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 Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, 11e Instructor’s Manual

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Chapter 2 – Strategic Human Resource Management

This chapter provides an introduction of the strategic human resource management, its role within
a company’s competiveness. It is important to ensure students are aware of strategic management
(LO 2-1) and the general approaches to strategic management (LO 2-2). Here, instructors may be
able to have students review previous material covered in a Principles of Management or an
Introduction to Business course and review different generic strategies. It may be helpful for
instructors to emphasize internal and external analysis as important steps to strategy formulation.
As within Chapter 1, this can be integrated into a discussion of general business acumen for any
manager or leader, not just those concerned with HRM.

Instructors may emphasize that strategic decisions and components of the process are all people-
related (LO 2-3) and thus may require further integration of HRM and strategy formulation (LO 2-
4). It is important here to not just simply state employees are important to consider, but to
illustrate how these decisions may be informed through HRM as well as improved and enhanced for
better strategy. LO 2-5 and LO 2-6 provides examples of how HRM practices would be chosen to
align behind different organizational strategies. Throughout the discussion, different HRM practices
and processes and how they may contribute is defined.

Learning Objectives
LO 2-1: Describe the differences between strategy formulation and strategy implementation.

LO 2-2: List the components of the strategic management process.

LO 2-3: Discuss the role of the HRM function in strategy formulation.

LO 2-4: Describe the linkages between HRM and strategy formulation.

LO 2-5: Discuss the more popular typologies of generic strategies and the various HRM practices
associated with each.

LO 2-6: Describe the different HRM issues and practices associated with various directional
strategies.

Society for Human Resource Management Body of Competency &

Knowledge

This chapter contains content which may be identified within the following content areas identified
in HR Expertise:
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution
without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, 11e Instructor’s Manual
HR Strategic Planning
Talent Acquisition
Employee Engagement & Retention
Learning & Development
Total Rewards
Structure of the HR Function
Organizational Effectiveness & Design

Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution

without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, 11e Instructor’s Manual

Workforce Management
Employee & Labor Relations

Human Resource Certification Institute’s A Guide to the HR Body of

Knowledge

This chapter contains content which may be identified within the following content areas:
Business Management & Strategy
Workforce Planning and Employment
Human Resource Development
Compensation and Benefits
Employee and Labor Relations

Other Classroom Materials: CONNECT

There are CONNECT exercises available through McGraw-Hill, which can greatly assist student
preparation for class and understanding of chapter concepts. Instructors may wish to structure the
class, where students must complete the CONNECT exercises prior to class, thus, further reinforcing
material and allowing instructors to expand and challenge student understanding during class time.
CONNECT exercises may be set-up to be time-based, requiring students to practice chapter
materials for a specific timeframe. It is the instructors’ discretion how they desire to include this
into the course grade, but a low-stakes grading system based on completion is suggested to help
encourage student usage, while minimizing penalties for mistakes during completion.

The following activities are available in Connect for this chapter:

Case Analysis – HRM: Strategy Linkage
Case Analysis – Strategic Types & HRM Needs
Click & Drag – Directional Strategies & HRM
Click & Drag – HRM Practices
Click & Drag – Strategy Formulation
Click & Drag – Connecting HRM with Strategic Planning

Guidance to Discussion Questions and End of Chapter Sections

Discussion Question 1: Answers may vary widely, and so the instructor may wish to ensure
rationale follows from strategy to human capital. For example, if a defensive strategy is identified,
then human capital should be positioned to focus on defense. Instructors should also look to seek
rationale behind strengths and weaknesses, and note the correct or incorrect identification.

Discussion Question 2: Instructors may look to play devil’s advocate depending on the student’s
response. Larger organizations may have issues with bureaucracy, but have the resources to
support large HR initiatives. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, may be flexible and more
open to change, but not necessarily have the resources.

Discussion Question 3: Students should be able to present rationale that aligns the consistent HR
practices with the strategy, while identifying how the inconsistent practices didn’t align and may
have hurt the organization. An example might be policy on the importance of employees, but poor

Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution

without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, 11e Instructor’s Manual

(or lack of) training and low wages. This question may be integrated with the Self-Assessment
Exercise for more robust classroom discussion.

Discussion Question 4: Students may identify that a) strategic management within the HRM
department leads to leadership recognition of such decisions and thus a role in company strategic
management process, and b) strategic management within HRM department provides the
foundation for the department to contribute.

Discussion Question 5: Students should be able to recall the Competencies of HR Professionals

from Chapter 1 and identify some of these skill sets. Some areas would be college, certification
programs, and experience within companies.

Discussion Question 6: Any number of variables may be identified, some previously discussed in
Chapter 1. Students should be able to rationalize those changes and their impact on HRM functions.
For example, the aging workforce, changes healthcare and minimum wage laws may impact
compensation and benefits practices. Focus should be on their ability to identify trends in the
external environment and apply them to HRM practices.

Exercising Strategy:
Southwest Airlines Comes of Age
1) Responses may vary, but students may identify the pricing strategy, the position (if they
have flown or are familiar with Southwest) or the employee relations. All or some of these
may be acceptable, given question number 2.
2) Students should be able to identify increasing competition and continued labor/employee
relations as issues. Responses to both #1 and #2 will probably be interrelated.
3) Student responses will vary dramatically, however should discuss the different HR practices
discussed within the chapter, with illustrations as to how it would correct the problems.
Students may employ table 2.3 in their responses. Further, they may identify how current
employees may be utilized to solve problems, while developing new approaches to services.

Managing People:
How Should Dell Respond to the HP Challenge
1) The instructor may wish to draw attention to Dell’s strategy of a direct-sales model, which
needed to emphasize both customer service and quality in both consumer and business
sales. It would seem that Dell’s position has been eroded due to competitive pressure and
weakness of customer service and computer quality. Further, leadership has been
stumbling with no apparent leadership bench other than Dell now. Thus, lower price
competition drove prices lower, causing issues with computer quality and customer service.
Further as an example of “with what to compete,” Dell does not seem to have much, as even
with investments in R & D the margins would be hurt.
2) HR could help by initially assessing where internal workforce capabilities reside in the
identified areas of leadership, customer service, R & D and manufacturing. HR could then
provide an employer of choice branding strategy to help attract and retain talent who may
be more interested in working for competitors.

