis tribution, for promotion, for
cre a ting ne w works , or for re s a le . S pe cific pe rmis s ion mus t be obta ine d in writing from CRC P re s s LLC
for s uch copying.
Numerous books have been written on Radar Systems and Radar Applica-
tions. A limited set of these books provides companion software. There is
need for a comprehensive reference book that can provide the reader with
hands-on-like experience. The ideal radar book, in my opinion, should serve as
a conclusive, detailed, and useful reference for working engineers as well as a
textbook for students learning radar systems analysis and design. This book
must assume few prerequisites and must stand on its own as a complete presen-
tation of the subject. Examples and exercise problems must be included. User
friendly software that demonstrates the theory needs to be included. This soft-
ware should be reconfigurable to allow different users to vary the inputs in
order to better analyze their relevant and unique requirements, and enhance
understanding of the subject.
Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB® concentrates on radar
fundamentals, principles, and rigorous mathematical derivations. It also pro-
vides the user with a comprehensive set of MATLAB1 5.0 software that can be
used for radar analysis and/or radar system design. All programs will accept
user inputs or execute using the default set of parameters. This book will serve
as a valuable reference to students and radar engineers in analyzing and under-
standing the many issues associated with radar systems analysis and design. It
is written at the graduate level. Each chapter provides all the necessary mathe-
matical and analytical coverage required for good understanding of radar the-
ory. Additionally, dedicated MATLAB functions/programs have been
developed for each chapter to further enhance the understanding of the theory,
and provide a source for establishing radar system design requirements. This
book includes over 1190 equations and over 230 illustrations and plots. There
are over 200 examples and end-of-chapter problems. A solutions manual will
be made available to professors using the book as a text. The philosophy
behind Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB is that radar sys-
tems should not be complicated to understand nor difficult to analyze and
design.
All MATLAB programs and functions provided in this book can be down-
loaded from the CRC Press Web site (www.crcpress.com). For this purpose,
create the following directory in your C-drive: C:\RSA. Copy all programs into
this directory. The path tree should be as in Fig. F.1 in Appendix F. Users can
execute a certain function/program GUI by typing: file_name_driver, where
1. All MATLAB functions and programs provided in this book were developed using
MATLAB 5.0 - R11 with the Signal Processing Toolbox, on a PC with Windows 98
operating system.
Bassem R. Mahafza
Huntsville, Alabama
January, 2000
My Wife,
My Mother,
and the memory of my Father
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1
Radar Fundamentals
1.1. Radar Classifications
1.2. Range
MATLAB Function “pulse_train.m”
1.3. Range Resolution
MATLAB Function “range_resolution.m”
1.4. Doppler Frequency
MATLAB Function “doppler_freq.m”
1.5. Coherence
1.6. The Radar Equation
MATLAB Function “radar_eq.m”
1.6.1. Low PRF Radar Equation
MATLAB Function “lprf_req.m”
1.6.2. High PRF Radar Equation
MATLAB Function “hprf_req.m”
1.6.3. Surveillance Radar Equation
MATLAB Function “power_aperture_eq.m”
1.6.4. Radar Equation with Jamming
Self-Screening Jammers (SSJ)
MATLAB Program “ssj_req.m”
Stand-Off Jammers (SOJ)
MATLAB Program “soj_req.m”
Range Reduction Factor
MATLAB Function “range_red_fac.m”
Chapter 2
Radar Cross Section (RCS)
2.1. RCS Definition
2.2. RCS Prediction Methods
2.3. RCS Dependency on Aspect Angle and Frequency
MATLAB Function “rcs_aspect.m”
MATLAB Function “rcs-frequency.m”
2.4. RCS Dependency on Polarization
2.4.1. Polarization
2.4.2. Target Scattering Matrix
2.5. RCS of Simple Objects
2.5.1. Sphere
2.5.2. Ellipsoid
MATLAB Function “rcs_ellipsoid.m”
2.5.3. Circular Flat Plate
MATLAB Function “rcs_circ_plate.m”
2.5.4. Truncated Cone (Frustum)
MATLAB Function “rcs_frustum.m”
2.5.5. Cylinder
MATLAB Function “rcs_cylinder.m”
2.5.6. Rectangular Flat Plate
MATLAB Function “rcs_rect_plate.m”
2.5.7. Triangular Flat Plate
MATLAB Function “rcs_isosceles.m”
2.6. RCS of Complex Objects
2.7. RCS Fluctuations and Statistical Models
2.7.1. RCS Statistical Models - Scintillation Models
Chi-Square of Degree 2m
Swerling I and II (Chi-Square of Degree 2)
Swerling III and IV (Chi-Square of Degree 4)
2.8. MATLAB Program/Function Listings
Problems
Chapter 4
Radar Detection
4.1. Detection in the Presence of Noise
MATLAB Function “que_func.m”
