Structural Design Basis- Basic Requirements

• The building structure shall include complete

lateral and vertical force resisting system capable
of providing adequate strength, stiffness, and
energy dissipation capacity to withstand the
design ground motions within the prescribe limits
of deformation and strength demand.
• The design ground motions shall be assumed to
occur along any horizontal direction of a building
structure.

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Structural Design Basis- Basic Requirements
• The design seismic forces and their distribution
over the height of the building structure, shall be
established in accordance with procedure
specified in section 12.6 and the corresponding
internal forces and deformations in the members
of the structure shall be determined.
• Individual members, including those not part of
the seismic force resisting system shall be
provided with adequate strength to resist the
shears, axial forces and moments .

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Structural Design Basis- Basic Requirements
• The deformation the structure shall not exceed
the prescribed limits where the structure is
subjected to design seismic forces.
• A continuous load path or paths with adequate
strength and stiffness shall be provided to transfer
all forces from the point of application to the final
point of resistance.
• A connection for resisting a horizontal force acting
parallel to the member shall be provided for each
beam, girder or truss.

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Structural Design Basis- Basic Requirements
• The foundations shall be designed to resist the
forces developed and accommodate the
movements imparted to the structure by the
design ground motions.
• Structural elements including the foundations
shall conform the material design and detailing
requirements.

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 Structural System Selection
• The basis lateral and vertical seismic force
resisting system shall conform to one of the types
indicated in Table 12.2-1. For e.g.
• Bearing wall system
• Moment resisting frame
• Dual systems etc.
• Each type in 12.2-1 is subdivided by the types of
vertical elements used to resist lateral seismic
forces and three values are mentioned i.e.
Response Modification factor “R”, Over-strength
Factor, “ Ωo” and deflection amplification Factor Cd
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 Seismic response coefficient

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 Structural System Selection
• The selected seismic force resisting system shall
be designed and detailed in accordance with
specific requirements for the system defined in
codes.
• Different seismic force resisting systems are
permitted to be used to resist seismic forces along
each of the two orthogonal axis of the structure.
• When a combination of any system to be used
then least “R” value will be selected however, Cd
and Ωo factors considered are the maximum.

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 Structural System Selection-Types-Dual
• For a dual system, the moment frames shall be
capable of resisting 25% of the design seismic
forces. The total seismic force resistance is to be
provided by the combination of the moment
frames and the shear walls or braced frames in
proportion to their rigidities.

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Structural System Sélection-Types- Spécial Moment
Resisting Frames
• For structures assigned to SDC D,E or F, a
special moment frame is used.
• A special moment resisting frame shall not be
discontinuous.
• The frame shall be continuous up to the
foundation.

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 Structural System Selection-Types- Int./Ordinary
Moment Resisting Frames
• An Intermediate / Ordinary moment resisting
frame shall not be discontinuous.
• They have lower values of “R”, resulting in higher
base shear.
• The energy dissipation is less in comparison to
SMRF system.
• The frame shall be continuous up to the
foundation.

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 Analysis procédure
• During the earthquake motions, the structure is
subjected to the deformations that produces
internal forces and stresses.
• Earthquake Engineering philosophy is to relate
earthquake dynamic forces to the equivalent static
forces, and then using static analysis of the
structure, determine deformations, internal forces
and stresses in the structure.

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 Analysis procédure
• IBC describes two analysis procedures to
determine the equivalent static forces that will
simulate an earthquake action on the structure.
• The equivalent lateral force procedure (used
for SDC B,C,D,E & F)
• The simplified analysis (used for SDC,
B,C,D,E&F and for constructions limited to
two stories in height and three stories for light
construction.

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 Analysis procédure
• For structures in SDC “A” neither the simplified
analysis not the equivalent lateral force procedure
can be utilized.
• This type of structure should be designed so that
the lateral resisting force system can resist the
minimum design lateral force, Fx, applied at each
floor level. (ASCE 7-05, Section 11.7.2). The
design lateral force and be determined for this
type of structure using the following equation.

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 Analysis procédure
• Fx = 0.01 wx
• Where wx is dead wt. of the str. Assigned to level
x.

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 Equivalent Lateral
• This procedure describes how to calculate the
seismic base shear and lateral seismic forces.
(ASCE 7-05, Section 12.8)
• V= Cs W
• Where Cs= Seismic response coefficient
• W = the effective weight of the structure including
the total dead load and other load as below.
• In areas used for storage, a minimum 25% of
the reduced floor live load ( floor live load in
public garage and open parking areas need
not to be included.
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 Equivalent Lateral
• In areas used for storage, a minimum 25% of
the reduced floor live load ( floor live load in
public garage and open parking areas need
not to be included.
• Partition load if it is equal to more than 10 psf
• Total weight of permanent operating
equipment.
• 20% of flat roof snow load where flat snow
load exceeds 30 psf.