HR in Small Business:
Radio Flyer Rolls Forward
1) Instructors may ask students to explore motivation and engagement issues within the
company, and whether an HR manager would be able to further identify areas to engage

Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution

without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, 11e Instructor’s Manual

and motivate the workforce in the U.S. Instructors may also ask students how the
motivation and engagement activities could then be used to brand the employer as a good
place to work. Responses should focus on those areas.
2) Instructors may wish to point out that large or small, people have relationships within
companies and outsourcing and the subsequent lay-offs are difficult because they a) sever
relationships, and b) cause employees to wonder if they are next. Outsourcing may further
hurt the employer’s brand if manufacturing is tied to the location. HRM could help smooth
the transition by preparing employees for the changes, identifying the appropriate
employees/capabilities, and advising on the process. Student responses should reflect the
above.
3) Students may emphasize the other engagement activities (reduction of carbon footprint) as
another example of how Radio Flyer can leverage its learning and innovation value without
it being directly tied to the outsourced manufacturing capability. Students should then
discuss how HR can help put those out for employees to see and celebrate to increase the
employer of choice brand and morale.

Chapter Cases: Discussion Guidance

Enter the World of Business:

Amazon: From Digital to Brick-and-Mortar?

Instructors should note that at the end of Chapter 2 is a “Look Back” section, which revisits the
Amazon case and asks 3 questions. Suggested guidance for each is as follows:
1) Student responses should reflect the ability to identify how Amazon’s original strategy of
cheap and sales volume aided by the internet seems to be in direct contradiction with brick-
and-mortar. Then, their responses should either note it is not, because that is not how they
have become successful, or, it is, and the response demonstrates the combination of online
and brick-and-mortar. For example, the ability to pick-up food after ordering it online, or
how brick-and-mortar may provide the ability to deliver food faster.
2) Students may identify how Amazon may not have experience within brick-and-mortar, and
thus identify how some of the HR practices specific to the brick-and-mortar management
may not be possessed.
3) Answers may vary greatly, but students should be able to identify either a cost-based or a
differentiation-based strategy.

Competing through Globalization:

Lowering Costs through Offshoring
Instructors may wish to emphasize the impact on both the United States and the other country.
Impacts on wages, employment, cost of living should all be considered. Further, students may
explore the ethical dilemma of the employee training the replacement, as well as if there may be
potential for withholding information, or even sabotage.

Competing through Technology:

HR for the Gig Economy
Instructors may wish to ensure students recognize how the move may be within ADP’s strategic
position and competency. Students may identify how the positive is the need, however, the return
and inconsistency associated with gig work may not generate the revenue necessary.

Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution

without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, 11e Instructor’s Manual

Integrity in Action:
From Hidden Emissions to Zero Emissions: Volkswagen’s Correction
Student responses will vary based on their opinion. Different discussion points may a) identify how
over time the reputation may build as people forget, b) some consumers may not care, c) the move
helps to change some consumers’ minds.

Competing through Sustainability:

IKEA Helps Parents
Traits may include attractive compensation and benefits packages, career development, training
and skill development, education and certification attainment, reputation and brand recognition,
work-life balance and company-specific perquisites such as recreational rooms. Larger discussion
can emphasize how an employer of choice initiative helps companies attract and retain employees,
which are important to organizational strategy. Responses should reflect the effectiveness of Ikea’s
approaches.

Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution

without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 2
Strategic Human Resource
Management

©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Learning Objectives
LO 2-1 Describe the differences between strategy formulation
and strategy implementation.
LO 2-2 List the components of the strategic management
process.
LO 2-3 Discuss the role of the HRM function in strategy
formulation.
LO 2-4 Describe the linkages between HRM and strategy
formulation.
LO 2-5 Discuss the more popular typologies of generic
strategies and the various HRM practices associated with
each.
LO 2-6 Describe the different HRM issues and practices
associated with various directional strategies.

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Introduction
Strategic management includes
• Having the goal to deploy and allocate resources for a
competitive advantage
• Integrally involving the HRM function
• Using a business model to create value for customers

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 What Is a Business Model?
Accounting Concepts
Fixed Costs
Variable Costs
Margins
Gross Margin

©McGraw-Hill Education.
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 What Is Strategic Management? 1 of 5
Strategic Management
• A process
• An approach to addressing the competitive
challenges an organization faces
• Managing the “pattern or plan that integrates an
organization’s major goals, policies, and action
sequences into a cohesive whole.”
• Developing strategies for achieving the company’s
goals in light of its current environment

LO 2-1

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 What Is Strategic Management? 2 of 5
Strategic HRM
• “The pattern of planned human resource deployments
and activities intended to enable an organization to
achieve its goals.”
• Strategic management is a process to address the
organization’s competitive challenges by integrating
goals, policies and action sequences into a cohesive
whole.

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 What Is Strategic Management? 3 of 5
Components of the Strategic Management
Process
• Strategy Formulation
Strategic planning groups decide on strategy
• Strategy Implementation
Organization follows through on the strategy

LO 2-2
©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Figure 2.2 A Model of the Strategic Management Process

Jump to long description in

appendix
©McGraw-Hill Education.
 What Is Strategic Management? 4 of 5
Linkage Between HRM and the Strategic
Management Process
• Strategic choice
• Where to compete?
• How to compete?
• With what will we compete?

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 What Is Strategic Management? 5 of 5
Role of HRM in Strategy Formulation
• With what will we compete?
• Four levels of integration between HRM and the
strategic management function
• administrative linkage
• one-way linkage
• two-way linkage
• integrative linkage

LO 2-3 and 2-4

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Figure 2.4 Linkages of Strategic Planning and
HRM

SOURCE: Adapted from K. Golden and V. Ramanujam, “Between a Dream and a Nightmare: On the Integration of the Human Resource Function and the Strategic Business Planning Process,” Human Resource Management 24 (1985), pp. 429–51.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Figure 2.5 Strategy Formulation

©McGraw-Hill Education. Adapted from K. Golden and V. Ramanujam, “Between a Dream and a Nightmare,” Human Resource Management 24 (1985), pp. 429–51
 Strategy Formulation

