Trait

Theory
How do traits describe
personality
trait :
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways , as assessed
by self-repor and
peer report
trait theorists was more consein with describing traits than explaining them
.

Classifying people as one distinct personality type fails to capture their full > By placing
individuality people several trait dimension
,
-

on

describe countless individual

psychogists personality variations
↑

can

=> Factor
analysis : a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of test items that tap basic components of a trait

dimension
3
2 :- extraversial -
introversion these factors are
E
influenced.
genetically
+ emotional stability -

instability

Biology -brain-scans (extrovert because their normal brain law)

:
activity seek stimulation arousal is

factor (children with have

-

genetic a
shy temperment on inhibition in their autonomic nereaus system reactivity).

Misconception about introversion

-
Even if western culture prize extraversion ,
but introverts have different
equally important skill . Doesn't equal shyness ,
and extrovert
don't always outperform introvertion in leadership roles,..

Assesing Traits
Personality inventories :
questionnaires covering a wide
range of feelings and behaviors ,
assess several traits at once

-
MMPI : Most widely used , identify emotional disorder now can be use for other purposes.

These tests are empirically derived ,

however, peolic could
purposefully give sociallydesirable answer to create
good impression
.

The big Five Factors (mostUseful information about personality variation

if has said much about
a test specifies where you are
an the 3 dimensions ,
it
personality

3
Conscientiousness (if less --
disorganized ,
careless ,
impulsive ( -
these trait are partly stable through lifetime

Agreeableness (if less - > ruthless

,
suspicious , uncooperative ( -

Heritability runs about 40% of each dimension , many

genes influence ou
trait.

Neuroticism (emotional instability ; if less calm , secure , self-satisfied ( these trait be to various cultures
-- can
apply
-

Openess (if less >

- Practical , prefers rantine , conforming
Extraversion (if less -
retiring ,
sober ,
reserved
Are these traits persitent over time and culture?

these trait have been proven through longitudinal study that it is persistent across lifetime Moreover these traits
.
,

are
socially important for on life. However the
, consistency of our specific behavior is not
really stable because there behavior can varies

due to the environment that they're in .

At the end the averall"extraversion" of
,
one person is pretty stable through many situation and it is hard to

force someone to change their personality

Social-cognitive theories (Albert Bandura

social-cognitive theorists view on

personality development and behavior

behavior influenced
by the interaction between people traits ( + thinking) and their social context
social-cognitive perspective : views as

+
behavioral approach focuses
:
on the effect of
learning on our
personality development .

learn behavior through conditioning What think about situation affect resulting behavior
= or
observing and
imitating otherst we a our

Reciprocal determinism : the

interacting influences of behavior ,
internal cognition ,
and environment

Ex .
Rosa's past remantic experiences (behavior (LE her remantic attitudes (internal) - hav she respond with her current situationship /environment/

3 ways that individual and environment interact :

. Different people choose different environments :

1 we choose our emironment and it then shapes us

- Our
2 personalities Shape how we interpret and react to events : Anxious people tend to attend and react
strongly to relationship threats

3 Our
.
personalities help create situation which we react : How we view and treat people influence how they then treat us
.

>
= our behavior is influenced by our biology , our social and cultural experiences , and our cognition and dispositions .

Assesing behavior :

invole simulated conditions exploit the principle that the best predictor of future behavior is a person's behavior pattern in similar situations.

Benefits criticism

build on well-established concepts of learning and

cognition.
-

have been facted for underemphasizing the importance of unconscious motives

sensitize researchers to how situation affect ,

and we affected ,
emotions ,
and biologically inthened traits,

by individuals