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 Seismic response coefficient
• The seismic response coefficient, Cs, shall
determined from:
𝑆𝐷𝑆
• 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑅
𝐼𝐸

• Where “R” is response modification factor as per

Section 12.2.1
• IE is occupancy importance factor determined
from Table 11.5-1 ASCE 7-05

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 Seismic response coefficient

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 Seismic response coefficient

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 Seismic response coefficient
• The value of Cs should not exceed :
𝑆𝐷1
• 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑅
For (T≤ TL)
𝑇 𝐼𝐸

• Where “T” is the fundamental time period of the

structure.
• TL is long period transition period determined from
Figure 22-15 ASCE 7-05.
• Also Cs shall not be less than the following.

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 Seismic response coefficient
• For buildings and structures in seismic design
categories A, B, C and D and in buildings and
structures for which 1-second spectral response
acceleration, S1 is less than 0.6g, the value of the
seismic coefficient, Cs, should not be taken less
than
• Cs(min) = 0.01
• For buildings and structures in seismic design
categories “E” and “F” and in buildings and
structures for which the 1-sec spectral response

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 Seismic response coefficient
• Acceleration, S1, is equal to or greater than 0.6g,
the value of the seismic coefficient, Cs, should not
be taken less than
0.5𝑆1
• 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑅
𝐼𝐸

• The response modification factor, R, is a function

of several factors. Some of them are ductility
capacity and inelastic performance of structural
materials and systems during past earthquakes.

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 Fundamental period (T)
• Elastic fundamental period, T, is a function of the
mass and the stiffness of the structure.
• If the building is not designed, the period, T
cannot be precisely determined.
• On the other hand, to design a building, the period
of vibration should be known and included in the
equations for design.
• That is why building codes provide equations for
calculation of approximate periods of vibrations,
Ta.

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 Fundamental period (T)
• Calculated approximate periods are shorter than
the real periods of the structure, which leads to
the higher base shear and safe design.
• Ta = Ct hnx
• Where “hn” is the height in feet above the base to
the highest level of the structure and the
coefficient “Ct” and “x” are determined from Table
12.8-2.

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 Fundamental period (T)

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 Fundamental period (T)
• For concrete moment resisting frame buildings
that do not exceed 12 stories in height and have a
minimum story height of 10 feet, the approximate
period of vibration, T, can be determined using the
following equations:
• Ta = 0.1 N
• Where “N” is the number of stories in the
building.

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 Lateral Seismic Force Calculation
• Vertical distribution of the base shear force
produces seismic lateral forces, Fx, at any floor
level.
• Seismic lateral forces act at the floor levels
because mass is concentrated at the floor level.
• It is known that force is produced of mass and
acceleration. (F = m a)
• E.Q motions produce accelerations of the
structures and induce forces at the places of
mass concentrations. (i.e. floor levels)

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 Lateral Seismic Force Calcualation
• The lateral forces that will be applied to level “x” of
the structure, Fx, can be determined from the
following equation:
• Fx = Cvx V
𝑊𝑥ℎ𝑥𝑘
• 𝐶𝑣𝑥 = σ𝑛 𝑘
𝑤 ℎ
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖
• Cvx = vertical distribution factor.
• K = distribution exponent related to the building
period, it is “1” when T ≤ 0.5 sec.
• =2 for building have period T≥ 2.5 sec
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 Lateral Seismic Force Calculation
• = 2 or linear interpolation between 1 and 2, for
building having a period of 0.5sec ≤ T ≥ 2.5 sec
• hi, hx = height from the base to the level “i “and x”
• wi, wx = portion of “W” assigned to the level “i “and
x”

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 Summary: Eqv. Lateral Procedure
• Determine seismic design category and choose
appropriate “IE” value.
• Choose “R” value.
• Determine “T” i.e. Time period.
• Calculate “Cs” and check it against minimum and
maximum values.
• Calculate total gravity Load.
• Calculate seismic base shear.
• Calculate seismic lateral load for every level of
structure.
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 The simplified analysis
• The simplified analysis procedure for seismic
design is used as per ASCE 7-05 section
12.14.8.1 and is applicable to any structure that
satisfies the following limitations and conditions:
• Seismic design category B, C, D, E or F.
• Light frame construction not exceeding three
stories in height, excluding basement or any
construction.

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 The simplified analysis
• The seismic base shear and lateral seismic forces
are calculated as follows:

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 The simplified analysis

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 The simplified analysis

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 The simplified analysis

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 The simplified analysis: Procedure
• Check whether the structure satisfies the three
conditions given in code.
• Determine the value of SDS .
• Choose appropriate R value.
• Determine the total gravity load W, of the
structure.
• Calculate the seismic base shear “V”
• Determine the seismic lateral forces acting on the
structure.

