ENTREPRENEURI

AL INTENTION
OF STUDENTS OF
SIBA

GROUP MEMBERS:-
TUFAIL AHMED
IHSAN WAZIR
ZAFAR IQBAL

Abstract

Small and medium sized businesses with entrepreneur orientation

have been developing rapidly creating wealth for the nations and
often
become large global enterprises. The researches on the
entrepreneur
intention, entrepreneur education, attitude as well as the factors
affecting to
them are getting popular. Simultaneously, the study on whether
the
university is nurturing the entrepreneur intention, attitude or
boosts students’
willingness starting their own businesses has been remaining an
interesting
topic. The current study aimed at researching various factors
affecting the
entrepreneur intention, attitude of the students, subjective norms,
entrepreneur education, and perceived behaviour control using
sample
survey involving 568 university students. The survey results
demonstrated
that the personal attitude had an influence on entrepreneur
intention and the
participants expressed their willingness starting their own
businesses having
an awareness on prospective challenges and opportunities. The
determinants
such as subjective norms and perceived behaviour control had
both positive
impacts on becoming an entrepreneur; however, an entrepreneur
education
demonstrated a slight impact in entrepreneur intention

INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship begins when an individual or group of people
take
decision of starting a new setup. it is essential to empower
citizens of
country, changing mind set of people, build and boost the
economy,
creating jobs and bring the people on the track of self-
independency.
moreover, nowadays due to the advancement of technology
entrepreneurial activities are becoming driving force for
innovations.
thus entrepreneurship has become highest priority in public
policies as
world population increases and the natural resources are
decreasing, so
to accommodate this issue there is need to create some new
fields of
business which provide opportunities for creating jobs. According
to an
economic survey,24.3% population lives below the poverty line
(zreen
et al.,2019). The rate of unemployment for professional degree
holders
and the labor force has risen at the same rate. Pakistan official
data

shows that its labor input rate is 54.4%(Zreen et al.,2019) and

more
than 50,000 are jobless. Moreover one of the common hurdles to
sustained and stable economic growth is unemployment for
developing
nations like Pakistan (waqas and hyder, 2012). One reason for
unemployment is lack of entrepreneurship mindset in the country.
Pakistan possess the 50th rank in entrepreneurial activity as
reported by
Global entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) in 2019. The inhabitants
of
Pakistan has the skill and potential to produce more
entrepreneurs
than country like Bangladesh, Turkey, Malaysia; however the main
problem is that they are reluctant to take the initiative due to fear
of
failure(GEM) 2019.
Entrepreneurship is the basis of novelty, job creation and
economic
development, which is a reason to attract youth to become
entrepreneurs in a developing country like Pakistan (Farrukh et al.,
2016). Entrepreneurship is defined as the starting up the new
venture
that signifies freedom invention inspiration and risk taking at an
opportune movement, where the process is usually intentional
(Gaglio
2018; Murnieks et al ., 2019). Entrepreneurs have the personality
traits
and intend to commence a new business while using innovation
as an
instrument to grow and improve their business (Xu et al., 2016).

Each year thousands of ambitious entrepreneurs start new

businesses.
these entrepreneurs feel bright and full of hope and plenty of
small
business statistics shows that by the end of four years more than
half of
them will be gone.
startup failure rate statistics (MATT MANSFIELD)

• 80% made it to the second year (2015)

• 70% made it to the third year (2016)
• 62% made it to the fourth year (2017)
• 56% made it to the fifth (2018)

The key finding GUESSS Pakistan Report provided insight

regarding

Students’ (Entrepreneurial) Career Choice Intentions indicated

that

15.6% students intend to become entrepreneurs right after their

studies.
37.3% students intend to become entrepreneurs after 5 years of
completing their studies.