Mission

Goals External

Analysis Internal

Analysis

Strategic Choice

©McGraw-Hill Education.
STRENGTHS
Expanding Liquidity
Operational Efficiency
Broad Range of Services Portfolio
OPPORTUNITIES
Growing Demand for Online Video Table 2.2
Growth in Internet Advertising Market
Inorganic Growth
SWOT
WEAKNESSES Analysis for
Issues with Chinese Government
Dependence on Advertising Segment
Google, Inc.
Loses at YouTube
THREATS
Weak Economic Outlook
Invalid Clicks
Microsoft-Yahoo! Deal
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 Strategy Implementation 1 of 12
Strategic implementation requires that
• “An organization has a variety of structural forms and
organizational processes to choose from when
implementing a given strategy”
• Five variables
• organizational structure
• HRM tasks
•task design
•selection, training, and development of people
•reward systems
• types of information and information systems

LO 2-5

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Figure 2.6 Variables to Be Considered in
Strategy Implementation

Jump to long description in

appendix

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Strategy Implementation 2 of 12
Vertical Alignment
• HR practices and processes address the strategic
needs of the business.
• The link between strategy and HR practices is
primarily through people.
• Job analysis and design
• Recruitment
• Selection systems
• Training and development programs
• Performance management systems
• Reward systems
• Labor relations programs

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Figure 2.7 Strategy Implementation

Jump to long description in

appendix

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Strategy Implementation 3 of 12

HRM Practices
Job Analysis/Design
Recruitment/Selection
Training/Development
Performance Management
Pay Structure/Incentives/Benefits
Labor-Employee Relations

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Strategy Implementation 4 of 12
Pay Structure, Incentives, and Benefits
• High pay and/or benefits relative to competitors can
help company attract and retain high-quality
employees, but might have a negative impact on
overall labor costs.
• Tying pay to performance can elicit specific activities
and levels of performance from employees.

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Strategy Implementation 5 of 12
Labor and Employee Relations
• Employees – asset or expense?
• How much should employees participate in decision
making?
• What rights do employees have?
• What is the company’s responsibility to employees?
• The approach a company takes in making these
decisions can result in successfully achieving its
short and long-term goals or ceasing to exist.

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Strategy Implementation 6 of 12
Strategic Types
• Porter’s Cost and Differentiation
• Value can be created by reducing costs.
• Value can be created by differentiating a product or service
so the company can charge a premium price relative to its
competitors

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Strategy Implementation 7 of 12
HRM Needs in Strategic Types
Role behaviors
• Behaviors required of an individual in his or her role as a job
holder in a social work environment
• Cost strategies – companies define the skills they require
and invest in training employees in these skill areas.
• Differentiation strategies - Employees are expected to exhibit
role behaviors that include cooperating with others,
developing new ideas, and taking a balanced approach to
process and results.

©McGraw-Hill Education.
 Strategy Implementation 8 of 12

Directional Strategies
Concentration
Internal Growth
Mergers and Acquisitions
Downsizings

LO 2-6

©McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of
History of Greece, Volume 11 (of 12)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: History of Greece, Volume 11 (of 12)

Author: George Grote

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Language: English

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Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF

GREECE, VOLUME 11 (OF 12) ***
Transcriber's note
Table of Contents
H ISTORY OF G R EEC E.

BY

G E O R G E G R OT E , E s q .

VOL. XI.

REPRINTED FROM THE SECOND LONDON EDITION.

NEW YORK:
H ARP ER & BROTHERS, PUB L ISHER S,
3 2 9 A N D 3 3 1 P E A R L S T R E E T.
1880.
 PREFACE TO VOL. XI.

This History has already occupied a far larger

space than I at first intended or anticipated.

Nevertheless, to bring it to the term marked out

in my original preface—the close of the generation
contemporary with Alexander, on whose reign we are
about to enter—one more Volume will yet be
required.

That Volume will include a review of Plato and

Aristotle, so far as the limits of a general history
permit. Plato, indeed, belonging to the period already
described, is partially noticed in the present Volume;
at an epoch of his life when, as counsellor of
Dionysius II., he exercised positive action on the
destinies of Syracuse. But I thought it more
convenient to reserve the appreciation of his
philosophical character and influence, until I could
present him in juxtaposition with his pupil Aristotle,
whose maturity falls within the generation now
opening. These two distinguished thinkers will be
found to throw light reciprocally upon each other, in
their points both of contrast and similarity.

G. G.

London, April 15, 1853.

 CONTENTS.
VOL. XI.

PART II.
CONTINUATION OF HISTORICAL GREECE.

CHAPTER LXXXIII.
SICILIAN AFFAIRS (continued). — FROM THE DESTRUCTION OF THE
CARTHAGINIAN ARMY BY PESTILENCE BEFORE SYRACUSE, DOWN TO THE
DEATH OF DIONYSIUS THE ELDER. B. C. 394-367.