4.2. Probability of False Alarm
4.3. Probability of Detection
MATLAB Function “marcumsq.m”
4.4. Pulse Integration
4.4.1. Coherent Integration
4.4.2. Non-Coherent Integration
MATLAB Function “improv_fac.m”
4.5. Detection of Fluctuating Targets
4.5.1. Detection Probability Density Function
4.5.2. Threshold Selection
MATLAB Function “incomplete_gamma.m”
MATLAB Function “threshold.m”
4.6. Probability of Detection Calculation
4.6.1. Detection of Swerling V Targets
MATLAB Function “pd_swerling5.m”
4.6.2. Detection of Swerling I Targets
MATLAB Function “pd_swerling1.m”
4.6.3. Detection of Swerling II Targets
MATLAB Function “pd_swerling2.m”
4.6.4. Detection of Swerling III Targets
MATLAB Function “pd_swerling3.m”
4.6.5. Detection of Swerling IV Targets
MATLAB Function “pd_swerling4.m”
4.7. Cumulative Probability of Detection
Chapter 5
Radar Waveforms Analysis
5.1. Low Pass, Band Pass Signals and Quadrature
Components
5.2. CW and Pulsed Waveforms
5.3. Linear Frequency Modulation Waveforms
5.4. High Range Resolution
5.5. Stepped Frequency Waveforms
5.5.1. Range Resolution and Range Ambiguity
in SWF
MATLAB Function “hrr_profile.m”
5.5.2. Effect of Target Velocity
5.6. MATLAB Listings
Problems
Chapter 6
Matched Filter and the Radar Ambiguity
Function
6.1. The Matched Filter SNR
6.2. The Replica
6.3. Matched Filter Response to LFM Waveforms
6.4. The Radar Ambiguity Function
6.5. Examples of the Ambiguity Function
6.5.1. Single Pulse Ambiguity Function
MATLAB Function “single_pulse_ambg.m”
6.5.2. LFM Ambiguity Function
MATLAB Function “lfm_ambg.m”
6.5.3. Coherent Pulse Train Ambiguity Function
MATLAB Function “train_ambg.m”
6.6. Ambiguity Diagram Contours
6.7. MATLAB Listings
Problems
Chapter 8
Radar Wave Propagation
8.1. Earth Atmosphere
8.2. Refraction
8.3. Ground Reflection
8.3.1. Smooth Surface Reflection Coefficient
MATLAB Function “ref_coef.m”
8.3.2. Divergence
8.3.3. Rough Surface Reflection
8.4. The Pattern Propagation Factor
8.4.1. Flat Earth
8.4.2. Spherical Earth
8.5. Diffraction
8.6. Atmospheric Attenuation
8.7. MATLAB Program “ref_coef.m”
Problems
Chapter 9
Clutter and Moving Target Indicator (MTI)
9.1. Clutter Definition
9.2. Surface Clutter
9.2.1. Radar Equation for Area Clutter
Chapter 10
Radar Antennas
10.1. Directivity, Power Gain, and Effective Aperture
10.2. Near and Far Fields
10.3. Circular Dish Antenna Pattern
MATLAB Function “circ_aperture.m”
10.4. Array Antennas
10.4.1. Linear Array Antennas
MATLAB Function “linear_array.m”
10.5. Array Tapering
10.6. Computation of the Radiation Pattern via the
DFT
10.7. Array Pattern for Rectangular Planar Array
MATLAB Function “rect_array.m”
10.8. Conventional Beamforming
10.9. MATLAB Programs and Functions
Problems
Chapter 11
Target Tracking
Part I: Single Target Tracking
11.1. Angle Tracking
11.1.1. Sequential Lobing
11.1.2. Conical Scan
11.2. Amplitude Comparison Monopulse
Chapter 12
Synthetic Aperture Radar
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Real Versus Synthetic Arrays
12.3. Side Looking SAR Geometry
12.4. SAR Design Considerations
12.5. SAR Radar Equation
12.6. SAR Signal Processing
12.7. Side Looking SAR Doppler Processing
12.8. SAR Imaging Using Doppler Processing
12.9. Range Walk
12.10. Case Study
12.11. Arrays in Sequential Mode Operation
12.11.1. Linear Arrays
12.11.2. Rectangular Arrays
12.12. MATLAB Programs
Problems
Chapter 13
Signal Processing
13.1. Signal and System Classifications
High Frequency (HF) radars utilize the electromagnetic waves’ reflection off
the ionosphere to detect targets beyond the horizon. Some examples include
the United States Over The Horizon Backscatter (U.S. OTH/B) radar which
operates in the frequency range of 5 – 28MHZ , the U.S. Navy Relocatable
Over The Horizon Radar (ROTHR), see Fig. 1.1, and the Russian Woodpecker
radar. Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) bands are
used for very long range Early Warning Radars (EWR). Some examples
include the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) search and
track monopulse radar which operates at 245MHz (Fig. 1.2), the Perimeter
and Acquisition Radar (PAR) which is a very long range multifunction phased
Figure 1.4. U. S. Air Force AWACS. Photograph obtained via the Internet.
1500
d t = -------------------3- = 0.15
10 × 10
It follows that
τ 1 = 0.15 × T 1 = 15μs
τ 2 = 0.15 × T 2 = 5μs
3 –6
E p1 = P t τ 1 = 10 × 10 × 15 × 10 = 0.15Joules
3 –6
E p2 = P 2 τ 2 = 10 × 10 × 5 × 10 = 0.05Joules .
R max – R min
M = --------------------------- (1.6)
ΔR
Targets separated by at least ΔR will be completely resolved in range, as illus-
trated in Fig. 1.8. Targets within the same range bin can be resolved in cross
range (azimuth) utilizing signal processing techniques.
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