In this research we will be covering the reasons that drive

students
to become job professionals over starting their own business
being
entrepreneur takes a lot of hard work, sacrifices their desires and
time consuming. As long as it is concern with motivation the
majority
of IBA business students after graduation search for jobs. besides,
in
start of degree they have intention of making their own business.
We will be looking briefly the things which resists or bringing
down
their motivation to become an entrepreneur. As we are well aware
of facts and figures that developed countries are greatly
dependent
on businesses their fore we need more entrepreneurs in the
society.

for that purpose, we need to shift the paradigm towards the

entrepreneurship. because if it continues like the way it is than
their
will be everyone looking for the jobs and there will be no one to
create the jobs.
University support has been crucial in shaping entrepreneurial
education to reinforce perceptions and subsequently decisions to
create ventures (Trivendi, 2016). Preliminary research looked at
the
functions of universities in the economy, focusing on
environmental
and human elements that motivate regional economic
development(Guerrero et al., 2020)
PRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW
For the intention to carry a business there are so many theories to
explain the behavior of students toward entrepreneurship
intention. Many of the theories state that entrepreneurs make
intention to develop a business. As this is mostly influence by
sociocultural factors so it need a strong beliefs and assumption
to be taken from the given context and act as a predictor towards
entrepreneurship. Theory of planed behavior (Ajzen 1991) states
that the behavior of entrepreneurship is a planned and intentional
process. Another theory about entrepreneurship is construction
theory which state that entrepreneurship is a process where an
individual behave within and interact with their environment.
Krueger (1993) define the entrepreneur intention as the
Commitment a person has towards startup of a business. And it
can be considered a key antecedent of entrepreneur behavior.
This is like the views of other scholars that says that
entrepreneurship is an intentional behavior perceived within
universities students to create a new venture after graduation.
According to another scholar Bird(1988) intentionality is a state
of mind directing towards a specific goal and a path to get
something. Krietner & kinicky says that attitude is a psychological
that is express by creating a particular entity with some favor or
disfavor. It can make some sense to study attitude in any setting
because strong attitude will effect a person’s behavior very likely.
Below is the pictorial presentation of attitude in relation to
behavior that was proposed by fieshbin and Arjen (1980)
Triple Helix model (THM)
The THM has been frequently used in entrepreneurial research
studies to comprehend the innovation process based on
entrepreneurial activities (Kim et al. 2012). THM serves as a
foundation for developing an innovative connection between the
government, business, and universities. According to this model's
proponents, industry, government, and research institutions work
together to foster innovation in the age of the knowledge-based
economy (Shin et al. 2012). The THM, which stands for a national
innovation system, is based on all of its interconnected helices.
First, it is necessary to accept various levels of state support for
innovative start-ups. The establishment of a set of regulations and
normative requirements for the execution of entrepreneurial
activity is particularly the responsibility of the government. The
government's role in supporting entrepreneurship and the process
of innovation for start-ups also involves the provision of financial
incentives and the physical presence of scientific parks and
incubators (Fini et al., 2011). The second component of THM is the
industry's contribution to the economy. Universities, which
function in a commercial setting, provide as a valuable resource
for the creation and expansion of academic spin-offs (Fini et al.
2011). Numerous studies have shown that venture capital has a
favorable impact on the establishment of research and
development, patents (Kortum and Lerner), the development of
start-ups' professional attitudes, and resource availability and
competences (Baum and Silverman, 2004). Additionally, financial
assistance and the existence of industries in the region might
have an impact on the development of start-up businesses within
the economy (Klepper 2007). The existence of businesses in the
area engaged in related industries might allow the sharing of
expertise, information, and experiences (Deeds, De Carolis, and
Coombs, 1998). In order to support entrepreneurial ambitions and
provide a platform for academic spin-offs, academia must support
policies and tools (Fini et al. 2011, Siegel, Veugelers, and Wright,
2007, Smilor and Gill, 1986), according to the third helical
structure of the THM. Numerous studies have emphasized how
colleges play a variety of supportive roles that influence resource
mobilization and beneficiaries.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENTREPRENEUR

INTENTION
Entrepreneurship is said to be a function of many factors. There
are two dimension that the entrepreneurship research carried on.
One is about the factors that is related to internal personal
characteristics of individual and human capital factors. Another is
focus on the exogenous factors like general environment , norms
and culture, political situation of the country, and economy of the
region.
According to scholars both the factors i.e. external environment
and internal variables can have high effect on a person’s
entrepreneur intention. While on the other hand some other
scholars says that situational variable like inflation and business
regulations can have very little effect on the intention. Same is
also about “ individual variables “ like personality treats have very
pure clue to predict the entrepreneurship intention.
The Model Focusing on the Personal Human Capital of
Entrepreneur
To the extent of personal entrepreneur, several of scholars have
shown that there is an association of the human capital. The
overall environment is a collection of diverse economic,
technological, sociocultural, demographic, political or legal, and
international variables that have an impact on the organization,
as opposed to the broad environment. The general environment is
broken down into the job environment. This encompasses
industries that directly affect a company's capacity to do business
in areas like industry sectors, markets, and rivals, customer,
material supply, and production methods. Additionally, some
companies include the human services industry. As a component
of its job context. Reference [27] came to the conclusion that the
social and Entrepreneurial events can be influenced by various
causes. by directly influencing how an individual's value is
formed. Systems. In a social structure where the role is prioritize,
of entrepreneurship, more people will go down the route of
becoming business owners.
The Model Focusing on the Intention - Based Model
THE ENTREPRENEURIAL EVENT THEORY
According to the Entrepreneurial Event Theory proposed by Saper
o
(SEET), the "inertia" that underlies human behaviour serves as If t
he person is doing anything, he keeps doing it until the action is st
opped by an external force The
disruptions, which may be detrimental or advantageous, push the
decision-makers to select the greatest opportunity out there
of other choices. SEET claims that the external elements
are not intended to directly effect. Beginning intentions are
from the perspectives of perceived desirability and
supported by a predisposition to take action and a perception of vi
ability based on possibilities. They look at [1] in a study.
Desirability defined as the "desire to start a new business," and
feasibility as the assurance to launch new businesses.

AJZEN’S THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR

In terms of social psychology, the Theory of Planned Behavior
(TPB) is based on the premise that many human behavior are
planned and, as a result, preceded by intention. in that direction
[28]. Contrary to previous models, TPB provides a more practical
and concise structure that enables understanding and forecast
more exact business intentions using concentrating on both social
and personal aspects [11]. In TPB, the behavioral intentions are,
in line with [9], based on three primary "attitudinal antecedents":
Attitude in regards to Engaging in the Behavior Sensitive Norm
The perception of behavioral control. The first element, the
mentality of executing the view of an individual or their activities
is referred to as their judgment of performing a particular
behavior, the expected results and the impact of the outcomes in
many aspects. an individual. In this model, people choose to
become Entrepreneurs when the overall benefits they expect from
the
the entrepreneurial activity is greater than the expected profit
their best occupation they can find on the market.
This Total entrepreneurial profit is defined as the profit of
five factors including: income, independence or autonomy, risk
Warehousing, labor and ancillary services relating thereto
Independence. This discovery will make an important
contribution and
important support for our bibliographic studies. When we evaluate
an individual's attitude toward five utility factors
maximization model, we can clearly observe the attitude of
Respondents on the execution of entrepreneurial behavior.
The second component, the subjective norm, represents the
individual perspectives on values, thinking, beliefs and
Standards held by important people who have a major impact on
them or who they really respect. A simple example of social
The standards could be what parents expect from their child
become a doctor or an engineer in the future simply because it is
considered an honor and a celebrated career in the eyes of
Mainly Vietnamese. Interestingly, that's how it's argued
the effect and predictive power of the social norm would be
weaker for individuals who have a strong desire to succeed and
very oriented to implement the behavior or who has
high internal locus of control. This also explains why
in some cases, the social norm might turn out to be irrelevant.
However, we intend to keep it as an independent variable
our research because it argues that social norms
could be different from one culture to another and
more favorable in some
country than in others [32]. The most important social
influences on are any "role model" or "mentor" (such as:
friends and family).