Frequent occurrence of pestilence among the Carthaginians, not extending to the

Greeks in Sicily. — Mutiny among the mercenaries of Dionysius — Aristoteles
their commander is sent away to Sparta. — Difficulties of Dionysius arising
from his mercenaries — heavy burden of paying them. — Dionysius
reëstablishes Messênê with new inhabitants. — Conquests of Dionysius in the
interior of Sicily. — Alarm at Rhegium — Dionysius attacks the Sikel town of
Tauromenium — desperate defence of the Sikels — Dionysius is repulsed and
nearly slain. — Agrigentum declares against Dionysius — reäppearance of the
Carthaginian army under Magon. — Expedition of Dionysius against Rhegium
— he fails in surprising the town — he concludes a truce for one year. —
Magon again takes the field at Agyrium — is repulsed by Dionysius — truce
concluded. — Dionysius again attacks Tauromenium — captures it, drives out
the Sikels, and plants new inhabitants. — Plans of Dionysius against the Greek
cities in Southern Italy — great pressure upon these cities from the Samnites
and Lucanians of the interior. — Alliance contracted among the Italiot Greeks,
for defence both against the Lucanians and against Dionysius — Dionysius
allies himself with the Lucanians. — Dionysius attacks Rhegium — the Rhegines
save the Krotoniate fleet — fleet of Dionysius ruined by a storm. — Defeat of
the inhabitants of Thurii by the Lucanians — Leptines with the fleet of
Dionysius off Läus — his conduct towards the survivors. — Fresh expedition of
Dionysius against the Italiot Greeks — his powerful armament — he besieges
Kaulonia. — United army of the Italiot Greeks advances to relieve the place —
their advanced guard is defeated, and Helôris the general slain. — The whole
army is defeated and captured by Dionysius. — Generous lenity of Dionysius
towards the prisoners. — Dionysius besieges Rhegium — he grants to them
peace on severe terms. — He captures Kaulonia and Hipponium — inhabitants
transported to Syracuse — territory made over to Lokri. — Artifices of
Dionysius to impoverish and disarm the Rhegines. — He besieges Rhegium —
desperate defence of the town under the general Phyton — Surrender of the
place from famine, after a blockade of eleven months. — Cruel treatment of
Phyton by Dionysius. — Strong sympathy excited by the fate of Phyton. —
Rhegium dismantled — all the territory of the southern Calabrian peninsula
united to Lokri. — Peace of Antalkidas — ascendent position of Sparta and of
Dionysius — Kroton conquered by Dionysius — Splendid robe taken from the
temple of Hêrê. — Schemes of Dionysius for transmarine colonies and
conquests, in Epirus and Illyria. — Dionysius plunders the coast of Latium and
Etruria, and the rich temple of Agylla. — Immense power of Dionysius — his
poetical compositions. — Olympic festival of 384 B. C., the first after the peace
of Antalkidas — Dionysius sends thither a splendid legation — also chariots to
run — and poetical compositions to be recited. — Feelings of the crowd at the
festival — Dikon of Kaulonia. — Harangue of Lysias at the festival against
Dionysius, in reference to the political state of the Grecian world, and the
sufferings of the enslaved Sicilians. — Hatred of the past, and fear of the
future conquests of Dionysius, both prevalent. — Lysias exhorts his hearers to
destroy the tents of the Syracusan legation at Olympia, as an act of retribution
against Dionysius. — Explosion of antipathy against the poems of Dionysius
recited at Olympia — insults heaped upon his name and person. — Excessive
grief, wrath, and remorse, of Dionysius on hearing of this manifestation against
him — his suspicions and cruelties. — Marked and singular character of the
manifestation against Dionysius. — Plato visits Syracuse — is harshly treated
by Dionysius — acquires great influence over Dion. — New constructions and
improvements by Dionysius at Syracuse. — Intention of Dionysius to renew the
war with Carthage. — War with Carthage — Victory of Dionysius over the
Carthaginian army under Magon. — Second battle with the Carthaginians at
Kronium, in which Dionysius is defeated with terrible loss. — He concludes
peace with Carthage, on terms very unfavorable to himself: all the territory
west of the river Halykus is surrendered to Carthage: he covenants to pay
tribute to Carthage. — Affairs of Southern Italy: wall across the Calabrian
peninsula projected, but not executed. — Relations of Dionysius with Central
Greece. — New war undertaken by Dionysius against Carthage. He is at first
successful, but is ultimately defeated near Lilybæum, and forced to return
 home. — Dionysius gains the prize of tragedy at the Lenæan festival at Athens.
His joy at the news. He dies of fever soon afterwards. — Character of
Dionysius.
1-54

C H A P T E R L X X X I V.
SICILIAN AFFAIRS AFTER THE DEATH OF THE ELDER DIONYSIUS —
DIONYSIUS THE YOUNGER — AND DION.

