Scribd
Upload
2 views

Module 5

The document outlines safety precautions for handling power supplies, including disconnecting power, wearing PPE, and ensuring proper grounding. It also details UPS installation requirements, such as location, air conditioning needs, and cable sizing, along with types of batteries compatible with UPS systems. Additionally, it compares different UPS types and power ratings, emphasizing the importance of selecting the right UPS based on application and load requirements.

Uploaded by

gm932777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Module 5

The document outlines safety precautions for handling power supplies, including disconnecting power, wearing PPE, and ensuring proper grounding. It also details UPS installation requirements, such as location, air conditioning needs, and cable sizing, along with types of batteries compatible with UPS systems. Additionally, it compares different UPS types and power ratings, emphasizing the importance of selecting the right UPS based on application and load requirements.

Uploaded by

gm932777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Module -5

1. Discuss the precautions to be taken while handling power supplies.


When handling power supplies, prioritize safety by always disconnecting the power source
before working on them, wearing appropriate PPE, and ensuring proper grounding, while also
avoiding contact with wet areas or exposed wires.
Here's a more detailed breakdown of crucial precautions:
1. Power Off and Disconnect:
 Always unplug the power supply: Before any work, including dismantling or touching
internal components, disconnect the power supply from the mains power source.
 Even with the switch off: Lethal voltage can still be present, so complete disconnection is
crucial.
2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
 Wear appropriate gear: Use safety glasses, gloves, and non-conductive footwear when
working with power supplies.
 Keep boots, gloves, and other gear in good condition: Even a pinhole can allow electricity
through.
3. Grounding:
 Ensure proper grounding: Connect the power supply to a properly grounded outlet to
prevent electrical shocks or fires.
 Use a grounded safety chain or cable: When working with high voltage, use a grounded
safety chain or cable.
4. Avoid Wet Conditions:
 Keep electrical equipment away from water: Water and electricity are a dangerous
combination.
 Ensure hands are dry: Before working with any electrical equipment, make sure your hands
are dry.
 Keep electrical outlets and appliances away from water sources:
5. Inspect and Maintain Regularly:
 Check for damage or wear:
Regularly inspect all electrical equipment and installations for any signs of wear or
damage.
 Repair or replace promptly:
If you spot signs of a malfunction or damage, repair or replace them as soon as possible.
 Inspect tools before use:
Check the safety features, cords, hoses, blades, bearings, and overall condition of the tool
before use.
6. Be Aware of Hazards:
 Avoid touching exposed wires or connectors: These may carry high voltage or current that
could shock you or cause sparks or fire.
 Be extra cautious with power tools: Due to their power, these tools are also much more
dangerous.
 Share an awareness of danger: Be aware of the potential hazards involved with electrical
work and take necessary precautions.
 Avoid contact with power lines: Never touch or go near power lines, even with non-
conductive materials.
 Don't overload outlets: Overloading an electrical outlet is a common cause of electrical
problems.
 Use weatherproof electrical equipment: Ensure that all outdoor electrical equipment is
specifically designed to withstand exposure to water and moisture.
 Keep your work area clean and free of clutter: A clean work area helps prevent accidents
and makes it easier to see potential hazards.

2. state the standard UPS and voltage/current norms to be followed in the


installation process.
UPS stands for Uninterruptible Power Supply. It's a device that provides backup power to a
computer or other equipment when the main power source fails.

UPS installation requirements

Requirements for UPS installation

Location

The UPS installation location should be chosen with care. The type and amount of site
preparation required will vary according to the specific location and its relative location to the
connected load. Preferably the UPS has to be installed close to the loads. If the distance
between the load and the UPS is higher, we must consider the voltage drop based on the
distance of the cable and suitable action like over sizing the cable needs to be considered.

Floor space requirements

It is important that adequate floor space has to be provided for the UPS. Check the
dimensional information on the appropriate data sheets for the floor space requirements. The
UPS equipment can be mounted with the back against a wall if rear access is not specifically
required; however, if side and rear access can be maintained, it may be helpful should service
become necessary. However, the requirement of rear clearance will be based on the
construction of UPS. If the UPS is of modular construction, then a rear clearance is
mandatory.

Requirement of air conditioner for UPS

UPS system produces heat, which must be removed to prevent the UPS temperature from
rising to an unacceptable level. Selection of air conditioner for UPS room requires an
understanding of the amount of heat produced by the UPS. Heat is energy and is commonly
expressed in Joules, BTU, tons, or calories. common measures of heat output rate for
equipment are BTU per hour, Tons per day, and Joules per second (Joules per second is equal
to Watts)

Sizing of air conditioner

Step 1:

Multiply the length of UPS room by its width, which will gives us the total area of the room.
Based on the below table, the basic capacity in BTU/Hr required for the UPS room can be
calculated

Step 2: Arrive at the no of person who will work in the UPS room

Generally the UPS room is unmanned apart from the time when the technician visits to
service the UPS or during the visit of maintenance engineer. It is ideal to consider 600
BTU/Hr per person to arrive at the air conditioner capacity of the UPS room.