THE MODEL FOCUSING ON THE EXTERNAL

ENVIRONMENT
The formation of a corporation requires a significant amount of
external resources from the higher level - the environment - in our
imagined hierarchical world. environmental restrictions are thus
represented by a pool of assets. Any adjustments to this pool
could result in the business venture's qualitative and quantitative
change, it of course, formation and have a big effects on the
desire to be entrepreneurial research into organizational-related
topics environmental elements aid in our understanding of the
development of an entrepreneurial intention. Two types of
organizational environments exist. The task environment, the
broad categories, and the ambiance In a study published in [26],
The literature on organizational theory demonstrated the
discrimination 'General' and 'Task' environments. Journal of
Economics, Business, and Management, February 2016, Vol. 4,
No. 2.
The overall environment consists of a variety of economic,
technical developments, sociocultural trends, demographic shifts,
or legal, and external forces that the organization must contend
with, while The general environment is broken down into the job
environment. This encompasses industries that directly affect a
company's capacity to do business in areas like industry sectors,
markets, and rivals, customer, material supply, and production
methods. Additionally, some companies include the human
services industry. as a component of its job context.
From the above discussion, we had come to the conclusion that
the social and Entrepreneurial events can be influenced by
various causes. by directly influencing how an individual's value is
formed a systems. In a social structure where the role of
entrepreneurs is prioritize more people will go down the route of
becoming business owners. This assertion is true in the context of
societal framework that promotes increased creativity, risk-taking,
and freedom achieved through entrepreneurial endeavor rather
than in a system that has a divergent norm . There is also five
key environmental elements that influence organizational three
pillars of formation—social, economic, and political factors related
to market emergence and infrastructural development.

ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION
Courses, lectures, and extracurricular activities that prepare stude
nts for jobs in entrepreneurship include those that fall under the c
ategory of entrepreneurial education (Ooi et al., 2011; Lee & Kim,
2019).

The association between an entrepreneurial educational environm

ent and startup goals has been validated by numerous empirical i
nvestigations.
Students who attend schools that emphasis on
entrepreneurship, gain the skills and information they need to suc
ceed in the business sector and to develop their entrepreneurial s
pirits (Ekpoh & Edet, 2011; Lu & Wang, 2018).

Therefore, an entrepreneurial educational environment is a useful

and efficient way to encourage students to create businesses, tak
e entrepreneurial risks, and develop risk-taking attitudes in busine
ss.The findings of Wongnaa and Seyram (2014) and Haris et al. (2
016) research support the notion that entrepreneurial educational
environments and attitudes are positively correlated.

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.
The economic conditions of a country play a key role in
entrepreneur intention. If the country economy is stable and less
volatile, then the people of the country will be encouraged
towards entrepreneurship and there will be high probability of the
success but in an unstable economic conditions the youngster are
less driven towards entrepreneurship. So we can say that the
economic conditions of the country and entrepreneur intention
are directly related. A useful construct for understanding the
context of a country's entrepreneurial activity is to look at the
elements that make up the context in which economic growth
occurs. A beneficial technique of seeing at the big picture. The
environment in which an entrepreneur operates has been created
by the GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) research. This is a
thorough list. In 1999, the London Business School and Babson
College launched a study. on a yearly basis The primary goal of
the research is to determine the amount of entrepreneurship
across countries and across time The investigation was completed
in 2003. covered 40 nations and more than 60% of the world's
population. The model's fundamental premise is that there are
societal/ a country's institutional framework conditions whose
quality impedes of fosters entrepreneurial activity, which has an
impact on the economy growth. Cultural and social circumstances
are among the framework conditions. Manzur-ul-Haq 34
Entrepreneurship support to physical infrastructure adequacy a
listing of The framework requirements for 2002 are as follows:

 Financial Assistance to New Businesses

 Government Policy on New Businesses
 Government Initiatives for New Businesses
 Education and Training Assistance
 Transfers of Research and Development
 Business, Legal, and Professional Infrastructure
 Market Accessibility and Ease of Entry
 Physical Infrastructure Adequacy
 Suitability of Social and Cultural Norms

PEERS PRESSURE
Normally in Pakistan parents and other relatives of the students
expect from him a good income soon after his graduation. Which
create a of fairness of failure and they can't choose into it. So the
society and parents play a big rule in this regard. This is another
one of the important factor of the function of entrepreneurship.

Of course, the relevance of peers in the building of an

entrepreneurial personality varies by country and may be
influenced by culture and social conventions. Indeed, a vast body
of scholarship contends that culture and social norms influence
economic outcomes in a country. This body of literature
distinguishes between beliefs and preferences as means by which
culture can influence economic results, while maintaining the
usual economic assumption that each individual has one identity
and optimizes utility from that identity (cf. Guiso et al. 2006).
Considering the possibility of various identities (Akerlof and
Kranton 2000) may also lead to a more prominent role for culture.
This is due to the fact that culture can influence the significance
of many role models, which collectively define an individual's
identity.