Family left by Dionysius at his death. — Dion — his connection with the Dionysian
family. — Personal character of Dion. — Plato, Dion, and the Pythagorean
philosophers. — Extraordinary influence of Plato upon Dion. — Dion learns to
hate the Dionysian despotism — he conceives large political and reformatory
views. — Alteration of habits in Dion — he brings Plato into communication
with Dionysius. — Dion maintains the good opinion and confidence of
Dionysius, until the death of the latter — his visits to Peloponnesus. — Death
of the elder Dionysius — divergences of interest between the two lines of
family. — The younger Dionysius succeeds his father — his character. —
Conduct of Dion — he submits to the younger Dionysius — gives him frank and
wholesome advice. — Dion acquires great influence and estimation from
Dionysius. — Recall of Philistus from exile. — Dion tries to work upon the mind
of Dionysius towards a freer political government and mental improvement. —
His earnest exhortations produced considerable effect, inspiring Dionysius with
a strong desire to see and converse with Plato. — Invitation sent to Plato, both
by Dion and by Dionysius. — Hesitation of Plato — he reluctantly consents to
visit Syracuse. — Plato visits Syracuse — unbounded deference and admiration
manifested towards him at first by Dionysius — Fear and hatred felt by Philistus
and other courtiers. — Injudicious manner in which Plato dealt with Dionysius.
— Strenuous exhortations addressed by Plato and Dion to Dionysius, to reform
himself. — Plato damps the inclination of Dionysius towards Political good. — If
Plato had tried to impel Dionysius towards a good practical use of his power,
Dionysius might at that time have obeyed him with the aid of Dion. —
Difficulties which they would have encountered in trying to realize beneficent
projects. — Intrigues by Philistus and others to set Dionysius against Plato and
Dion. — Relations between Dionysius and Dion — natural foundation for
jealousy on the part of Dionysius. — Dionysius loses his inclinations towards
political improvements — comes to hate Dion. — Banishment of Dion from
Syracuse to Italy. — Dionysius retains Plato in the acropolis, but treats him
well, and tries to conciliate his esteem. — He dismisses Plato — then recalls
him — second visit of Plato to Syracuse — his dissatisfaction — Dionysius
refuses to recall Dion. — Dionysius confiscates the property of Dion —
mortification of Plato, who with difficulty obtains leave to depart from
Syracuse. — Resolution of Dion to avenge himself on Dionysius, and to force
his way back to Syracuse by arms. — Plato rejoins Dion in Peloponnesus —
exasperation of Dion — Dionysius gives his sister Aretê, the wife of Dion, in
marriage to Timokrates. — Means of auxiliaries of Dion — Plato — the
Academy — Alkimenes. Dion musters his force at Zakynthus. — Small force of
Dion against the prodigious power of Dionysius. Resolution of Dion to conquer
or perish. — Circumstances which told against Dionysius — discontent at
Syracuse. — Herakleides exiled from Syracuse — he projects an attack upon
Dionysius, at the same time as Dion. — Weakness of character — dissolute and
drunken habits — of Dionysius himself. — Alarm of the soldiers of Dion at
Zakynthus, when first informed that they were going against Dionysius. —
Eclipse of the moon — religious disquietude of the soldiers — they are
reassured by the prophet Miltas — fortunate voyage from Zakynthus to Sicily.
— Dion lands at Herakleia — he learns that Dionysius with a large fleet has just
quitted Syracuse for Italy. — March of Dion from Herakleia to Syracuse. — Dion
crosses the river Anapus, and approaches the gates of Syracuse. — Mistake of
Timokrates, left as governor of Syracuse in the absence of Dionysius. —
General rising of the Syracusans to welcome and assist Dion. Timokrates is
obliged to evacuate the city, leaving Ortygia and Epipolæ garrisoned. — Entry
of Dion into Achradina — joy of the citizens — he proclaims liberty. — Dion
presents himself at the Pentapyla in front of Ortygia — challenges the garrison
of Ortygia to come out and fight — is chosen general by the Syracusans, with
his brother Megakles. — Dion captures Epipolæ and Euryalus. He erects a
cross-wall from sea to sea, to block up Ortygia. — Return of Dionysius to
Syracuse. He tries to negotiate with Dion and the Syracusans — deceives them
by fallacious propositions. — Sudden sally made by Dionysius to surprise the
blockading wall — great bravery, efforts, and danger of Dion — he at length
repulses the attack and recovers the wall. — Ortygia is again blocked up by
land — efforts of Dionysius with his fleet — arrival of Herakleides from
Peloponnesus with a fleet to coöperate against Dionysius. — Arrival of Philistus
with his fleet to the aid of Dionysius. Battle in the Great Harbor between the
fleet of Philistus and that of the Syracusans — Philistus is defeated and slain.
— Intrigues of Dionysius against Dion in Syracuse. — Relationship of Dion to
the Dionysian dynasty — suspicions entertained against him by the Syracusans
— his haughty manners. Rivalry of Herakleides. — Herakleides is named
admiral. Dion causes him to be deposed, and then moves himself for his re-
appointment. — Intrigues and calumnies raised against Dion in Syracuse, by
the management of Dionysius. — Mistrust of Dion by the Syracusans, mainly in
consequence of his relationship to the Dionysian family. Calumnies of Sôsis. —
Farther propositions of Dionysius. He goes away from Ortygia to Italy, leaving
his son Apollokrates in command of the garrison. — Increased dissension
between Dion and Herakleides — Dion is deposed and his soldiers deprived of
the pay due to them — new generals are named. — Dion is forced to retreat
from Syracuse — bad conduct of the new generals and of the people towards
his soldiers. — Dion reaches Leontini — the Leontines stand by him against the
Syracusans — arrival of Nypsius with a reinforcement to the Dionysian garrison
in Ortygia. — Advantage gained by Herakleides and the Syracusans over
Nypsius as he came into Ortygia — extravagant confidence in Syracuse —
Nypsius sallies from Ortygia, and forces his way into Neapolis and Achradina.
— Danger and distress of the Syracusans — they send to Leontini to invoke the
aid of Dion. — Assembly at Leontini — pathetic address of Dion. — Reluctance
of Herakleides to let Dion into Syracuse — renewed assault from Nypsius —
unanimous prayers now sent to invite Dion. — Entrance of Dion into Syracuse
— he draws up his troops on Epipolæ. Frightful condition of the city. — Dion
drives back Nypsius and his troops into Ortygia — he extinguishes the flames,
and preserves Syracuse. — Universal gratitude on the part of the Syracusans,
towards Dion. Herakleides and Theodotes throw themselves upon his mercy. —
Dion pardons Herakleides — his exposition of motives. — Remarkable features
in this act of Dion. — Dion re-establishes the blockade of Ortygia, and ransoms
the captives taken. — Dion is named general on land, at the motion of
Herakleides, who is continued in his command of the fleet. — Attempt to
supersede Dion through Gæsylus the Spartan — good conduct of Gæsylus. —
Surrender of Ortygia by Apollokrates to Dion. — Entry of Dion into Ortygia —
restoration of his wife — speedy death of his son. — Conduct of Dion in the
hour of triumph. — Suspicions previously entertained respecting Dion — that
he was aiming at the despotism for himself — confirmed by his present
conduct. — He retains his dictatorial power, with the fortress and garrison of
Ortygia — he grants no freedom to Syracuse. — Intention of Dion to constitute
himself king, with a Lykurgean scheme of government and discipline. —
Mistake of Dion as to his position. — Dion takes no step to realise any measure
of popular liberty. — Opposition raised against Dion by Herakleides —
impatience of the Syracusans to see the demolition of the Dionysian
strongholds and funeral monument. — Dion causes Herakleides to be privately
slain. — Increased oppressions of Dion — hatred entertained against him in
Syracuse. — Disquietude and irritability of Dion on account of his unpopularity.
— Conspiracy of Kallippus against him — artifices and perjury. — Kallippus
causes Dion to be assassinated. — Life, sentiments, and altered position, of
Dion.
54-128

C H A P T E R L X X X V.
SICILIAN AFFAIRS DOWN TO THE CLOSE OF THE EXPEDITION OF TIMOLEON.
B. C. 353-336.