Step 3: Heat Loss of UPS

To arrive at the capacity of the air conditioner required for UPS, we need to calculate the heat
loss of UPS in KW using the formula

Heat Loss of UPS = Input Power in KW – Output Power in KW

Step 4: Insulation Loss

As a thumb rule, a 10% of insulation loss can be considered in the calculation

Cable Sizing & Installation

It is imperative to select and specify the correct type and size of cabling in UPS installations.
Failure to do so can result in overheating, fire risk and premature failure. It is also important
to select the best method of installation alongside the most optimum routing. The same cable
sizes should be installed for input and output and the selected cable should provide
continuous full thermal current rating. A site survey will reveal the length of cable required
and what voltage drop should be catered within the project specification and what size lugs
are required.

3. highlight the types of batteries which are compatible with the UPS
There are three main types of batteries used for UPS, or uninterruptible power
supplies: Lead-Acid, Nickel-Cadmium, and Lithium Ion. There is not a single “best” type of
UPS battery. The choice of which one to use should be made on a case-by-case basis.
For UPS compatibility, the main battery types are Lead-Acid (VRLA/Flooded), Nickel-
Cadmium (NiCd), and Lithium-ion.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
 Lead-Acid Batteries:
 Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA): Also known as sealed lead-acid (SLA) batteries, these
are the most common type in modern UPS systems. They are sealed to prevent leakage and
have a valve to release gas pressure.
 Vented Lead-Acid (VLA): Often referred to as flooded batteries, these are reliable and offer a
longer lifespan than VRLA, but require a separate battery room and present some safety
concerns.
 Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries:
 These batteries are durable and can operate in a wide range of temperatures.
 They can endure a high number of charge-discharge cycles.
 However, their use has declined due to environmental concerns over the toxicity of cadmium.
 Lithium-ion Batteries:
 These batteries are a significant improvement over lead-based options.
 They have a longer lifespan and a higher depth of discharge, meaning you can use the battery
for longer in each cycle.
 There are many different material options for the lithium-based electrode, leading to various
types of lithium batteries.
 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) is a popular option due to its long lifespan and high depth of
discharge.

4. Compare different type and power rating of UPS.


UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) types, from basic offline to advanced online, differ in
their power handling, protection levels, and cost, with power ratings measured in Volt-Amps
(VA) or Watts, and runtime depending on the load and battery capacity.
Here's a breakdown of UPS types and their power considerations:
1. UPS Types:
 Offline/Standby UPS:
 Function: The most basic type, providing power backup only during a power outage.
 Switching Time: Experiences a brief interruption (milliseconds) when switching to battery
power.
 Best for: Simple applications like home computers, printers, or scanners.
 Power Rating: Typically under 2kVA.
 Line-Interactive UPS:
 Function: Offers power conditioning and battery backup, suitable for areas with common
power fluctuations.
 Switching Time: Shorter transfer time to battery power than offline UPS.
 Best for: Applications requiring better power quality than offline UPS, but not as critical as
online UPS.
 Power Rating: Can range from smaller sizes to larger sizes, depending on the application.
 Online/Double-Conversion UPS:
 Function: Provides the highest level of power protection, with continuous battery-powered
operation.
 Switching Time: No transfer time as the inverter is always supplying power.
 Best for: Critical applications where downtime is unacceptable, such as data centers or
intensive care units.
 Power Rating: Can range from smaller sizes to very large sizes, depending on the application.
2. Power Ratings:
 Volt-Amps (VA):
A measure of the total power capacity of the UPS, including both real and reactive power.
 Watts:
A measure of the actual power consumed by the load, also known as real power.
 Power Factor:
The ratio of watts to VA, indicating the efficiency of the load.
 Sizing a UPS:
When selecting a UPS, it's important to consider the total wattage of the connected devices
and the desired runtime.
 Runtime:
The length of time the UPS can power the connected devices during a power outage, which
depends on the battery capacity and the load.
3. Battery Types:
 Lead-Acid Batteries:
Traditional and cost-effective, but have a shorter lifespan and require more maintenance.
 Lithium-Ion Batteries:
Offer longer lifespan, faster charging, and lighter weight, but are more expensive initially.

You might also like