FAMILY BACKGROUND
Carr & Sequeira (2007) found that exposure to family business
serves as an important inter-generational influence on intentions
to become entrepreneur. Family characteristics have implication
on emergence of new business, recognition of opportunity,
startup decisions and resource mobilizations. According to Shaper
(1982), fathers and mothers play a significant impact in
determining whether entrepreneurial conduct is desirable.
Through the socialization process, entrepreneurial intentions
grow.

Family environment and all aspects of the family, such as how

parents raise their children, relationships among family members,
the state of the home, the family's financial situation, and the
parents' cultural background, will support, direct, and encourage
children in their future lives. Aldrich and Cliff (2003) provide a
conceptual framework for new venture formation that is based on
a family embeddedness approach. The framework focuses on how
the traits of entrepreneurs' family systems (i.e., transitions,
resources, and norms, attitudes, and values) can affect the steps
involved in starting a business (i.e., identifying opportunities,
choosing when to launch, mobilizing resources, and putting
founding strategies, processes, and structures in place)

GENDER DIFFERENCES
Studies found that men are more inclined towards entrepreneurial
business than women with similar background. A large quantity of
researches proved that women face more difficulties in venturing
process as compared to their male counterparts. Particularly,
women entrepreneurs face more difficulty in arranging a capital to
start or to support their business. The possible reason to this
difficulty faced by women entrepreneurs may be the stereotyping
generally held against women who enter into such kind of
activities. So it is also an effective problem in entrepreneur
intention.
However, the influence of perceived self-efficacy on
entrepreneurial intention may also be moderated by gender. On
the one hand, female students' expectations regarding their
potential to start a business are substantially more affected by
negative criticism about their entrepreneurial abilities than are
those of their male counterparts, regardless of their actual
abilities (Gatewood et al. 2002). On the other side, many men
have a tendency to overestimate their abilities, yet this trait is not
always associated with achieving better outcomes (Barber and
Odean 1998; Niederle and Vesterlund 2005). However, women
frequently credit their efforts more than their abilities for
achieving their professional goals (Rosenthal 1995).Accordingly,
Menzies et al. (2006) note that women are more likely to establish
a running business, particularly if they work as a team, even
though male

budding entrepreneurs feel more confident in their ability to do

so. Therefore, if a woman reports having a high level of
entrepreneurial self-efficacy, this may indicate a more accurate
appraisal of her skills and a greater desire to engage in behaviors
that will allow her to maximize her potential.
Below the pictorial representation of the relation between
Entrepreneurial Intention and the three factors that affect the
intention towards Entrepreneurship

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research tells the various factors and reasons that why
students choose or prefer job over entrepreneurship as a carrier.
The research responses were taken from the students of Sukkur
IBA University who are currently enrolled and studying in various
departments which are as under:-
BBA
Bs Accounting & Finance
Bs-Econimcs
Agri-Business
Computer Science
Math’s

To collect the data we used questionnaire taken from SIR ALTAF

SAMO compromising 34 questions which were sent to the
students through mail and WhatsApp groups to student from 1 st
semester to last semester students, we also approached some
students personally and asked them to fill the form. The total
population of our research was around 4000 among that we took
a sample of 500 students randomly from different departments
through random selection method to minimize the biasness
factors. Among the 500 sample only 221 student responded and
rest of the students didn’t response to our survey.
Sample Size: The data is collected from 221 respondents from
Sukkur IBA University.
Sampling Technique: Simple Random Sampling is used to choose
samples.
The data collected is primary data as we didn’t use any secondary
data in our research as this research is done on IBA students due
to less time and scare resources.

FRAMEWORK

SUBJECTIVE NORM
 ENTERPRENEURIAL
COURSE
ENTERPRENURIAL
ATTITUDE TOWARD INTENTION
ENTERPRENEURSHIPSHI
P
BEHAVIOURAL
CONTROL

FINDINGS:
For testing the relevance for factor analysis for data set SPSS
software has been used according to SPSS indicated 0.883 which
means the size of sample is appropriate for study. For the data
valuation we take entrepreneurial intention as dependent variable
while the other variables like , subjective norm, entrepreneurial
attitude, entrepreneurial course, evaluating and judgement,
attitude towards entrepreneurship as an independent variables.
After evaluating the data on SPSS software we get the analysis of
variance, the model summary, the coefficients of variation.