Position and prospects of Kallippus, after the assassination of Dion. — He

continues master of Syracuse more than a year. His misrule. Return of
Hipparinus son of Dionysius to Syracuse. Expulsion of Kallippus. — Miserable
condition of Syracuse and Sicily, as described by Plato. — Plato’s
recommendations fruitless — state of Syracuse grows worse. Dionysius returns
to Ortygia, expelling Hipparinus. — Drunken habits of the Dionysian princes. —
Lokri — dependency and residence of the younger Dionysius. — Sufferings of
the Italiot Greeks from the Lucanians and Bruttians of the interior. — Dionysius
at Lokri — his unpopularity and outrageous misrule — cruel retaliation of the
Lokrians upon his female relatives. — Distress of the Syracusans — fresh
danger from Carthage. They invoke the aid of Hiketas — in concert with
Hiketas, they send to entreat aid from Corinth. Secret alliance of Hiketas with
the Carthaginians — he conspires to defeat the application to Corinth. —
Application from Syracuse favorably received by the Corinthians — vote passed
to grant aid. — Difficulty in finding a Corinthian leader — most of the leading
citizens decline — Timoleon is proposed and chosen. — Antecedent life and
character of Timoleon. — His conduct towards his brother Timophanes, whose
life he saves in battle. — Timophanes makes himself despot, and commits
gross oppression — Timoleon with two companions puts him to death. —
Beneficial effects of the act upon Corinth — sentiment towards Timoleon. —
Bitter reproach of Timoleon by his mother. — Intense mental distress of
Timoleon. He shuts himself up and retires from public life. — Different
judgments of modern and ancient minds on the act of Timoleon. Comments of
Plutarch. — Timoleon is appointed commander to Syracuse — he accepts the
command — admonition of Telekleides. — Preparations made by Timoleon —
his scanty means — he engages some of the Phokian mercenaries. — Bad
promise of the expedition — second message from Hiketas, withdrawing
himself from the Corinthian alliance, and desiring that no troops might be sent
to Sicily. — Timoleon sets out for Sicily with a small squadron — favorable
omens from the gods. — Timoleon arrives at Rhegium — is prevented from
reaching Sicily by a Carthaginian fleet of superior force — insidious message
from Hiketas. — Stratagem of Timoleon to get across to Sicily, in collusion with
the Rhegines. — Public meeting in Rhegium — Timoleon and the Carthaginians
both present at it — long speeches, during which Timoleon steals away,
contriving to send his fleet over to Sicily. — Timoleon at Tauromenium in Sicily
— formidable strength of his enemies — despots in Sicily — despondency in
Syracuse. — Success of Timoleon at Adranum. He surprises and defeats the
troops of Hiketas, superior in number. — Improved position and alliances of
Timoleon — he marches up to the walls of Syracuse. — Position of Dionysius in
Ortygia — he resolves to surrender that fortress to Timoleon, stipulating for
safe conveyance and shelter at Corinth. — Timoleon sends troops to occupy
Ortygia, receiving Dionysius into his camp. — Timoleon sends news of his
success to Corinth, with Dionysius himself in a trireme. — Great effect
produced at Corinth — confidence of the citizens — reinforcement sent to
Timoleon. — Sight of the fallen Dionysius at Corinth — impression made upon
the Greeks — numerous visitors to see him. Conversation with Aristoxenus. —
Immense advantage derived by Timoleon from the possession of Ortygia —
numerous stores found in it. — Large Carthaginian army under Magon arrives
to aid in attacking Ortygia. Defeated by Neon, during the absence of Magon
and Hiketas. Neon acquires Achradina, and joins it by a line of wall to Ortygia.
— Return of Magon and Hiketas to Syracuse — increased difficulty of their
proceedings, since the victory of Neon. — Return of Timoleon to Syracuse —
fortunate march and arrival of the Corinthian reinforcement. — Messênê
declares in favor of Timoleon. — He establishes his camp near Syracuse. —
Magon distrusts Hiketas and his position at Syracuse — he suddenly withdraws
his army and fleet, leaving Syracuse altogether. — Timoleon masters Epipolæ
and the whole city of Syracuse — Hiketas is obliged to escape to Leontini. —
Languid defence made by the troops of Hiketas. — Great effect produced by
the news that Timoleon was master of Syracuse. — Extraordinary admiration
felt towards Timoleon — especially for the distinguished favor shown to him by
the gods. — Timoleon ascribes all his success to the gods. — Temptations of
Timoleon in the hour of success — easy possibility of making himself despot of
Syracuse. — Timoleon invited the Syracusans to demolish the Dionysian
stronghold in Ortygia. — He erects courts of justice on the site. — Desolate
condition of Syracuse and other cities in Sicily. Recall of exiles. Application on
the part of Timoleon and the Syracusans to Corinth. — Commissioners sent
from Corinth to Syracuse — they revive the laws and democracy enacted by
Dioklês — but with various changes and additions. — Poverty at Syracuse —
necessity for inviting new colonists. — Large body of new colonists assembled
at Corinth for Sicily. — Influx of new colonists into Sicily from all quarters. —
Relief to the poverty of Syracuse. — Successes of Timoleon against Hiketas,
Leptines, and other despots in Sicily — Hiketas invites the Carthaginians again
to invade Sicily. — The Carthaginians land in Sicily with a vast army, including a
large proportion of native troops. — Timoleon marches from Syracuse against
the Carthaginians — mutiny of a portion of his mercenaries under Thrasius —
Timoleon marches into the Carthaginian province — omen about the parsley. —
He encounters the Carthaginian army while passing the Krimêsus. War chariots
in their front — Timoleon orders his cavalry to charge. — Strenuous battle
between the infantry of Timoleon and the native Carthaginian infantry. Terrible
storm — complete victory of Timoleon. — Severe loss of the Carthaginians in
the battle, especially of their native troops. Booty collected by the soldiers of
Timoleon. — Discouragement and terror among the defeated army as well as
at Carthage itself. — Great increase of glory to Timoleon — favor of the gods
 shown to him in the battle. — Timoleon returns to Syracuse — he dismisses
Thrasius and the mercenaries who had deserted him — he sends them out of
Sicily — their fate. — Success of Timoleon against Hiketas and Mamerkus. —
Victory gained by Timoleon over Hiketas, at the river Damurias. — Timoleon
attacks Hiketas and Leontini. The place (with Hiketas in person) is surrendered
to Timoleon by the garrison. Hiketas and his family are put to death. —
Timoleon gains a victory over Mamerkus — he concludes peace with the
Carthaginians. — Timoleon conquers and takes prisoners Mamerkus and
Hippon. Mamerkus is condemned by the Syracusan public assembly. —
Timoleon puts down all the despots in Sicily. — Timoleon lays down his power
at Syracuse. — Gratitude and reward to him by the Syracusans. — Great
influence of Timoleon, even after he had laid down his power. — Immigration
of new Greek settlers into Sicily, to Gela, Agrigentum, Kamarina, etc. — Value
and importance of the moral ascendency enjoyed by Timoleon, in regulating
these new settlements. — Numerous difficulties which he would be called upon
to adjust. — Residence of Timoleon at Syracuse — chapel to the goddess
Automatia. — Arrival of the blind Timoleon in the public assembly of Syracuse
during matters of grave and critical discussion. — Manner in which Timoleon
bore contradiction in the public assembly — his earnest anxiety to ensure
freedom of speech against himself. — Uncorrupted moderation and public spirit
of Timoleon. — Xenophontic ideal — command over willing free men —
qualities, positive as well as negative, of Timoleon. — Freedom and comfort
diffused throughout all Sicily for twenty-four years, until the despotism of
Agathokles. — Death and obsequies of Timoleon. — Proclamation at his funeral
— monument to his honor. — Contrast of Dion and Timoleon.
128-197

CHAPTER LXXXVI.
CENTRAL GREECE: THE ACCESSION OF PHILIP OF MACEDON TO THE BIRTH
OF ALEXANDER. 359-356 B. C.