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 Design Storey Shear
• The seismic lateral forces will produce seismic
design story shear, Vx, at any story “x” that can be
determined from the following equation.
• 𝑉𝑥 = σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝐹𝑖
• Fi is portion of seismic base shear assigned to
level “i” and “n” is no. of stories.
• The seismic story shear in any story “x” should be
collected and transferred to the story below by
vertical elements of lateral force resisting system
(walls).
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 Design Storey Shear
• The distribution of story shear on vertical
elements depends on flexibility of the diaphragm,
which those elements (walls) support.
• There are two types of diaphragms:
• Flexible and Rigid
• Diaphragm is flexible when the lateral
deformation of diaphragm is more than two
times the average story drift of the story that
supports diaphragm. Lateral deformation of
diaphragm is maximum in plane deflection of
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 Design Storey Shear
• the diaphragm under lateral load and the
story drift is the difference b/w the deflection
of the COM at the top and bottom of the story
being considered.
• A diaphragm that is not flexible the above
definition is a rigid diaphragm.
• For flexible diaphragms, the seismic story shear,
Vx, is distributed to vertical elements in the story
“x” based on the area of the diaphragm tributary
to each line of resistance.

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 Design Storey Shear
• The vertical elements of the seismic force
resisting system may be considered to be in the
same line of resistance if the maximum out of
plane offset b/w such elements is less than 5% of
the building dimension perpendicular to the
direction of the lateral force.
• For rigid diaphragms, Vx, is distributed to the
vertical elements in the story “x” based on the
relative lateral stiffness of the vertical resisting
elements and the diaphragm.

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 Torsional Effects
• For rigid diaphragm the eccentricity between
COM and COR can occur.
• The lateral shear force is applied to the COM.
• Distribution of “Vx” to the vertical elements can be
determined when the shear force acts to the
COR.
• When the shear force moves from the COM to the
COR it produces torsional moment .
• Effect of torsion will increase horizontal forces on
vertical elements.
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 Torsional Effects
• Forces will not decrease due to torsional effects
• T = Vx * e
• Where “e” is eccentricity between COM and
COR. It may occur in both “x” and “y”
direction.

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 Overturning Moment
• The lateral seismic force produces the overturning
moments. Overturning moment “Mx” should be
calculated using the following equation:
• 𝑀𝑥 = 𝜏 σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝐹𝑖 (ℎ𝑖 − ℎ𝑥)
• Fi = portion of the SBS, V, at level “i”.
• hi, hx = height from the base to level “i” and “x”
• 𝜏 = Overturning moment reduction factor
• = 1.0 for top 10 stories, 0.8 for the 20th story from
top and below and permitted to be taken 1.0 for
full height of the structure.
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 Lateral Deformation of Structure

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 Latéral Déformation of Structure
• The seismic lateral forces should be used in
calculating the deformations of the structure.
• The value that is of interest for engineers is story
drift.
• The value of story drift under seismic forces is
important from different perspectives:
• stability of the structure
• Potential damage to non-structural elements
• Human comfort

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 Lateral Deformation of Structure
• The allowable values for story drift are given in
Table 12.12-1 ASCE 7-05

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 Lateral Deformation of Structure

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 Lateral Deformation of Structure

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 Lateral Deformation of Structure

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 Lateral Deformation of Structure
• For structures that can be designed based on
simplified analysis procedure, the drift can be
taken as 1% of the story height unless more eaxct
analysis is provided.
• Δ = 0.01ℎ𝑥
• The value of the design story drift should be less
than or equal to the value of allowable story drift
given in Table 12.12-1.

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 Lateral Deformation of Structure
• For all other structures that cannot be analyzed
using the simplified analysis procedure the drift
should be determined as follows:
• 1. Calculate the deflection,δx , at level “x” from the
following equation.
𝐶𝑑𝛿𝑥𝑒
• 𝛿𝑥 =
𝐼𝐸
• Cd = Deflection amplification factor (Table 12.2-1)
• 2. The design story drift shall be determined from
the difference b/w deflections of COM of any two
adjacent stories.
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 Lateral Deformation of Structure
• 3. Check for P-Delta effect and check for
magnification if needed.

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 P-Delta Effect
• An accurate estimate of story drift can be
obtained by the P-Delta analysis. In first order
structural analysis the equilibrium equations are
formulated for the un-deformed shape of the
structure.
• When deformations are significant the second
order analysis must be applied and the P-Delta
effect must be considered in determining the
overall stability of the structure.

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 P-Delta Effect
• The P-Delta effect does not need to be applied
when the ratio of secondary to primary moment,
θ, does not exceed 0.1. This ratio is given by the
following equations:

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 P-Delta Effect

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 P-Delta Effect

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Lateral Deformation of Structure:Summary

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 Structural Modelling

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 Structural Modelling

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 Structural Modelling

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 Structural Modelling

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 Structural Modelling

10.10.4.1

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