Variables Entered/Removed
TABLE 1
Mod Variables Variables Metho
el Entered Removed d
1 EC, SN,
EA, IA, . Enter
b
BC

a. Dependent Variable: EI
b. All requested variables
entered

REGRESSION ANALYSIS
RESULT
Model Summary
TABLE 2
R Std. Error
Mod Squar Adjusted of the
el R e R Square Estimate
1 .779a .608 .598 .55358

a. Predictors: (Constant), EC, SN, EA, IA,

BC

ANOVAa
Table 3
Sum of Mean
Model Squares Df Square F Sig.
1 Regress 66.58
102.027 5 20.405 .000b
ion 7
Residua
65.886 215 .306
l
Total 167.914 220

a. Dependent Variable: EI
b. Predictors: (Constant), EC, SN, EA, IA, BC

Coefficients
Table4
 Standard
ized
Unstandardized Coefficie
Coefficients nts
Std.
Model B Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Const -
-.840 .296 .005
ant) 2.840
BC .391 .069 .319 5.660 .000
IA .328 .057 .304 5.794 .000
SN .183 .063 .173 2.925 .004
EA .074 .059 .063 1.258 .210
EC .324 .091 .177 3.547 .000

a. Dependent Variable: EI
As a result of analysis the correlatioship between
entrepreneurial intention and other determinant
behavioral control, subjective norm, entrepreneurial
attitude, entrepreneurial course, evaluating and
judgement, attitude towards entrepreneurship.
Subjective norm beta towards entrepreneurial
indentation is 0,173 its mean that there is low
impact of subjective norm o the entrepreneurial
intention. factor behavioral control and attitude
towards intention(IA) shows slightly moderate impact.
Apart from these two factors shows weak
entrepreneurial intention relationship.

Reliability

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

Case Processing Summary
Table 5
Cases N %
Valid 221 68.8
Exclud
100 31.2
ed
Total 321 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based

on all variables in the
procedure.

Reliability Statistics
Table 6
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.883 25

FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
/PIECHART PERCENT
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.

Frequencies

Notes

Statistics
 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
N Valid221 221 221 221 221 221
Missi
100 100 100 100 100 100
ng

Frequency Table

D1
Cumulati
Freque Perce Valid ve
ncy nt Percent Percent
Valid .0 68 21.2 30.8 30.8
1.0 153 47.7 69.2 100.0
Total 221 68.8 100.0
Missi Syste
100 31.2
ng m
Total 321 100.0

D2
Cumulati
Freque Perce Valid ve
ncy nt Percent Percent
Valid 2.0 11 3.4 5.0 5.0
3.0 16 5.0 7.2 12.2
4.0 128 39.9 57.9 70.1
5.0 9 2.8 4.1 74.2
6.0 24 7.5 10.9 85.1
7.0 21 6.5 9.5 94.6
8.0 12 3.7 5.4 100.0
Total 221 68.8 100.0
Missi Syste
100 31.2
ng m
Total 321 100.0

D3
Cumulati
Freque Perce Valid ve
ncy nt Percent Percent
Valid 1.0 82 25.5 37.1 37.1
2.0 71 22.1 32.1 69.2
3.0 11 3.4 5.0 74.2
4.0 16 5.0 7.2 81.4
5.0 28 8.7 12.7 94.1
6.0 13 4.0 5.9 100.0
Total 221 68.8 100.0
Missi Syste
100 31.2
ng m
Total 321 100.0

D4
Cumulati
Freque Perce Valid ve
ncy nt Percent Percent
Valid .0 37 11.5 16.7 16.7
1.0 49 15.3 22.2 38.9
2.0 135 42.1 61.1 100.0
Total 221 68.8 100.0
Missi Syste
100 31.2
ng m
Total 321 100.0

D5
 Cumulati
Freque Perce Valid ve
ncy nt Percent Percent
Valid 1.0 99 30.8 44.8 44.8
2.0 122 38.0 55.2 100.0
Total 221 68.8 100.0
Missi Syste
100 31.2
ng m
Total 321 100.0

D6
Cumulati
Freque Perce Valid ve
ncy nt Percent Percent
Valid 1.0 178 55.5 80.5 80.5
2.0 43 13.4 19.5 100.0
Total 221 68.8 100.0
Missi Syste
100 31.2
ng m
Total 321 100.0

Pie Chart