Central Greece resumed. — State of Central Greece in 360-359 B. C. —

Degradation of Sparta. — Megalopolis — Messênê — their fear of Sparta — no
central action in Peloponnesus. — Corinth, Sikyon, etc. — Comparatively good
condition of Athens. — Power of Thebes. — Extinction of the free cities of
Bœotia by the Thebans — repugnant to Grecian feeling. — Thessaly — despots
of Pheræ. — Alexander of Pheræ — his cruelties — his assassination. —
Tisiphonus despot of Pheræ — loss of power in the Pheræan dynasty. —
Macedon — reign and death of Perdikkas. — Philip as a youth at Thebes —
ideas there acquired — foundation laid of his future military ability. — Condition
of Philip at the death of Perdikkas. — Embarrassments and dangers with which
he had to contend. — Macedonian government. — Proceedings of Philip
against his numerous enemies. His success — Thracians — Athenians. — He
evacuates Amphipolis. He defeats Argæus and the Athenians — his mild
treatment of Athenian prisoners. — Philip makes peace with Athens —
renounces his claim to Amphipolis. — Victories of Philip over the Pæonians and
Illyrians. — Amphipolis evacuated by Philip — the Athenians neglect it. — State
of Eubœa — the Thebans foment revolt and attack the island — victorious
efforts of Athens. — Surrender of the Chersonese to Athens. — Social War —
Chios, Kos, Rhodes, and Byzantium revolt from Athens. — Causes of the Social
War — conduct of the Athenians. — Synod at Athens. — Athens acts more for
her own separate interests, and less for that of her allies — her armaments on
service — badly paid mercenaries — their extortions. — The four cities declare
themselves independent of Athens — interference of the Karian Mausôlus. —
Great force of the revolters — armament despatched by Athens against Chios
— repulse of the Athenians, and death of Chabrias. — Farther armaments of
Athens — Iphikrates, Timotheus, and Chares — unsuccessful operations in the
Hellespont, and quarrel between the generals. — Iphikrates and Timotheus are
accused by Chares at Athens — Iphikrates is acquitted, Timotheus is fined and
retires from Athens. — Arrogance and unpopularity of Timotheus, attested by
his friend Isokrates. — Exile of Timotheus — his death soon afterwards. —
Iphikrates no more employed — great loss to Athens in these two generals. —
Expedition of Chares — Athens makes peace with her revolted allies,
recognizing their full autonomy. — End of the Social War — great loss of power
to Athens. — Renewed action of Philip. He lays siege to Amphipolis. — The
Amphipolitans send to ask assistance from Athens — manœuvres of Philip to
induce Athens not to interfere. — The Athenians determine not to assist
Amphipolis — their motives — importance of this resolution. — Capture of
Amphipolis by Philip, through the treason of a party in the town. — Importance
of Amphipolis to Philip — disappointment of the Athenians at his breach of
promise. — Philip amuses the Athenians with false assurances — he induces
them to reject advances from the Olynthians — proposed exchange of Pydna
for Amphipolis. — Philip acts in a hostile manner against Athens — he conquers
Pydna and Potidæa — gives Potidæa to the Olynthians — remissness of the
Athenians. — Increase of the power of Philip — he founds Philippi, opens gold
mines near Mount Pangæus, and derives large revenues from them. —
Marriage of Philip with Olympias — birth of Alexander the Great.
197-241

CHAPTER LXXXVII.
 FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE SACRED WAR TO THAT OF THE
OLYNTHIAN WAR.

Causes of the Sacred War — the Amphiktyonic assembly. — Political complaint

brought before the assembly, first by Thebes against Sparta. — Next, by
Thebes against the Phokians. The Phokians are condemned and heavily fined.
— The assembly pass a vote consecrating the Phokian territory to Apollo. —
Resolution of the Phokians to resist — Philomelus their leader. — Question of
right raised as to the presidency of the temple — old right of the Phokians
against that of the Delphians and the Amphiktyons. — Active measures taken
by Philomelus. He goes to Sparta — obtains aid from king Archidamus. He
seizes Delphi — defeats the Lokrians. — Philomelus fortifies the temple —
levies numerous mercenaries — tries to conciliate Grecian sentiment. The
Grecian world divided. — Philomelus tries to retain the prophetic agency —
conduct of the Pythia. — Battles of Philomelus against the Lokrians — his
success. — Exertions of the Thebans to raise a confederacy against the
Phokians. — Danger of the Phokians — they take part of the treasures of the
temple, in order to pay a mercenary force. — Numerous mercenaries employed
by the Phokians — violence and ferocity of the war — defeat and death of
Philomelus. — Onomarchus general of the Phokians — he renews the war —
his power by means of the mercenaries. — Violent measures of Onomarchus —
he employs the treasures of the temple to scatter bribes through the various
cities. — Successes of Onomarchus — he advances as far as Thermopylæ — he
invades Bœotia — is repulsed by the Thebans. — The Thebans send a force
under Pammenes to assist Artabazus in Asia Minor. — Conquest of Sestos by
Chares and the Athenians. — Intrigues of Kersobleptes against Athens — he is
compelled to cede to her his portion of the Chersonese — Athenian settlers
sent thither, as well as to Samos. — Activity and constant progress of Philip —
he conquers Methônê — remissness of Athens. — Philip marches into Thessaly
against the despots of Pheræ. — Great power of Onomarchus and the
Phokians — plans of Athens and Sparta — the Spartans contemplate hostilities
against Megalopolis. — First appearance of Demosthenes as a public adviser in
the Athenian assembly. — Parentage and early youth of Demosthenes —
wealth of his father — dishonesty of his guardians. — Youth of Demosthenes —
sickly and feeble constitution — want of physical education and bodily vigor. —
Training of Demosthenes for a speaker — his instructors — Isæus — Plato —
his devoted study of Thucydides. — Indefatigable efforts of Demosthenes to
surmount his natural defects as a speaker. — Value set by Demosthenes upon
action in oratory. His mind and thoughts — how formed. — He becomes first
known as a logographer or composer of speeches for litigants. — Phokion —
his antithesis and rivalry with Demosthenes — his character and position — his
bravery and integrity. — Lasting hold acquired by his integrity on the public of
Athens. — Number of times that he was elected general. — His manner of
speaking — effective brevity — contempt of oratory. — His frankness — his
contempt of the Athenian people — his imperturbability — his repulsive
manners. — Phokion and Eubulus the leaders of the peace-party, which
represented the strongly predominant sentiment at Athens. — Influence of
Phokion mischievous during the reign of Philip — at that time Athens might
have prevailed over Macedonia. — Change in the military spirit of Greece since
the Peloponnesian war. Decline of the citizen soldiership: increased spread of
mercenary troops. Contrast between the Periklean and the Demosthenic
citizen. — Decline of military readiness also among the Peloponnesian allies of
Sparta. — Multiplication of mercenary soldiers — its mischievous consequences
— necessity of providing emigration. — Deterioration of the Grecian military
force occurred at the same time with the great development of the Macedonian
force. — Rudeness and poverty of the Macedonians — excellent material for
soldiers — organizing genius of Philip. — First parliamentary harangue of
Demosthenes — on the Symmories — alarm felt about Persia. — Positive
recommendations in the speech — mature thought and sagacity which they
imply. — His proposed preparation and scheme for extending the basis of the
Symmories. — Spirit of the Demosthenic exhortations — always impressing the
necessity of personal effort and sacrifice as conditions of success. — Affairs of
Peloponnesus — projects of Sparta against Megalopolis — her attempt to
obtain coöperation from Athens. — Views and recommendations of
Demosthenes — he advises that Athens shall uphold Messênê and Megalopolis.
— Philip in Thessaly — he attacks Lykophron of Pheræ, who calls in
Onomarchus and the Phokians — Onomarchus defeats Philip. — Successes of
Onomarchus in Bœotia — maximum of the Phokian power. — Philip repairs his
forces and marches again into Thessaly — his complete victory over the
Phokians — Onomarchus is slain. — Philip conquers Pheræ and Pagasæ —
becomes master of all Thessaly — expulsion of Lykophron. — Philip invades
Thermopylæ — the Athenians send a force thither and arrest his progress.
Their alarm at this juncture, and unusual rapidity of movement. — Phayllus
takes the command of the Phokians — third spoliation of the temple — revived
strength of the Phokians — malversation of the leaders. — War in
Peloponnesus — the Spartans attack Megalopolis — interference of Thebes. —
Hostilities with indecisive result — peace concluded — autonomy of
Megalopolis again recognized. — Ill success of the Phokians in Bœotia — death
of Phayllus, who is succeeded by Phalækus. — The Thebans obtain money
from the Persian king. — Increased power and formidable attitude of Philip.
Alarm which he now begins to inspire throughout the Grecian world. — Philip
acquires a considerable navy — importance of the Gulf of Pagasæ to him — his
flying squadrons annoy the Athenian commerce and coast. — Philip carries on
war in Thrace — his intrigues among the Thracian princes. — He besieges
Heræon Teichos: alarm at Athens: a decree is passed to send out a fleet: Philip
falls sick: the fleet is not sent. — Popularity of the mercenary general
 Charidemus — vote in his favor proposed by Aristokrates — speech composed
by Demosthenes against it. — Languor of the Athenians — the principal peace-
leaders, Eubulus, Phokion, etc., propose nothing energetic against Philip —
Demosthenes undertakes the duty. — First Philippic of Demosthenes, 352-351
B. C. — remarks and recommendations of the first Philippic. Severe comments
on the past apathy of the people. — He insists on the necessity that citizens
shall serve in person, and proposes the formation of an acting fleet and
armament. — His financial propositions. — Mischiefs of the past negligence and
want of preparation — harm done by the mercenary unpaid armaments,
serving without citizens. — Characteristics of the first Philippic — prudent
advice and early warnings of Demosthenes. — Advice of Demosthenes not
carried into effect: no serious measures adopted by Athens. — Opponents of
Demosthenes at Athens — speakers in the pay of Philip — alarm about the
Persian king still continues.
241-319

CHAPTER LXXXVIII.
EUBOIC AND OLYNTHIAN WARS.

Change of sentiments at Olynthus — the Olynthians afraid of Philip — they make

peace with Athens. — Unfriendly feelings of Philip towards Olynthus — ripening
into war in 350 B. C. — Fugitive half-brothers of Philip obtain shelter at
Olynthus. — Intrigues of Philip in Olynthus — his means of corruption and of
fomenting intestine discord. — Conquest and destruction of the Olynthian
confederate towns by Philip, between 350-347 B. C. terrible phenomena. —
Philip attacks the Olynthians and Chalkidians — beginning of the Olynthian war,
350 B. C. — The Olynthians conclude alliance with Athens. — The Athenians
contract alliance with Olynthus — earliest Olynthiac speech of Demosthenes. —
The Second Olynthiac is the earliest — its tone and tenor. — Disposition to
magnify the practical effect of the speeches of Demosthenes — his true
position — he is an opposition speaker. — Philip continues to press the
Olynthian confederacy — increasing danger of Olynthus — fresh applications to
Athens. — Demosthenes delivers another Olynthiac oration — that which
stands First, in the printed order. Its tenor. — Just appreciation of the situation
by Demosthenes. He approaches the question of the Theôric Fund. —
Assistance sent by Athens to Olynthus. Partial success against Philip. — Partial
and exaggerated confidence at Athens. The Athenians lose sight of the danger
of Olynthus. Third Olynthiac of Demosthenes. — Tenor and substance of the
third Olynthiac. — Courage of Demosthenes in combating the prevalent
sentiment. — Revolt of Eubœa from Athens. — Intrigues of Philip in Eubœa. —
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